鸡胚脑细胞磷脂和能量代谢的模拟微重力生物效应的31P-NMR谱研究

利用31P-NMR方法对回转器旋转的鸡胚脑细胞内磷酸单脂(PME)、磷酸双脂(PDE)及ATP和pH值进行了定量分析, 以研究对脑细胞磷脂代谢及能量代谢的模拟微重力生物效应. 实验结果显示出: 对E13鸡胚旋转24 h引起了ATP和PME及pH值水平的显著性升高. E15鸡胚经24 h旋转对脑细胞磷脂代谢及能量代谢产生类似影响, 但皆未达显著性差异水平. 还利用孔雀石绿方法测量旋转对鸡胚脑细胞 ATPase活性的影响. 从实验结果观察到: E13和E15鸡胚经24 h的旋转引起了ATPase活性的显著下降, 前者比后者更敏感. 停止旋转24 h后, 鸡胚脑细胞所出现的上述变化, 除ATP仍然高于对照外, 其他指标皆可以恢复.     

回转器旋转对鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ca~(2+)水平的影响

采用ｆｕｒａ－２双波长荧光法,测定了孵化第６至１６天鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋的浓度。并且利用回转器模拟微重力的生物效应,研究了不同胚龄鸡胚旋转不同时间后,脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋水平的变化。结果表明,孵化第８至１６天鸡胚旋转不同时间后,其脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度均有所下降,其中第１０天鸡胚旋转４或７小时及第１３天鸡胚旋转２４小时后,脑细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度比对照组显著降低（ｐ＜０．０１）。第１０天和１３天鸡胚分别旋转４和２４小时后再静置恢复相同时间,细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度均有所增加,但仍低于对照组水平。结果显示,回转器旋转引起的鸡胚脑细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋水平降低是可逆的     

回转器旋转对不同发育阶段的鸡胚脑细胞周期时相分布的影响

利用回转器旋转模拟微重力生物效应是一常见的在地面研究失重对生物体影响的方法。本文应用流式细胞光度计测量８～１６天的鸡胚经回转器旋转,不同时间后鸡胚脑细胞内的ＤＮＡ含量,研究旋转对不同发育阶段鸡胚脑细胞周期时相分布的影响。结果表明Ｓ期细胞数明显减少,Ｇ１期细胞数明显增多（ｐ＜０．０５）,说明旋转后的鸡胚脑细胞被阻留在Ｇ１期     

多氯联苯对鸡胚原始生殖细胞的损伤作用

目的：本实验研究了PCB以及雌二醇（E2）,睾酮（T）和雌激素受体阻断剂克罗米酚（clomiphen)对5日龄鸡胚性朱中原始生殖细胞（PGC）形态和数量的影响,并对胚胎性腺受损伤程度进行了评价。方法：在入孵前将PCB（Aroclor 1254)油剂注入海兰种蛋卵黄内,实验组中PCB的剂量分别为1,10,100ug/枚;E2和T油剂注射剂量均为10,100ug/枚;克罗米酚,克罗米酚和Aroclor 1254均为100ug/枚,体积均为100ul;对照组注射等量花生油,孵化温度为38度,相对湿度60％,孵化111－120h后取出胚胎进行全固定,经石蜡切片和高碘酸席夫试剂染色后观察性腺中的PGC。结果（1）与对照组相比,PCB延缓鸡胚发育,但是鸡胚死亡率与PCB的剂量不呈现剂量依赖关系,最大死亡率在PCB 1ug/枚组;（2）性腺中的PGC的数量随PCB注射剂量的升高而显著降低,而且左侧性腺比右侧性腺明显,在PCB 100ug/枚组的性腺中,PGC发生了空泡化和核固缩甚至成为空洞;（3）PCB可以导致鸡胚性腺中PGC的损伤程度显著加强;（4）E2,T和克罗米酚处理后,对性腺中的PGC没有显著影响;（5）注射PCB和克罗米酚后,对性腺中PGC的影响与Aroclor 100ug/枚组的结果相同,结论：PCB对鸡胚生殖的影响早在PGC定居性腺就开始了,且对PGC的影响只表现其毒性作用,并没有通过类性激素作用影响PGC的形态和数量。     

影响猪体细胞核移植重构胚体外发育的若干因素

以卵丘细胞为核供体细胞组成重构胚,卵裂率达到56．7％,发育至桑椹胚达11．7％、孵化囊胚率为6．7％,显著高于成纤维细胞组成的重构胚（P＜0．05）。我们研究了卵母细胞的采集方法,激活方法和卵龄对卵丘细胞核移植重构胚体外发育的影响。以血清饥饿法将卵丘细胞诱导至G0或G1期,抽吸法／解剖法采集卵母细胞,体外培养33或44h,将卵丘细胞置于去核卵母细胞的卵周隙中,重构胚以钙离子载体A23817或电泳冲结合6－DMAP激活处理,体外培养6天,结果表明,卵 母细胞采集方法、激活液中细胞松弛素（CB）并不影响重构胚的发育（以卵龄44h的卵母细胞为受体）;而以电脉冲结合6－DMAP激活处理能提高重构胚发育能力（以卵龄33h的卵母细胞为受体）（P＜0．05）。本研究显示,以电脉冲结合6－DMAP激活卵丘细胞重构胚,能在体外发育至囊胚。     

东北温带森林常见树种粗根分解过程及调控因子

粗根是森林生态系统中重要的碳库和养分库,对生态系统的碳和养分循环起着重要的作用。但目前人们对于影响粗根分解的主要因素以及粗根分解模式的研究较少。采用埋袋法对东北温带森林常见的10个树种（黄檗、胡桃楸、水曲柳、色木槭、红松、落叶松、白桦、春榆、紫缎、蒙古栎）的粗根（5-10 mm）进行了为期1年的分解实验研究,来探索粗根分解和养分释放的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：黄檗、胡桃楸、水曲柳、色木槭、红松、落叶松、白桦、春榆、紫缎、蒙古栎粗根年分解系数分别为0.826、0.897、0.477、0.341、0.358、0.264、0.244、0.593、0.458、0.227。由此可见,胡桃楸分解速率最快,蒙古栎分解速率最慢。在粗根分解过程中,不同调控因子对根系分解的影响不同。研究结果表明,粗根的分解速率与根系的初始C/N比例呈显著负相关（P<0.0001）,与初始木质素含量呈负相关（P<0.0001）,与初始非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量呈正相关（P<0.0001）。初始C/N、木质素含量与非结构性碳水化合物含量分别可以解释所研究的10个树种粗根分解速率的68%、20%与65%。研究结论对于预测粗根参与的碳循环与养分释放具有重要意义。     

慢病毒载体导入种蛋内鸡胚技术研究

种蛋内鸡胚含有潜在的胚胎干细胞(BCs)或原生殖细胞(PGCs),是目前主要的转基因鸡研究方法。采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST-GFP慢病毒表达载体,白来航鸡与伊萨鸡种蛋,结合种蛋赤道面开窗专利技术,对含这两种细胞胚的转基因技术进行了比较研究:转染白来航鸡囊胚,孵化13天时,GFP基因的PCR检出率为64.7%,孵化率极低;转染孵化72h伊萨鸡胚血液循环中PGCs,实验蛋孵化率为35.0%,在出壳后死亡的3只小鸡肝脏中,GFP基因的PCR检出率为100%,存活的4只鸡中有3只在12月龄的血液样品中,经PCR扩增出了GFP基因;转染孵化72～79h白来航鸡胚PGCs,7批次实验的平均孵化率为21.1%,能在赤道面窗口注射胚的种蛋比率,以73～77h胚龄的最高,为75.0%～92.9%,注射病毒组出壳雏鸡血液DNA中,GFP基因PCR检出率为44.4%。两种方法比较,PGCs方法在实验蛋孵化率、胚定位在赤道面窗口率等方面有较强优势。因此为种蛋内胚细胞的转基因鸡技术研究提供了系统、可操作性强的方法。     

卵泡刺激素和雌激素对培养的鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞增殖的影响

在动物体内多种激素共同调控着卵巢生殖细胞的生长、发育和成熟,其中促性腺激素起着至关重要的作用。本实验建立了鸡胚(18日胚龄)卵巢构建生殖细胞和体细胞的共培养模型,并研究卵泡刺激素(FSH)、17B雌二醇(E2)以及二者联合处理对生殖细胞增殖的影响。结果发现FSH(0．25-1．0IU／mL)、E2(10-1000ng／mL)处理48h后均可显著促进生殖细胞的增殖,FSH与E2共同处理作用更加显著且高于其单独处理组,表明FSH和E2可协同刺激鸡胚卵巢生殖细胞的增殖,FSH可能是通过促进雌激素或其受体的合成而发挥作用。     

鸡蛋开窗法导入供体胚盘细胞对家鸡胚胎发育的影响研究

通过4批孵化实验,研究鸡蛋开窗法注射供体胚盘细胞对受体鸡胚发育及孵化率的影响。GLM方差分析表明,开窗处理极显著降低整个孵化期（21d)的活胚比例（P＜0．01）,至21日龄出壳时,处理组的孵化率为.8%-6.0%。导入供体胚盘细胞对受体鸡胚的发育仅为阶段性影响,表现在显著性孵化第8日龄左右的活胚比例（P＜0.05)。而对后期发育的影响不显著（P＞0．05）。因经,鸡蛋开窗处理是降低受体胚胎成活率和孵化率的主要原因,如何降低开窗处理对受体胚胎的应激和不利影响则是今后研究的一个课题。     

影响猪体细胞核移植重构胚体外发育的若干因素

以卵丘细胞为核供体细胞组成重构胚,卵裂率达到56.7%,发育至桑椹胚达11.7%、孵化囊胚率为6.7%,显著高于成纤维细胞组成的重构胚(p<0.05)。我们研究了卵母细胞的采集方法,激活方法和卵龄对卵丘细胞核移植重构胚体外发育的影响。以血清饥饿法将卵丘细胞诱导至GO或G1期,抽吸法/解剖法采集卵母细胞,体外培养33或44 h,将卵丘细胞置于去核卵母细胞的卵周隙中,重构胚以钙离子载体A23817或电脉冲结合6-DMAP激活处理,体外培养6天,结果表明,卵母细胞采集方法、激活液中细胞松弛素(CB)并不影响重构胚的发育(以卵龄44h的卵母细胞为受体);而以电脉冲结合6-DMAP激活处理能提高重构胚发育能力(以卵龄33 h的卵母细胞为受体)(p<0.05)。本研究显示,以电脉冲结合6-DMAP激活卵丘细胞重构胚,能在体外发育至囊胚     

Two modes of exocytosis from synaptosomes are differentially regulated by protein phosphatase types 2A and 2B

The inhibitors okadaic acid (OA), fostriecin (FOS) and cyclosporin A (CsA), were used to investigate the roles of protein phosphatases in regulating exocytosis in rat brain synaptosomes by measuring glutamate release and the release of the styryl dye FM 2-10. Depolarization was induced by 30 mM KCl, or 0.3 mM or 1 mM 4-aminopyridine (4AP). OA and FOS produced a similar partial inhibition of KCl- and 0.3 mM 4AP- evoked exocytosis in both assays, but had little effect upon exocytosis evoked by 1 mM 4AP. In contrast, CsA had no effect upon KCl- and 0.3 mM 4AP-evoked exocytosis, but significantly enhanced glutamate release but not FM 2-10 dye release evoked by 1 mM 4AP. None of the phosphatase inhibitors changed calcium signals from FURA-2-loaded synaptosomes either before or after depolarization. Pretreatment with 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate abolished the inhibitory effect of OA on exocytosis induced by 0.3 mM 4AP. Taken together, these results show that exocytosis from synaptosomes has a phosphatase-sensitive and phosphatase-insensitive component, and that there are two modes of phosphatase-sensitive exocytosis that can be elicited by different depolarization conditions. Moreover, these two modes are differentially sensitive to phosphatase 2A and 2B.     

Simulated biological effects of microgravity on phospholipid and energy metabolism of chicken embryonic brain cells studied by 31P-NMR spectroscopy

Levels of phosphomonoester (PME), phosphodiester (PDE), ATP and pH in brain cells of chicken embryos rotated for 24 h in a clinostat during the period of hatching the 13th day (E13) and 15th day (E15) embryos were investigated by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Significant increases in the values of PME, ATP and pH were identified after E13 rotating for 24 h. With the same treatment, differences were obtained in the phospholipid and energy metabolism of E15, but no significant levels have been reached . The calorimetric assay (malachite green method) was used for measuring the activity of total ATPase. A dramatic decrease was evident in the activity of ATPase in brain cells of rotated E13 and E15. The former is more sensitive than the latter. All the levels mentioned above could restore in 24 h after the rotation stopped, except that the level of ATP was still higher than the control.     

Simulated biological effects of microgravity on phospholipid and energy metabolism of chicken embryonic brain cells studied by ~(31)P-NMR spectroscopy

Levels of phosphomonoester (PME), phosphodiester (PDE), ATP and pH in brain cells of chicken embryos rotated for 24 h in a clinostat during the period of hatching the 13th day (E13) and 15th day (E15) embryos were investigated by using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Significant increases in the values of PME, ATP and pH were identified after E13 rotating for 24 h. With the same treatment, differences were obtained in the phospholipid and energy metabolism of E15, but no significant levels have been reached . The calorimetric assay (malachite green method) was used for measuring the activity of total ATPase. A dramatic decrease was evident in the activity of ATPase in brain cells of rotated E13 and E15. The former is more sensitive than the latter. All the levels mentioned above could restore in 24 h after the rotation stopped, except that the level of ATP was still higher than the control.     

Glutamate triggers intracellular Ca2+ oscillations and nitric oxide release by inducing NAADP- and InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release in mouse brain endothelial cells

The neurotransmitter glutamate increases cerebral blood flow by activating postsynaptic neurons and presynaptic glial cells within the neurovascular unit. Glutamate does so by causing an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in the target cells, which activates the Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide (NO) synthase to release NO. It is unclear whether brain endothelial cells also sense glutamate through an elevation in [Ca²⁺]_i and NO production. The current study assessed whether and how glutamate drives Ca²⁺-dependent NO release in bEND5 cells, an established model of brain endothelial cells. We found that glutamate induced a dose-dependent oscillatory increase in [Ca²⁺]_i, which was maximally activated at 200 μM and inhibited by α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, a selective blocker of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamate-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillations were triggered by rhythmic endogenous Ca²⁺ mobilization and maintained over time by extracellular Ca²⁺ entry. Pharmacological manipulation revealed that glutamate-induced endogenous Ca²⁺ release was mediated by InsP₃-sensitive receptors and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) gated two-pore channel 1. Constitutive store-operated Ca²⁺ entry mediated Ca²⁺ entry during ongoing Ca²⁺ oscillations. Finally, glutamate evoked a robust, although delayed increase in NO levels, which was blocked by pharmacologically inhibition of the accompanying intracellular Ca²⁺ signals. Of note, glutamate induced Ca²⁺-dependent NO release also in hCMEC/D3 cells, an established model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. This investigation demonstrates for the first time that metabotropic glutamate-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ oscillations and NO release have the potential to impact on neurovascular coupling in the brain.     

Simulated biological effects of microgravity on phospholipid and energy metabolism of chicken embryonic brain cells studied by31P-NMR spectroscopy

Levels of phosphomonoester (PME), phosphodiester (PDE), ATP and pH in brain cells of chicken embryos rotated for 24 h in a clinostat during the period of hatching the 13th day (E13) and 15th day (E15) embryos were investigated by using³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. Significant increases in the values of PME, ATP and pH were identified after E13 rotating for 24 h. With the same treatment, differences were obtained in the phospholipid and energy metabolism of E15, but no significant levels have been reached. The calorimetric assay (malachite green method) was used for measuring the activity of total ATPase. A dramatic decrease was evident in the activity of ATPase in brain cells of rotated E13 and E15. The former is more sensitive than the latter. All the levels mentioned above could restore in 24 h after the rotation stopped, except that the level of ATP was still higher than the control.     

Stimulation-Evoked Ca2+ Fluxes in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Are Enhanced by Forskolin

Forskolin, 1 microM, increased acetylcholine (ACh)-stimulated 45Ca uptake by chromaffin cells. The stimulatory effects of forskolin decreased with increasing concentration of ACh. The attenuation of the effect of forskolin on 45Ca uptake as a function of ACh concentration correlated well with changes in the forskolin effect on ACh-evoked catecholamine (CA) release. Forskolin increased excess KCl- and veratrine-evoked CA release and 45Ca uptake. Forskolin by itself stimulated 45Ca efflux and enhanced ACh-, excess KCl-, and veratrine-stimulated 45Ca efflux. High doses of forskolin inhibited both ACh-evoked 45Ca uptake and CA release. The inhibitory action of forskolin was specific to receptor-mediated response because excess KCl- and veratrine-stimulated 45Ca uptake and CA release were not inhibited. Forskolin, 0.3-30 microM, dose-dependently increased caffeine-stimulated CA release and 45Ca efflux in the absence of Ca2+ in the medium, and the effects were mimicked by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. These results suggest that cyclic AMP increases stimulation-induced CA release by enhancing calcium uptake across the plasma membrane and/or altering calcium flux in an intracellular calcium store.     

Determination of cell electroporation from the release of intracellular potassium ions

When cells are exposed to a strong enough external electric field, transient aqueous pores are formed in the membrane. The fraction of electroporated cells can be determined by measuring the release of intracellular potassium ions. The current work is the first study where such a method was employed successfully not only with cells suspended in the medium with a rather high concentration of potassium (4-5 mM) but also with cells that release some part of intracellular potassium responding, in this way, to the stress caused by manipulation procedures during the preparation of the cell suspension. Experiments were carried out on mouse hepatoma MH-A22 cells exposed to a square-wave electric pulse. The curves showing the dependence of the fraction of the cells that have become permeable to bleomycin, a membrane-impermeable cytotoxic drug, are close to the ones showing the release of intracellular potassium ions.     

Neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid and its positively charged amide analogue.

Elevated levels of extracellular glutamate have been linked to reactive oxygen species mediated neuronal damage and brain disorders. Lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant that has previously been shown to exhibit neuroprotection in clinical studies. A new positively charged water soluble lipoic acid amide analog, 2-(N,N-dimethylamine) ethylamido lipoate HCl (LA-plus), with a better cellular reduction and retention of the reduced form was developed. This novel antioxidant was tested for protection against glutamate induced cytotoxicity in a HT4 neuronal cell line. Glutamate treatment for 12 h resulted in significant release of LDH from cells to the medium suggesting cytotoxicity. Measurement of intracellular peroxides showed marked (up to 200%) increase after 6 h of glutamate treatment. Compared to lipoic acid, LA-plus was more effective in (1) protecting cells against glutamate induced cytotoxicity, (2) preventing glutamate induced loss of intracellular GSH, and (3) disallowing increase of intracellular peroxide level following the glutamate challenge. The protective effect of LA-plus was found to be independent of its stereochemistry. The protective function of this antioxidant was synergistically enhanced by selenium. These results demonstrate that LA-plus is a potent protector of neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and associated oxidative stress.     

A role for glutamate transporters in the regulation of insulin secretion

In the brain, glutamate is an extracellular transmitter that mediates cell-to-cell communication. Prior to synaptic release it is pumped into vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). To inactivate glutamate receptor responses after release, glutamate is taken up into glial cells or neurons by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). In the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, glutamate is proposed to act as an intracellular messenger, regulating insulin secretion from β-cells, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. By immunogold cytochemistry we show that insulin containing secretory granules express VGLUT3. Despite the fact that they have a VGLUT, the levels of glutamate in these granules are low, indicating the presence of a protein that can transport glutamate out of the granules. Surprisingly, in β-cells the glutamate transporter EAAT2 is located, not in the plasma membrane as it is in brain cells, but exclusively in insulin-containing secretory granules, together with VGLUT3. In EAAT2 knock out mice, the content of glutamate in secretory granules is higher than in wild type mice. These data imply a glutamate cycle in which glutamate is carried into the granules by VGLUT3 and carried out by EAAT2. Perturbing this cycle by knocking down EAAT2 expression with a small interfering RNA, or by over-expressing EAAT2 or a VGLUT in insulin granules, significantly reduced the rate of granule exocytosis. Simulations of granule energetics suggest that VGLUT3 and EAAT2 may regulate the pH and membrane potential of the granules and thereby regulate insulin secretion. These data suggest that insulin secretion from β-cells is modulated by the flux of glutamate through the secretory granules.     

Prostaglandin E2 induces glutamate release from subventricular zone astrocytes

It was recently reported that in one of the adult neurogenetic zones, the subventricular zone (SVZ), astrocyte-like cells release glutamate upon intracellular Ca2+ increases. However, the signals that control Ca2+ activity and glutamate release from SVZ astrocytes are not known. Here, we examined whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which induces glutamate release from mature astrocytes, is such a signal. Using the gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp technique, we show that the activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channel in neuroblasts is a high fidelity sensor of ambient glutamate levels. Using such sensors, we found that application of PGE2 led to increased ambient glutamate levels in the SVZ. In parallel experiments, PGE2 induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in SVZ cells, in particular astrocyte-like cells, as shown using Ca2+ imaging. Finally, a PGE2 enzyme immunoassay showed that the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and to a lesser extent the SVZ (ten-fold less) released PGE2. These findings suggest that PGE2 is a physiological signal for inducing glutamate release from SVZ astrocytes that is important for controlling neuroblast survival and proliferation. This signal may be accentuated following ischemia or injury-induced PGE2 release and may contribute to the injury-associated increased neurogenesis.