Gender, Death, and Memory in Greece

New Voices in the Nation: Women and the Greek Resistance, 1941-1964. Janet Hart
Fragments of Death, Fables of Identity: An Athenian Anthropography. Neni Panourgia. Madison     

Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters

Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters. Walter Gillis Peacock. Betty Hearn Morrow. and Hugh Gladwin. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp.     

Gender,Ethnicity, Marital Status,and Body Weight in the United States

Married individuals tend to be heavier than those who are unmarried, particularly men, and individuals in different ethnic categories vary in their involvement in marriage and in their body weights. We examined gender and ethnic differences in relationships between marital status and body weight using cross‐sectional data from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 3,947 women and 4,019 men. The findings revealed that compared to married men in the same ethnic category, white divorced men, black never‐married men, and all Hispanic men except for widows had lower odds of being overweight. Compared to married women in the same ethnic category, white women's weights did not significantly differ by marital status, black separated women had greater odds of being overweight, and Hispanic never‐married women had lower odds of being overweight. Associations of marriage with body weight appear to be at least partly contingent upon gender and ethnicity, which may reflect larger societal patterns of involvement in marriage, commitment to family, and body‐weight norms and expectations.     

Botanical Knowledge and its Differentiation by Age,Gender and Ethnicity in Southwestern Niger

Indigenous knowledge is unevenly distributed. Individual knowledge level may be affected by many factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, profession, religious and cultural beliefs, abundance and usefulness of the species. This study documents indigenous knowledge of herbaceous and woody plant species of farmers and herders in southwestern Niger. Specifically, we examine the effects of age, gender, and ethnicity on knowledge of local vegetation. Results from the study showed that on average a higher proportion of woody species was identified by the respondents compared to herbaceous species. Both gender and ethnicity had a significant effect on the identification of herbaceous species but no effect on identification of woody species. Respondents in lower age group (10 to 30 years) identified lower number of species compared to other age classes. There seems to be a curvilinear relationship between age of respondents and number of plant species identified. Results from this study reaffirm the uneven distribution of indigenous knowledge within a given area due to social factors. The main challenge is how to incorporate these social differences in knowledge of native plant species into sustainable management and conservation of community natural resources.

Rituals of Gender Identity: Markers of Siberian Khanty Ethnicity, Status, and Belief

Siberian Khanty (Ostiak) menstrual taboos and related rituals of birth, naming, and marriage are analyzed, in order to explore cross-cultural theories of menstrual restriction, gender stratification, and female conservatism. Emphasis is placed on Mary Douglas's idea that conflicting norms of male dominance and female independence can encourage pollution beliefs. The importance of ancestresses, female shamans, and postmenopausal women in Khanty ritual indicates that there is no male monopoly on concepts of culture, power, the sacred and the "public." Khanty ideas about women, changing with Russian influence, are discussed in terms of slowly shifting definitions of "self and ethnicity. Data result from 13 months in the Soviet Union, including a summer ethnographic expedition to the Northern Ob River . [symbolic anthropology, pollution beliefs, gender stratification, ethnicity, Siberian Khanty (Ostiak)]     

Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Hans A. Baer. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. xii. 222 pp.     

Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity and Gender.

Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems in America: Issues of Class, Race, Ethnicity and Gender. Hans A. Baer. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. 248 pp.     

Gender and Ethnicity Differences in HIV-related Stigma Experienced by People Living with HIV in Ontario,Canada

This study aimed to understand gender and ethnicity differences in HIV-related stigma experienced by 1026 HIV-positive individuals living in Ontario, Canada that were enrolled in the OHTN Cohort Study. Total and subscale HIV-related stigma scores were measured using the revised HIV-related Stigma Scale. Correlates of total stigma scores were assessed in univariate and multivariate linear regression. Women had significantly higher total and subscale stigma scores than men (total, median = 56.0 vs. 48.0, p<0.0001). Among men and women, Black individuals had the highest, Aboriginal and Asian/Latin-American/Unspecified people intermediate, and White individuals the lowest total stigma scores. The gender-ethnicity interaction term was significant in multivariate analysis: Black women and Asian/Latin-American/Unspecified men reported the highest HIV-related stigma scores. Gender and ethnicity differences in HIV-related stigma were identified in our cohort. Findings suggest differing approaches may be required to address HIV-related stigma based on gender and ethnicity; and such strategies should challenge racist and sexist stereotypes.     

Cross-Cultural Agreement in Facial Attractiveness Preferences: The Role of Ethnicity and Gender

Previous work showed high agreement in facial attractiveness preferences within and across cultures. The aims of the current study were twofold. First, we tested cross-cultural agreement in the attractiveness judgements of White Scottish and Black South African students for own- and other-ethnicity faces. Results showed significant agreement between White Scottish and Black South African observers'' attractiveness judgements, providing further evidence of strong cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness preferences. Second, we tested whether cross-cultural agreement is influenced by the ethnicity and/or the gender of the target group. White Scottish and Black South African observers showed significantly higher agreement for Scottish than for African faces, presumably because both groups are familiar with White European facial features, but the Scottish group are less familiar with Black African facial features. Further work investigating this discordance in cross-cultural attractiveness preferences for African faces show that Black South African observers rely more heavily on colour cues when judging African female faces for attractiveness, while White Scottish observers rely more heavily on shape cues. Results also show higher cross-cultural agreement for female, compared to male faces, albeit not significantly higher. The findings shed new light on the factors that influence cross-cultural agreement in attractiveness preferences.     

Stories of Gender and Ethnicity: Discourses of colonialism and resistance in Burma1

This paper charts the discursive shift between colonial and ‘post’ colonial discourses about gender and ethnicity in Burma, and attempts to counter such representations by offering alternative stories to those colonialist rumours which have established their status as ‘truth’. The first part deals with missionary discourses in colonial Burma; the second with ‘post’ colonial discourses on Burmese women; and the final section offers stories told by women involved in the political struggles of contemporary Burma. The aim of the paper is to attempt to de-territorialize Burma as a site of colonialist knowledge.     

Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England

Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England. Nicole Rodriguez Toulis. New York: New York University Press, 1997.304 pp.     

Children's Social and Cognitive Development and Child-Care Quality: Testing for Differential Associations Related to Poverty,Gender, or Ethnicity

This paper addresses some of the implicit rules that may be involved in scientific inquiry. Factors outside the scientific method such as personal characteristics, belief systems, and scholarly eminence may play a role in scientific inquiry. In this case study, we show that the referencing of two prominent psychologists, Jean Piaget and Clark Hull, declined sharply after they died. This change, we suggest, may be due to the absence of an actual influence on colleagues and students.     

Chinese Entertainment,Ethnicity, and Pleasure

ABSTRACT

Early forms of entertainment in the Chinese immigrant society of Singapore took the form of festivals and festivities that invariably occurred on the streets. Celebration of festivals served religious and ethnic as well as moral functions, when values were reproduced and reinforced. People of the same kind gathered together to reproduce their ethnicity. Such festive events were as recreational as they were community-building and identity-bestowing. The character of leisure changed sharply when the entertainment went indoors, into amusement parks, cinemas, theaters, and dance and music halls. Leisure thus became less communal, more individualistic, more voluntary. Entertainment was becoming consumption, or consumption was displacing entertainment. One witnessed a profound moment of social transformation, because leisure had taken on a voluntary, individualistic character. The individual would labor to pay for his leisure and pleasure; pleasure was commodified—a sort of recreational consumption or consumptive recreation. At this moment of history, he reduced himself to a nonparticipant relationship with his objects of desire, maintaining a detached and alienated relationship with all, just like in the realm of work. The consumption of entertainment as offered later on the air, through radio and television, was made possible by the mediation of machines. Machines now came between the entertainer and the entertained, and created strangeness and anonymity. Increasingly, one listened to the radio, watched television, enjoyed a movie, all on one's own. A movie-goer faced the silver screen, alone, himself wrapped up in darkness. The completion of privatization of entertainment and leisure meant the ascendancy of the individual and the demise of community and tradition.     

Ethnicity,extraterritoriality, and international conflict

ABSTRACT

The world has more ethnic groups than states and many ethnic groups are split across two or more states. One implication is that many ethnic conflicts are international phenomena in which transborder ethnic kin are involved. States concerned with co-ethnics or co-religionists in neighbouring countries are pursuing interests not included in our standard models of international politics. States that pursue such extraterritorial interests define national security and national survival in terms broader than merely maintaining the physical and territorial integrity of the state. Threats to their ethnic and religious brethren are seen as threats to them. And because such threats are seen as particularistic they also affect foreign policy alignments and the functioning of the balance of power.     

Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Bias among a Large Sample of Medical Doctors by BMI,Race/Ethnicity and Gender

Overweight patients report weight discrimination in health care settings and subsequent avoidance of routine preventive health care. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit and explicit attitudes about weight among a large group of medical doctors (MDs) to determine the pervasiveness of negative attitudes about weight among MDs. Test-takers voluntarily accessed a public Web site, known as Project Implicit®, and opted to complete the Weight Implicit Association Test (IAT) (N = 359,261). A sub-sample identified their highest level of education as MD (N = 2,284). Among the MDs, 55% were female, 78% reported their race as white, and 62% had a normal range BMI. This large sample of test-takers showed strong implicit anti-fat bias (Cohen’s d = 1.0). MDs, on average, also showed strong implicit anti-fat bias (Cohen’s d = 0.93). All test-takers and the MD sub-sample reported a strong preference for thin people rather than fat people or a strong explicit anti-fat bias. We conclude that strong implicit and explicit anti-fat bias is as pervasive among MDs as it is among the general public. An important area for future research is to investigate the association between providers’ implicit and explicit attitudes about weight, patient reports of weight discrimination in health care, and quality of care delivered to overweight patients.     

The Ethics of Birth and Death: Gender Infanticide in India

This paper discusses the persistent devaluation of the girl child in India and the link between the entrenched perception of female valuelessness and the actual practice of infanticide of girl babies or foetuses. It seeks to place female infanticide, or ‘gendercide,’ within the context of Western-derived conceptions of ethics, justice and rights. To date, current ethical theories and internationally purveyed moral frameworks, as well as legal and political declarations, have fallen short of an adequate moral appraisal of infanticide. This paper seeks to rethink the issue.

Biomedical Science Ph.D. Career Interest Patterns by Race/Ethnicity and Gender

Increasing biomedical workforce diversity remains a persistent challenge. Recent reports have shown that biomedical sciences (BMS) graduate students become less interested in faculty careers as training progresses; however, it is unclear whether or how the career preferences of women and underrepresented minority (URM) scientists change in manners distinct from their better-represented peers. We report results from a survey of 1500 recent American BMS Ph.D. graduates (including 276 URMs) that examined career preferences over the course of their graduate training experiences. On average, scientists from all social backgrounds showed significantly decreased interest in faculty careers at research universities, and significantly increased interest in non-research careers at Ph.D. completion relative to entry. However, group differences emerged in overall levels of interest (at Ph.D. entry and completion), and the magnitude of change in interest in these careers. Multiple logistic regression showed that when controlling for career pathway interest at Ph.D. entry, first-author publication rate, faculty support, research self-efficacy, and graduate training experiences, differences in career pathway interest between social identity groups persisted. All groups were less likely than men from well-represented (WR) racial/ethnic backgrounds to report high interest in faculty careers at research-intensive universities (URM men: OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36–0.98, p = 0.04; WR women: OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47–0.89, p = 0.008; URM women: OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.30–0.71, p<0.001), and URM women were more likely than all other groups to report high interest in non-research careers (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.28–2.90, p = 0.002). The persistence of disparities in the career interests of Ph.D. recipients suggests that a supply-side (or “pipeline”) framing of biomedical workforce diversity challenges may limit the effectiveness of efforts to attract and retain the best and most diverse workforce. We propose incorporation of an ecological perspective of career development when considering strategies to enhance the biomedical workforce and professoriate through diversity.     

Ethnicity and Educational Performance in the United Kingdom: Racism, Ethnicity, and Variability in Achievement

This article examines recent research on the variability of educational performance in Britain. The composition of Britain's minority population is reviewed, followed by a discussion of differences in attainment. The bulk of the article explores some of the social processes that lie behind the statistics, especially concerning teacher racism and student adaptations. The possibilities for improvement at the school level are considered briefly within the context of national reforms that prioritize market principles and marginalize equality concerns.     

Ethnicity, body mass, and genome-wide data

This article combines social and genetic epidemiology to examine the influence of self-reported ethnicity on body mass index (BMI) among a sample of adolescents and young adults. We use genetic information from more than 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in combination with principal components analysis to characterize population ancestry of individuals in this study. We show that non-Hispanic white and Mexican-American respondents differ significantly with respect to BMI and differ on the first principal component from the genetic data. This first component is positively associated with BMI and accounts for roughly 3% of the genetic variance in our sample. However, after controlling for this genetic measure, the observed ethnic differences in BMI remain large and statistically significant. This study demonstrates a parsimonious method to adjust for genetic differences among individual respondents that may contribute to observed differences in outcomes. In this case, adjusting for genetic background has no bearing on the influence of self-identified ethnicity.