我国北方赤霞珠葡萄生态区划

根据前期研究结果,制定了赤霞珠的生态区划指标体系。采用逐步分区法和集优法相结合的方法,在GIS技术的支持下,开展了中国北方赤霞珠葡萄的精细化生态区划研究,制作了区划图。结果表明,中国北方赤霞珠葡萄生态区可划分为最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区、不适宜区和不可种植区5类。作为中晚熟品种的赤霞珠葡萄,其最适宜生态区在中国北方呈零星分布,面积较小,并且主要分布在西北地区。适宜生态区的分布较为广泛,西北、华北、东北和中原地区均有分布,涵盖了目前北方主要的酿酒葡萄产区。在进行赤霞珠葡萄的原料基地建设布局时,要重点考虑在最适宜区和适宜区发展,有条件地选择在次适宜区发展,尽量避免建在不适宜区和不可种植区。本研究结果可为中国北方酿酒葡萄产业规划、酿酒葡萄基地建设布局提供参考。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质成分对气象因子的响应特征

基于2018-2020年宁夏贺兰山东麓14个葡萄酒庄葡萄园酿酒葡萄品质检测和气象数据,分析影响酿酒葡萄品质成分的关键气象因子,构建酿酒葡萄品质成分与气象因子的关系模型,为提高葡萄园气候资源利用效率、提高葡萄园科学管理水平、主动适应气候变化提供参考依据。结果表明：(1)气象因子是影响酿酒葡萄品质的重要指标,在葡萄生长的全生育期均对葡萄品质产生直接或间接影响,对品质影响最大的时期是7～8月和采收前一个月的气象条件。(2)酿酒葡萄浆果品质受气象因子影响程度从大到小依次为pH、花青素、可滴定酸、总酚、糖酸比、固酸比、可溶性固形物、单宁、还原性糖含量。(3)空气相对湿度及最低气温的变化对酿酒葡萄品质成分影响较大。(4)降低7月的平均空气相对湿度及提高8月的平均空气相对湿度有利于浆果pH的降低;进一步结合浆果酸含量的累积特征,实际生产中应在8月份增加葡萄园灌溉量,以降低因气候变暖导致的酿酒葡萄含糖量偏高。(5)采收前20 d的适度高温与采前10 d的高湿环境有利于葡萄浆果总酚的累积,但后者会使果实中单宁含量下降;在采收前20 d内若环境最低温及最高温均较低,则不利于花青素累积;9月到采收前的生长度日(GDD)达到280 ℃·d左右时,葡萄果实的糖酸比达到最大值。     

气候变化对甘肃省农业气候资源和主要作物栽培格局的影响

基于甘肃省80个地面气象观测站1961—2014年气象观测资料和玉米、春小麦、冬小麦、马铃薯的区划指标,分1961—1986(时段Ⅰ)和1987—2014年(时段Ⅱ)2个不同时段,分析气候变化对甘肃省农业气候资源变化特征和主要粮食作物潜在栽培格局的影响。研究发现:时段Ⅱ较时段Ⅰ平均气温、负积温、≥0℃积温和≥10℃积温分别增加0.83℃、113.9℃·d、290℃·d和180℃·d,降水量气候倾向率为-34—16mm/10a,整体表现为减少趋势。时段Ⅱ较时段Ⅰ春小麦不适宜种植区面积显著增加约9%,最适宜、适宜、次适宜种植区面积分别减少1.4%、4.1%和4.8%,其中以河西走廊和陇中黄土高原变化最为显著。冬小麦适宜和次适宜种植区面积分别增加6%和3.4%,最适宜、可种植和不适宜种植区面积分别减少0.4%、3.5%和5.7%,其中以陇中地区变化最为显著。玉米最适宜和可种植区面积分别增加13%和7%。适宜、次适宜和不适宜种植区面积分别减少11%、2%和7%,其中以河西灌区变化最为显著。马铃薯最适宜和适宜种植区面积分别减少3.8%和0.7%,次适宜和可种植区面积分别增加3.5%和1.3%,其中以陇中黄土高原变化最为显著。最后提出适应气候变化调整农业结构和栽培格局的对策建议。     

基于GIS的中国北方酿酒葡萄歌海娜(Grenache Noir)生态适宜性区划

利用中国北方1981—2010年的地面气候资料计算了无霜期、≥10℃积温、最冷月平均气温、极端最低气温等指标,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术,确定了欧亚种酿酒葡萄可种植的北界,在可种植区的基础上基于集优法采用≥10℃积温、干燥度和土壤类型完成了中国北方酿酒葡萄歌海娜(Grenache Noir)的生态适宜性区划。结果表明:歌海娜生态最适宜区主要分布在山东中部的沂山低山丘陵区和胶东半岛的低山丘陵区大部;河北的遵化、迁西、抚宁和秦皇岛;河南的洛河、伊河流域;另外,辽宁的绥中西北部、陕西的商洛和丹凤、甘肃的陇南白龙江流域也为歌海娜的优质生态区。     

葡萄的栽培管理

葡萄除生食外,也可以酿酒、制干、制汁。我国每年都用大量的粮食酿酒,如果能利用果品代替粮食酿酒,就可以节省很多的粮食。为了发展葡萄酒的酿造业,先决条件是扩大葡萄的栽培面积,提高产量,以保证原料的充分供应。葡萄的果实含有水分65—85％,糖分10—30％,有机酸0.5—1.4％,蛋白质0.3—1.0％,还有许多矿物质和维生素。由于葡萄具有高度的营养价值,风味优美,因此在城市及工矿区附近发展生食用的葡萄栽培,对满足劳动人民对于水果不断增长的需要,有着重大的意义。目前我国葡萄的主要产区是新疆的和寘、     

酿酒葡萄品质评价及其对气象条件的响应

根据2004～2005年我国北方6省酿酒葡萄主要产区葡萄取样和宁夏芦花台园艺场田间试验葡萄化验结果,运用层次分析方法（AHP）对酿酒葡萄主要品质因子总糖、糖酸比pH、单宁进行综合评价,运用主成分分析方法和因子分析法研究影响每个地区酿酒葡萄综合品质的主要气象因子和影响时段。结果表明：2004～2005年贺兰山东麓的御马、玉泉营、广夏三基地、贺东在庄园;河西走廊的高台、武威;新疆石河子酿酒葡萄品质优良,渤海湾的烟台、蓬莱、昌藜等地酿酒葡萄品质表现一般。酿酒葡萄综合品质主要受果实着色期、全生育期和7～8月的降水量和水热系数的影响,其中降水量起主导作用。果实着色期气温日较差和全生育期平均相对湿度对酿酒葡萄综合品质的形成也有重要影响,影响相对较小的是果实着色期的最低气温。采样地区的光照、温度等气象条件基本适宜酿酒葡萄品质形成,对优质酿酒葡萄形成没有大的限制作用。     

宁夏酿酒葡萄品种生态区划

根据宁夏24个气象台站1981—2010年逐日气象资料,结合酿酒葡萄取样化验结果和其他区划指标,从优质生态区的概念入手,采用无霜期、≥10℃积温、采收期降水量、土壤类型和坡向等生态因子,综合运用层层推进的集优法和GIS技术对宁夏主要酿酒葡萄品种进行生态适宜性精细化区划,制作了宁夏主要红色品种和白色品种精细化生态适应性区划图。所有红色典型晚熟品种‘歌海娜’、中晚熟品种‘赤霞珠’、中熟品种‘美乐’、早熟品种‘黑比诺’都适宜在宁夏栽种,基地开发潜力巨大。应重点开发银川西夏王陵、青铜峡鸽子山和中宁白马、石空山区等酿酒葡萄优质生态区。早中熟品种‘黑比诺’、‘霞多丽’、‘雷司令’等品种区域化种植区应集中在中部干旱带和清水河流域的温凉区域内发展。     

日灼对酿酒葡萄‘霞多丽’果实品质与解剖结构的影响

以酿酒葡萄品种‘霞多丽’为试验材料,采用石蜡切片与CFDA荧光染色观察日灼果皮细胞结构与细胞活性变化,同时测定日灼发生后葡萄果实品质及相关生理指标变化,以揭示日灼对果实品质与细胞结构的影响。结果表明:(1)随着葡萄日灼病加重,果实表皮颜色由浅黄色逐渐加深,后期甚至出现细胞坏死。(2)果实发生日灼后,果实硬度与含水量下降,细胞壁含量增加,果皮从外向内第1~3层细胞明显变小,细胞壁增厚。(3)随着日灼病加重,果皮细胞破裂,且破裂数量增加,细胞活性也随之下降,果皮保护功能逐渐丧失,果肉细胞逐渐失水导致了果实皱缩;重度日灼果实周缘维管束木质部导管受到果皮细胞失水断裂的影响,出现断裂变形。(4)在葡萄果实日灼发生过程中,受到高温与强光照胁迫影响,同时伴随着水分散失增加,果实可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量增加,但有机酸含量降低,糖酸比随之增加;以上各品质指标值的大小与果实水分含量密切相关。研究发现,日灼引起了葡萄果实结构变化与生理代谢的紊乱,随着日灼程度加重,果皮细胞逐渐死亡,果实内水分大量散失,果实糖含量增加,严重影响了葡萄果实的外观和内在品质。     

河西走廊不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质评价

为了确定河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄核心品质指标,建立‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质综合评价模型。从张掖、武威、嘉峪关3个酿酒葡萄主产市的代表性果园采集6份‘赤霞珠’葡萄样品进行品质测定,通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重并建立‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型。结果表明:(1)不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质指标存在明显差异性,张掖市国风葡萄酒庄园的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果糖、蔗糖、草酸、柠檬酸含量均高于其他地区,且可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总酚、苹果酸含量在各产地中也均保持在最高水平。(2)相关性分析发现,葡萄果实葡萄糖含量与可溶性固形物含量、果糖与可溶性糖含量之间呈极显著正相关,固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关关系。(3)综合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析结果,确定维生素C(Vc)、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,应用层次分析法建立了‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型为Y=0.0960×Vc含量+0.1611×单宁含量+0.2771×果糖含量+0.4568×固酸比(各指标含量均经过标准化处理)。研究发现,河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质最佳产地是张掖市,果实Vc、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄的核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的综合评价。     

遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响

遮阳网可以通过调节微气候来影响果树的生长和果实的发育。该试验以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’和‘西拉’为材料,于2015年在新疆和硕进行遮阳网试验,处理时间为转色期(8月5日)至采收前12d(9月5日),探究遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒相关品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)遮阳网显著降低了日均温度、光照强度和光合有效辐射,增加了日均湿度,有效改善了葡萄生长的微气候。(2)与露地相比,遮网处理使葡萄果实的横径、纵径和单果重都有所增加;能够显著抑制葡萄果实糖分的过快积累和有机酸的快速降解,进而降低葡萄酒酒精度;能够显著提高葡萄果实和葡萄酒中总酚和总单宁含量,并显著降低总花色苷和总类黄酮含量。(3)采用HPLC法在葡萄和葡萄酒中共检测出9种单体花色苷,在‘赤霞珠’果实中除花青素-3-葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷的含量都是露地对照高于遮阳网处理,在‘西拉’果实中除二甲花翠素-3-香豆酰化葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷也是露地对照高于遮阳网处理。研究结果为解决炎热产区生产中葡萄成熟过快、葡萄酒酒精度过高等问题以及提高酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒品质具有一定的实际指导意义。     

新疆石河子农耕区不同植被类型昆虫群落结构特征

2006年7～9月,用五点抽样法对新疆石河子农耕区不同植被类型中的昆虫群落结构进行调查,共采集到昆虫68种,隶属10目34科,共计6727头,其中叶蝉和蚜虫是主要害虫,瓢虫和草蛉是主要天敌昆虫。群落结构分析表明:在不同植被类型中昆虫群落多样性显著不同,以苗圃的多样性指数最高(2.5739),玉米的最低(1.0189),果木类的高于农作物的,间作的高于单纯植物的。     

干旱指标研究进展

干旱作为全球最为常见的自然灾害之一,已经对我国的农业生产造成了严重影响。为更好地预测影响作物的干旱并及时采取应对措施,综述了国内外广泛应用的各类干旱指标,包括气象指标、土壤墒情指标、作物生理生态指标及其它综合监测指标等,评述了各类干旱指标的优缺点以及在农业上的适用性,探讨了未来以作物干旱为核心的干旱指标研究拟重视的方面,以为减缓和预防干旱对农业的不良影响及制订科学的政策提供依据。     

Navigating uncertainty in environmental composite indicators

Composite indicators (CIs) are increasingly used to measure and track environmental systems. However, they have faced criticism for not accounting for uncertainties and their often arbitrary nature. This review highlights methodological challenges and uncertainties involved in creating CIs and provides advice on how to improve future CI development in practice. Linguistic and epistemic uncertainties enter CIs at different stages of development and may be amplified or reduced based on subjective decisions during construction. Lack of transparency about why decisions were made can risk impeding proper review and iterative development. Research on uncertainty in CIs currently focuses on how different construction decisions affect the overall results and is explored using sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Much less attention is given to uncertainties arising from the theoretical framework underpinning the CI, and the sub-indicator selection process. This often lacks systematic rigour, repeatability and clarity. We recommend use of systems modelling as well as systematic elicitation and engagement during CI development in order to address these issues. Composite indicators make trends in complex environmental systems accessible to wider stakeholder groups, including policy makers. Without proper discussion and exposure of uncertainty, however, they risk misleading their users through false certainty or misleading interpretations. This review offers guidance for future environmental CI construction and users of existing CIs, hence supporting their iterative development and effective use in policy-making.     

Fungal diversity in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) cropping system of calcareous soil

Soil mycofloral diversity plays a pivotal role in crop production and is an integral part of any ecosystem. Pigeonpea cropping system provides a congenial environment to soil microbes by fixing nitrogen and solubilizing phosphorus which in turn provides sufficient nutrients for their prolific growth. The present study was undertaken to know the fungal diversity in calcareous soil of Bihar region in India, which are not supportive to growth of many fungi owing to high calcium content. Soil samples were collected from pigeonpea cropping system treated with native and commercial isolates of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with Rhizobium. Thirty-seven species belonging to seven genera and a group of unidentified species were isolated. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the dominant genera in all the treatments. Absidia and Cunnighmella were distributed only once as rare genera. Though single species of Pythium, Rhizopus, Periconia, Geotrichum and Gliocladium genera were recorded but their occurrence was even in all the treatments. The diversity and equitability index were not varied much in different treatments except one. The deuteromucetous fungi occupied the highest space followed by zygomycetous, mycelia sterilia and mastigomycetous fungi.     

恒定磁场对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：从免疫学方面探讨不同照射时间的恒定磁场对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：用同一强度不同照射时间的恒定磁场（2小时恒定磁场照射组、3小时恒定磁场照射组、4小时恒定磁场照射组和无磁场照射的正常对照组）对小鼠进行照射,连续20天。每天一次,末次12小时后称其体重,取出胸腺、脾脏、肝脏,称重,计算各器官指数。结果：与正常对照组比较,三组同一强度不同照射时间的恒定磁场组对小鼠的胸腺指数有显著的降低（p〈0．05）;2小时组与3小时组的肝脏指数也有显著的降低（p〈0．06）;对脾脏指数无显著影响（p〉0．05）。结论：一定照射时间的恒定磁场对小鼠的免疫功能具有抑制作用。     

植物生态型分类研究进展*

综述了国内外植物生态型分类的研究进展,介绍了一些常用的分类指标:形态指标--外部形态指标和内部形态指标,生理指标--光合速率和内源激素,生育期指标,化学成分,抗逆性--逆境和受污染环境,遗传指标--同工酶和随即扩增的多态DNA(RAPD)等,并根据国内外植物生态型分类研究进展,结合我国生态型分类研究现状,对我国植物生态型分类的研究前景进行了展望。     

Wheat genotypic variability in grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination under Mediterranean conditions assessed by spectral reflectance

A collection of 368 advanced lines and cultivars of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) from Chile, Uruguay, and CIMMYT(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo), with good agronomic characteristics were evaluated under the Mediterranean conditions of central Chile. Three different water regimes were assayed: severe water stress(SWS, rain fed), mild water stress(MWS; one irrigation around booting), and full irrigation(FI; four irrigations: at tillering,flag leaf appearance, heading, and middle grain filling). Traits evaluated were grain yield(GY), agronomical yield components,days from sowing to heading, carbon isotope discrimination(D13C) in kernels, and canopy spectral reflectance. Correlation analyses were performed for 70 spectral reflectance indices(SRI) and the other traits evaluated in the three trials. GY and D13C were the traits best correlated with SRI, particularly when these indices were measured during grain filling. However,only GY could be predicted using a single regression, with ResearchNormalized Difference Moisture Index(NDMI2: 2,200; 1,100)having the best fit to the data for the three trials. For D13C, only individual regressions could be forecast under FI(r2: 0.25–0.37)and MWS(r2: 0.45–0.59) but not under SWS(r2: 0.03–0.09).NIR‐based SRI proved to be better predictors than those that combine visible and NIR wavelengths.     

恒定磁场对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:从免疫学方面探讨不同照射时间的恒定磁场对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:用同一强度不同照射时间的恒定磁场(2小时恒定磁场照射组、3小时恒定磁场照射组、4小时恒定磁场照射组和无磁场照射的正常对照组)对小鼠进行照射,连续20天,每天一次,末次12小时后称其体重,取出胸腺、脾脏、肝脏,称重,计算各器官指数。结果:与正常对照组比较,三组同一强度不同照射时间的恒定磁场组对小鼠的胸腺指数有显著的降低(p<0.05);2小时组与3小时组的肝脏指数也有显著的降低(p<0.05);对脾脏指数无显著影响(p>0.05)。结论:一定照射时间的恒定磁场对小鼠的免疫功能具有抑制作用。     

Wheat genotypic variability in grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination under Mediterranean conditions assessed by spectral reflectance

A collection of 368 advanced lines and cultivars of spring wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） from Chile, Uruguay, and CIMMYT（Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo）, with good agronomic characteristics were evaluated under the Mediterranean conditions of central Chile. Three different water regimes were assayed： severe water stress（SWS, rain fed）, mild water stress（MWS; one irrigation around booting）, and full irrigation（FI; four irrigations： at tillering,flag leaf appearance, heading, and middle grain filling）. Traits evaluated were grain yield（GY）, agronomical yield components,days from sowing to heading, carbon isotope discrimination（△^13C） in kernels, and canopy spectral reflectance. Correlation analyses were performed for 70 spectral reflectance indices（SRI） and the other traits evaluated in the three trials. GY and △^13C were the traits best correlated with SRI, particularly when these indices were measured during grain filling. However,only GY could be predicted using a single regression, with ResearchNormalized Difference Moisture Index（NDMI2： 2,200; 1,100）having the best fit to the data for the three trials. For △^13C, only individual regressions could be forecast under FI（r^2： 0.25–0.37）and MWS（r^2： 0.45–0.59） but not under SWS（r^2： 0.03–0.09）.NIR‐based SRI proved to be better predictors than those that combine visible and NIR wavelengths.     

Condition cycles in juvenile Pagrus auratus

Nutritional condition was measured in juvenile snapper Pagrus auratus (<200 mm fork length) using three indices: relative condition index (I_c), hepatosomatic index (I_H) and digesto-somatic index (I_D). In a laboratory starvation experiment, all three indices declined substantially over a 24-day period, but I_H was most sensitive. In wild snapper I_c and I_H showed no diel cycles. I_D for 0+ snapper showed a strong diel cycle consistent with continuous feeding during daylight hours and lack of feeding during the night. I_D for 1+ snapper showed no diel cycle. Subsequent analyses were restricted to daytime samples for I_H and morning samples for I_D to minimize the confounding effect of time of day. I_c, I_H and I_D were monitored at one site at approximately bi-monthly intervals over a period of 3.25 years. All three indices varied significantly, but only I_D and I_H displayed seasonal cycles. I_D peaked in late summer-autumn and dropped to a minimum in winter, due to seasonal fluctuations in the feeding rate that probably reflected variations in metabolic and growth rates. I_H peaked in autumn-winter and declined to a minimum in summer, thus lagging 4–6 months behind I_D. I_H varied significantly among four sampling sites for all five combinations of sampling periods and year classes, whereas I_c varied significantly among sites for only one of the five combinations. The Kawau Bay site, which supported the highest density of snapper, had the highest I_H for all except one of the combinations. This suggests that juvenile snapper aggregate selectively at sites that provide optimal feeding conditions. However, no relationship was found between I_H and growth rate, indicating that better nutritional condition may not translate into faster growth.