Regulation of the antigen-induced F-actin response in rat basophilic leukemia cells by protein kinase C

Multivalent antigen that is capable of binding to and crosslinking the IgE receptors on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, induces a rapid and sustained rise in the content of filamentous actin. This reorganization of the actin may be responsible for changes in cellular morphology during the degranulation process. The antigen-stimulated polymerization of actin can be blocked in a dose-dependent manner by protein kinase inhibitors which also block degranulation. Conversely, reagents such as PMA, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (diC8), and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol (OAG) which stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) also activate the rise in F-actin, although they have no effect on degranulation by themselves. The actin response which can be stimulated by the PKC activators can also be blocked by protein kinase inhibitors indicating that the PMA- and OAG-induced response is probably through activation of a protein kinase. Depletion of PKC activity through long term (20 h) exposure of RBL cells to PMA, also inhibited the F-actin response when the cells were stimulated with either multivalent antigen or OAG. External Ca++, which is an absolute requirement for degranulation, is not necessary for the rise in F-actin, but may modulate the response. Furthermore, ionomycin, which induces a large Ca++ influx, does not stimulate the F-actin increase even at doses that cause degranulation. These results suggest that activation of a protein kinase, such as PKC, may be responsible for signaling the polymerization of actin in RBL cells and that a rise in intracellular Ca++ is neither necessary nor sufficient for this response.     

Polymerization of actin in RBL-2H3 cells can be triggered through either the IgE receptor or the adenosine receptor but different signaling pathways are used.

Crosslinking of the IgE receptor on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells using the multivalent antigen DNP-BSA leads to a rapid and sustained increase in the filamentous actin content of the cells. Stimulation of RBL cells through the adenosine receptor also induces a very rapid polymerization of actin, which peaks in 45-60 s and is equivalent in magnitude to the F-actin response elicited through stimulation of the IgE receptor. However, in contrast to the IgE mediated response, which remains elevated for over 30 min, the F-actin increase induced by the adenosine analogue 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)-adenosine (NECA) is relatively transient and returns to baseline values within 5-10 min. While previous work has shown that the polymerization of actin in RBL cells stimulated through the IgE receptor is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase inhibitors have no effect on the F-actin response activated through the adenosine receptor. In contrast, pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin completely inhibits the F-actin response to NECA but has relatively little effect on the response induced through the IgE receptor. Stimulation of RBL cells through either receptor causes increased production of phosphatidylinositol mono-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol bis-phosphate (PIP2), which correlates with the F-actin response. Production of PIP and PIP2 may be important downstream signals since these polyphosphoinositides are able to regulate the interaction of gelsolin and profilin with actin. Thus the polymerization of actin can be triggered through either the adenosine receptor or the IgE receptor, but different upstream signaling pathways are being used. The IgE mediated response requires the activation of PKC while stimulation through the adenosine receptor is PKC independent but involves a G protein.     

Role of PI3-kinase and PI4-kinase in actin polymerization during bovine sperm capacitation

We have recently demonstrated the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) in actin polymerization during mammalian sperm capacitation. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3- and 4-kinases (PI3K and PI4K) in actin polymerization, as well as the production of PIP(2(4,5)), which is a known cofactor for PLD activation, during bovine sperm capacitation. PIK3R1 (p85 alpha regulatory subunit of PI3K) and PIKCB (PI4K beta) in bovine sperm were detected by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Wortmannin (WT) inhibited PI3K and PI4K type III at concentrations of 10 nM and 10 microM, respectively. PI4K activity and PIP(2(4,5)) production were blocked by 10 microM WT but not by 10 nM WT, whereas PI3K activity and PIP(3(3,4,5)) production were blocked by 10 nM WT. Moreover, spermine, which is a known PI4K activator and a component of semen, activated sperm PI4K, resulting in increased cellular PIP(2(4,5)) and F-actin formation. The increases in PIP(2(4,5)) and F-actin intracellular levels during sperm capacitation were mediated by PI4K but not by PI3K activity. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) by dibutyryl cAMP enhanced PIP(2(4,5)), PIP(3(3,4,5)), and F-actin formation, and these effects were mediated through PI3K. On the other hand, activation of PKC by phorbol myristate acetate enhanced PIP(2(4,5)) and F-actin formation mediated by PI4K activity, while the PI3K activity and intracellular PIP(3(3,4,5)) levels were reduced. These results suggest that two alternative pathways lead to PI4K activation: indirect activation by PKA, which is mediated by PI3K; and activation by PKC, which is independent of PI3K activity. Our results also suggest that spermine, which is present in the ejaculate, regulates PI4K activity during the capacitation process in vivo.     

Membrane depolarization increases membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels through mechanisms involving PKC βII and PI4 kinase

In a previous study, we showed that membrane depolarization induced elevation of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates (PtdIns(4,5)P(2), also known as PIP(2)) and subsequently increased the KCNQ2/Q3 currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes through increased PI4 kinase activity. In this study, the underlying mechanism for this depolarization-induced enhancement of PIP(2) synthesis was further investigated. Our results indicate that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme βII was responsible for the enhanced PIP(2) synthesis. We found that phorbol-12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, mimicked the effects of the membrane depolarization by increasing KCNQ2/Q3 activity, elevating membrane PIP(2) levels and increasing activity of PI4 kinase β. Furthermore, membrane depolarization enhanced PKC activity. The effects of both depolarization and PMA were blocked by a PKC inhibitor or PI4 kinase β RNA interference. Further results demonstrate that the depolarization selectively activated the PKC βII isoform and enhanced its interaction with PI4 kinase β. These results reveal that the depolarization-induced elevation of membrane PIP(2) is through activation of PKC and the subsequent increased activity of PI4 kinase β.     

Mechanism of protein kinase C activation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The mechanism of protein kinase C (PKC) activation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) was investigated by using Triton X-100 mixed micellar methods. The activation of PKC by PIP2, for which maximal activity was 60% of that elicited by sn-1,2-diacyglycerol (DAG), was similar to activation by DAG in several respects: (1) activation by PIP2 and DAG required phosphatidylserine (PS) as a phospholipid cofactor, (2) PIP2 and DAG reduced the concentration of Ca2+ and PS required for activation, (3) the concentration dependences of activation by PIP2 and DAG depended on the concentration of PS, and (4) PIP2 and DAG complemented one another to achieve maximal activation. On the other hand, PIP2 activation of PKC differed from activation by DAG in several respects. With increasing concentrations of PIP2, (1) the optimal concentration of PS required was constant at 12 mol%, (2) the maximal activity at 12 mol% PS increased, and (3) the cooperativity for PS decreased. PIP2 did not inhibit [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) binding of PKC at saturating levels of PS; however, at subsaturating levels of PS, PIP2 enhanced [3H]PDBu binding by acting as a phospholipid cofactor. PIP did not function as an activator but served as a phospholipid cofactor in the presence of PS. While PIP2, PIP, and PI did not support DAG-dependent PKC activation as phospholipid cofactors, their presence reduced the amount of PS required for maximal activation to as low as 2 mol% from 8 mol%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Activation of phosphatidylinositol kinase and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase by cAMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation plays an essential role at the start of the cell cycle. It has also recently been demonstrated that the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol is a requisite process for cell proliferation (Uno, I., Fukami, K., Kato, H., Takenawa, T., and Ishikawa, T. (1988) Nature 333, 188-190). To clarify the relationship between the cAMP- and inositol phospholipid-mediated signal transduction systems, alterations in the inositol phospholipid metabolism of cAMP mutants were examined. The incorporation of [32P]Pi into phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was markedly reduced in ras2, which produces low levels of cAMP, and increased in bcy1, which produces cAMP-independent protein kinase. The incorporation of [32P]Pi into ATP and phosphatidylinositol (PI) was almost the same in wild type, ras1, ras2, and bcy1 yeast strains. The addition of exogenous cAMP to cyr1-2 caused a tremendous increase in [32P]Pi incorporation into PIP and PIP2 without any effect on incorporation into ATP and PI, suggesting that cAMP plays an important role in polyphosphoinositide synthesis. We therefore examined the activities of PI and PIP kinases, the enzymes that catalyze the sequential steps from PI to PIP2 via PIP. The activities of both kinases were found to be very low in the membranes of cry1-2 and ras2 but very high in the membranes of bcy1 and ras1 ras2 bcy1 strain cells. The addition of cAMP to cyr1-2 cells caused the activation of PI and PIP kinases. Furthermore, the treatment of membranes with cAMP or dibutyryl cAMP caused the activation of PI kinase in wild type, ras1, cry1-2, and ras2 strains, but not in bcy1 strain cells. The effect was most prominent in membranes from cyr1-2 and ras2 cells. These results show that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation enhances polyphosphoinositide synthesis through activation of PI and PIP kinase, an effect which may lead to the enhanced production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.     

Autophosphorylation of type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase regulates its lipid kinase activity

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs) have important roles in the production of various phosphoinositides. For type I PIP5Ks (PIP5KI), a broad substrate specificity is known. They phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate most effectively but also phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3, 4)P(2)), resulting in the production of phosphatidylinositol (4, 5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P(2)), phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P(2)), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. We show here that PIP5KIs have also protein kinase activities. When each isozyme of PIP5KI (PIP5KIalpha, -beta, and -gamma) was subjected to in vitro kinase assay, autophosphorylation occurred. The lipid kinase-negative mutant of PIP5KIalpha (K138A) lost the protein kinase activity, suggesting the same catalytic mechanism for the lipid and the protein kinase activities. PIP5KIbeta expressed in Escherichia coli also retains this protein kinase activity, thus confirming that no co-immunoprecipitated protein kinase is involved. In addition, the autophosphorylation of PIP5KI is markedly enhanced by the addition of PI. No other phosphoinositides such as phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, or phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate have such an effect. We also found that the PI-dependent autophosphorylation strongly suppresses the lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI. The lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI was decreased to one-tenth upon PI-dependent autophosphorylation. All these results indicate that the lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI that acts predominantly for PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis is regulated by PI-dependent autophosphorylation in vivo.     

Association of Phosphatidylinositol Kinase, Phosphatidylinositol Monophosphate Kinase, and Diacylglycerol Kinase with the Cytoskeleton and F-Actin Fractions of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Cells Grown in Suspension Culture : Response to Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes

Phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI), phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP) kinase, and diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase activities were detected in the cytoskeletal fraction isolated from microsomes and plasma membranes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells grown in suspension culture. The lipid kinase activities were associated with the actin filament fraction (F-actin fraction) isolated from the cytoskeleton. The PI and PIP kinase activity in the F-actin fraction significantly increased after cells were treated with Driselase, a mixture of cell wall-degrading enzymes; however, the DAG kinase activity in the F-actin fraction was unaffected by the Driselase treatment. These data indicate that at least one form of PI, PIP, and DAG kinase preferentially associates with actin filaments and/or actin binding proteins and that cytoskeletal-associated PI and PIP kinase activities can change in response to external stimulation.     

Protein kinase C activation in B cells by indolactam inhibits anti-Ig-mediated phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate hydrolysis but not B cell proliferation

In order to examine the role of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis in B cell activation, we studied the effect of various classes of protein kinase C (PKC) activators on anti-Ig-mediated B cell stimulation. Anti-Ig-stimulated PIP2 hydrolysis, elevations in [Ca2+]i, and induction of DNA synthesis were inhibited by PMA (a phorbol ester) as previously reported. In contrast, indolactam (an alkaloid PKC activator) inhibited PIP2 hydrolysis and elevations in [Ca2+]i, but stimulated rather than inhibited cellular proliferation. In order to examine whether the binding avidity of the PKC activators to PKC played a role in determining their activity to stimulate or inhibit B cell activation, we studied two other PKC activators, bryostatin and mezerein. Again, both inhibited anti-Ig mediated PIP2 hydrolysis and elevations in [Ca2+]i, whereas only the former inhibited induction of DNA synthesis. These data suggest that a) high levels of PIP2 hydrolysis and elevations in [Ca2+]i are not essential for anti-Ig-mediated induction of B cell DNA synthesis and b) activation of PKC may induce both stimulatory and inhibitory pathways of B cell activation, and whether stimulation or inhibition of cell activation is observed may depend on the combined intensity of these two signals.     

Protein kinase C inhibits ROMK1 channel activity via a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-dependent mechanism

The activity of apical K(+) channels in cortical collecting duct (CCD) is stimulated and inhibited by protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC), respectively. Direct interaction between phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) and the cloned CCD K(+) channel, ROMK1, is critical for channel opening. We have found previously that phosphorylation of ROMK1 by PKA increases affinity of the channel for PIP(2) and mutation of PKA sites reduces the affinity of ROMK1 for PIP(2). In this study we investigate the molecular mechanism for PKC regulation of ROMK and report that mutants of ROMK1 with reduced PIP(2) affinity exhibit an increased sensitivity to inhibition by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The effect of PMA can be prevented by pretreatment with calphostin-C. Activation of PKC by carbachol in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing M1 muscarinic receptors also causes inhibition of the channels. Calphostin-C prevents carbachol-induced inhibition, suggesting that activation of PKC is necessary for inhibition of the channels. PMA reduces open probability of the channel in cell-attached patch clamp recordings. After inhibition by PMA in cell-attached recordings, application of PIP(2) to the cytoplasmic face of excised inside-out membranes restores channel activity. PMA reduces PIP(2) content in oocyte membrane and calphostin-C prevents the reduction. These results suggest that reduction of membrane PIP(2) content contributes to the inhibition of ROMK1 channels by PKC. This mechanism may underscore the inhibition of K(+) secretion in CCD by hormones that activate PKC.     

Role and regulation of sperm gelsolin prior to fertilization

To acquire fertilization competence, spermatozoa should undergo several biochemical changes in the female reproductive tract, known as capacitation. The capacitated spermatozoon can interact with the egg zona pellucida resulting in the occurrence of the acrosome reaction, a process that allowed its penetration into the egg and fertilization. Sperm capacitation requires actin polymerization, whereas F-actin must disperse prior to the acrosome reaction. Here, we suggest that the actin-severing protein, gelsolin, is inactive during capacitation and is activated prior to the acrosome reaction. The release of bound gelsolin from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) by PBP10, a peptide containing the PIP(2)-binding domain of gelsolin, or by activation of phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes PIP(2), caused rapid Ca(2+)-dependent F-actin depolymerization as well as enhanced acrosome reaction. Using immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that the tyrosine kinase SRC and gelsolin coimmunoprecipitate, and activating SRC by adding 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) enhanced the amount of gelsolin in this precipitate. Moreover, 8-Br-cAMP enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of gelsolin and its binding to PIP(2(4,5)), both of which inactivated gelsolin, allowing actin polymerization during capacitation. This actin polymerization was blocked by inhibiting the Src family kinases, suggesting that gelsolin is activated under these conditions. These results are further supported by our finding that PBP10 was unable to cause complete F-actin breakdown in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP or vanadate. In conclusion, inactivation of gelsolin during capacitation occurs by its binding to PIP(2) and tyrosine phosphorylation by SRC. The release of gelsolin from PIP(2) together with its dephosphorylation enables gelsolin activation, resulting in the acrosome reaction.     

Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt signalling pathway by PKC

Although substantial studies have begun to explore the regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cascade by different signalling pathways, whether protein kinase C (PKC) activity plays a crucial role remains as yet unclear. In this study, we found that in A549 and HEK293 cells non-selective PKC inhibitors Ro 31-8220 and bisindolylmaleimide VIII, and PKCbeta inhibitor LY 379196, caused Akt/PKB phosphorylation at Ser 473 and increased the upstream activator, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) activity. The increased Akt phosphorylation was blocked by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and the newly identified PIP(3)-dependent kinases (PDK) inhibitor SB 203580. In contrast to the Akt stimulation caused by PKC inhibitors, PMA attenuated Akt/PKB phosphorylation. We also found that this stimulating effect on Akt phosphorylation by PKC inhibitors was not the result of phosphatase inhibition, since treatment with PP2A, PP2B and tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors (okadaic acid, FK506 and sodium orthovanadate, respectively) had no effect. We conclude that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway is regulated by PKC in a negative manner.     

Regulation of type IIalpha phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase localisation by the protein kinase CK2.

Inositol lipid synthesis is regulated by several distinct families of enzymes [1]. Members of one of these families, the type II phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIP kinases), are 4-kinases and are thought to catalyse a minor route of synthesis of the multifunctional phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)) from the inositide PI(5)P [2]. Here, we demonstrate the partial purification of a protein kinase that phosphorylates the type IIalpha PIP kinase at a single site unique to that isoform - Ser304. This kinase was identified as protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase 2). Mutation of Ser304 to aspartate to mimic its phosphorylation had no effect on PIP kinase activity, but promoted both redistribution of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged enzyme in HeLa cells from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, and membrane ruffling. This effect was mimicked by mutation of Ser304 to alanine, although not to threonine, suggesting a mechanism involving the unmasking of a latent membrane localisation sequence in response to phosphorylation.     

Cap100, a novel phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-regulated protein that caps actin filaments but does not nucleate actin assembly.

The fast and transient polymerization of actin in nonmuscle cells after stimulation with chemoattractants requires strong nucleation activities but also components that inhibit this process in resting cells. In this paper, we describe the purification and characterization of a new actin-binding protein from Dictyostelium discoideum that exhibited strong F-actin capping activity but did not nucleate actin assembly independently of the Ca2+ concentration. These properties led at physiological salt conditions to an inhibition of actin polymerization at a molar ratio of capping protein to actin below 1:1,000. The protein is a monomer, with a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa, and is present in growing and in developing amoebae. Based on its F-actin capping function and its apparent molecular weight, we designated this monomeric protein cap100. As shown by dilution-induced depolymerization and by elongation assays, cap100 capped the barbed ends of actin filaments and did not sever F-actin. In agreement with its capping activity, cap100 increased the critical concentration for actin polymerization. In excitation or emission scans of pyrene-labeled G-actin, the fluorescence was increased in the presence of cap100. This suggests a G-actin binding activity for cap100. The capping activity could be completely inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and bound cap100 could be removed by PIP2. The inhibition by phosphatidylinositol and the Ca(2+)-independent down-regulation of spontaneous actin polymerization indicate that cap100 plays a role in balancing the G- and F-actin pools of a resting cell. In the cytoplasm, the equilibrium would be shifted towards G-actin, but, below the membrane where F-actin is required, this activity would be inhibited by PIP2.     

Osteopontin stimulates gelsolin-associated phosphoinositide levels and phosphatidylinositol triphosphate-hydroxyl kinase.

Based on previous studies demonstrating activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxyl kinase (PI3-kinase) and stimulation of a change in cell shape, we examined the effect of osteopontin on the association of phospholipids with gelsolin, an actin-capping/severing protein. Osteopontin stimulated a rapid increase in phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol triphosphate levels associated with gelsolin in Triton-soluble fractions of cell lysates. The increased levels of phosphatidylinositol triphosphate associated with gelsolin were due to stimulation of PI3-kinase activity associated with gelsolin in the Triton-soluble fractions, and they were blocked by the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. Osteopontin stimulated translocation of PI3-kinase from the Triton-insoluble to Triton-soluble gelsolin. Osteopontin also decreased Triton-soluble gelsolin/actin complexes consistent with actin uncapping, and increased F-actin levels, which were also blocked by wortmannin. The osteopontin effects were mediated through binding to the alpha(v)beta 3 integrin. Taken together, our studies indicate that osteopontin/alpha(v)beta 3-mediated changes in gelsolin-associated phosphoinositide levels and PI3-kinase activity are related to stimulation of F-actin formation in osteoclasts.     

Tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphatidylinostiol turnover and functional responses in the Fc epsilon R1 signalling pathway.

In RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells, Fc epsilon R1 crosslinking by multivalent antigen stimulates phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover and Ca2+ influx and causes functional responses that include secretion, membrane ruffling and actin polymerization. Here, we show that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, inhibits antigen-induced PI turnover, determined from assays of 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate production, and impairs receptor-mediated secretion, ruffling and actin polymerization. Genistein has little effect on several functional responses to stimuli that bypass PI hydrolysis (ionomycin-induced secretion, phorbol ester-induced ruffling) but it inhibits phorbol ester-induced actin polymerization. These data implicate a common tyrosine kinase-dependent event, most likely the activation of phospholipase C gamma, in the Fc epsilon R1-mediated stimulation of PI turnover, secretion and ruffling. There may be additional tyrosine kinase-mediated events in the actin assembly pathway.     

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate induces actin stress-fiber formation and inhibits membrane ruffling in CV1 cells

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP(2)) is widely implicated in cytoskeleton regulation, but the mechanisms by which PIP(2) effect cytoskeletal changes are not defined. We used recombinant adenovirus to infect CV1 cells with the mouse type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase alpha (PIP5KI), and identified the players that modulate the cytoskeleton in response to PIP(2) signaling. PIP5KI overexpression increased PIP(2) and reduced phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate (PI4P) levels. It promoted robust stress-fiber formation in CV1 cells and blocked PDGF-induced membrane ruffling and nucleated actin assembly. Y-27632, a Rho-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, blocked stress-fiber formation and inhibited PIP(2) and PI4P synthesis in cells. However, Y-27632 had no effect on PIP(2) synthesis in lysates, although it inhibited PI4P synthesis. Thus, ROCK may regulate PIP(2) synthesis by controlling PI4P availability. PIP5KI overexpression decreased gelsolin, profilin, and capping protein binding to actin and increased that of ezrin. These changes can potentially account for the increased stress fiber and nonruffling phenotype. Our results establish the physiological role of PIP(2) in cytoskeletal regulation, clarify the relation between Rho, ROCK, and PIP(2) in the activation of stress-fiber formation, and identify the key players that modulate the actin cytoskeleton in response to PIP(2).     

C5a reduces formyl peptide-induced actin polymerization and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)trisphosphate formation, but not phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate hydrolysis and superoxide production, in human neutrophils.

We investigated phospholipid signal transduction, calcium flux, O2- anion production and actin polymerization after stimulation with the C fragment and chemoattractant, C5a, and then determined how C5a pretreatment affected subsequent responses to formyl peptide in human neutrophils. We have previously demonstrated that the novel lipids, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP3) and phosphatidylinositol(3,4)P2 (PI(3,4)P2), rise transiently in neutrophils after activation with formyl peptide. Furthermore, the rise in PIP3 parallels actin polymerization. In this study, neutrophils activated with C5a exhibited two distinct G protein-dependent signal pathways involving different phosphoinositides: 1) [32P]PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis and [32P]PA production, and 2) the transient formation of D-3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides, [32P]PIP3 and [32P]PI(3,4)P2. When neutrophils were preincubated with C5a for 5 min before stimulation with formyl peptide, [32P]PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis was unchanged, and [32P]PA production and O2- formation were slightly enhanced compared with controls stimulated with formyl peptide in the absence of C5a. In contrast, [32P]PIP3 production, right angle light scatter, and actin polymerization were all reduced 35 to 40%. Therefore, these data support the hypothesis that PIP3 plays a role in chemotaxis but not superoxide formation.     

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates adipocyte actin dynamics and GLUT4 vesicle recycling

To investigate the potential role of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) in the regulation of actin polymerization and GLUT4 translocation, the type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) were expressed in 3T3L1 adipocytes. In preadipocytes (fibroblasts) PIP5K expression promoted actin polymerization on membrane-bound vesicles to form motile actin comets. In contrast, expression of PIP5K in differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes resulted in the formation of enlarged vacuole-like structures coated with F-actin, cortactin, dynamin, and N-WASP. Treatment with either latrunculin B (an inhibitor for actin polymerization) or Clostridium difficile toxin B (a general Rho family inhibitor) resulted in a relatively slower disappearance of coated F-actin from these vacuoles, but the vacuoles themselves remained unaffected. Functionally, the increased PI(4,5)P2 levels resulted in an inhibition of transferrin receptor and GLUT4 endocytosis and a slow accumulation of these proteins in the PI(4,5)P2-enriched vacuoles along with the non-clathrin-derived endosome marker (caveolin) and the AP-2 adaptor complex. However, these structures were devoid of early endosome markers (EEA1, clathrin) and the biosynthetic membrane secretory machinery markers p115 (Golgi) and syntaxin 6 (trans-Golgi Network). Taken together, these data demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 has distinct morphologic and functional properties depending upon specific cell context. In adipocytes, altered PI(4,5)P2 metabolism has marked effects on GLUT4 endocytosis and intracellular vesicle trafficking due to the derangement of actin dynamics.     

胞浆Ca~(2+)和某些激酶对NADPH氧化酶激活和肌动蛋白聚合的作用

 为澄清中性粒细胞胞浆 Ca2 +和某些 O-·2 产生相关激酶对 NADPH氧化酶激活和肌动蛋白聚合的作用 ,利用分化为中性粒细胞样的 HL- 60细胞研究了胞浆 Ca2 +螯合剂 BAPTA- AM和激酶抑制剂对这些激酶激活、NADPH氧化酶激活和肌动蛋白聚合的影响 .使用 1 0 μmol/L的 Ca2 +螯合剂 BAPTA- AM去除胞浆 Ca2 +后 ,趋化肽 f MLP诱导的 O-·2 产生明显减少 ,但不影响 f MLP诱导的肌动蛋白聚合 ;8μmol/L的 PKC激酶抑制物 GF1 0 92 0 3x几乎完全抑制 O-·2 产生 ;50 μmol/L的p38激酶抑制物 SB2 0 3580、50 μmol/L的 ERK激酶抑制物 PD0 980 59和 0 .1 μmol/L的 PI3激酶抑制物渥曼青霉素 (Wortmannin)使 f MLP诱导的 O-·2 产生大约减少一半 ;其中 Wortmannin还抑制 f MLP诱导的肌动蛋白聚合 ;f MLP刺激细胞后 ,PI3- K、p38和 ERK激酶迅速激活 ,但这些激酶的激活对 Ca2 +是非必需的 .这些结果说明 Ca2 +依赖途径 (PKC)和 Ca2 +非依赖途径 (PI3- K、p38和ERK)对 NADPH氧化酶激活都起着重要作用 ,而 Ca2 +非依赖途径中的 PI3- K激酶还参与中性粒细胞样 HL- 60细胞的肌动蛋白聚合 .