Die testaceen in der umgebung der station Büschelbach (Spessart/BRD)

Taxonomy and ecology of Testacea in samples from Sphagnum and from sediments of a pool, some springs and small waters collected near Büschelbach (Bieber/Spessart, Germany) were studied. The results are explained in the present paper.

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Biologische Station Lunz und Zoologisches Institut der Universität Salzburg

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Biologische Station Lunz und Zoologisches Institut der Universität Salzburg     

Sieve-tube exudate from Ricinus communis L. seedlings contains ubiquitin and chaperones

The cut hypocotyl of Ricinus communis L. seedlings exudes phloem sap which contains a characteristic set of proteins (Sakuth et al. 1993, Planta 191, 207–213). These sieve-tube exudate proteins were probed with antibodies to highly conserved proteins, namely ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), Rubisco subunit-binding protein, heat-shock protein (HSP 70), chaperonin GroEL and ubiquitin. Homologous proteins in the sieve-tube exudate were identified with antisera to HSP 70, Rubisco-subunit-binding protein and ubiquitin. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, which was present in the tissue, was not detected. Of all the cross-reactive proteins detected, ubiquitin was special because the ubiquitin-to-protein ratio in the sieve-tube exudate was higher than in both the surrounding hypocotyl and in the cotyledonary tissues. Therefore, ubiquitin features properties which favour its transfer into the sieve tubes and which might rely on efficient transport through plasmodesmata. It is assumed that chaperones and ubiquitin are needed for the maintenance of sieve-tube function, e.g. to ensure correct folding of proteins. Their possible involvement in protein translocation through plasmodesmata from companion cells to sieve tubes is discussed.Abbreviations HSP heat-shock protein - Rubisco ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase - RBP Rubisco-subunit-binding protein - STEP sieve-tube exudate protein This research was supported by a TEMPUS grant European Community, Brüssel to E.K., which enabled the stay of A.P. The authors thank Dr. A. Bachmair (Institut für Botanik, Universität Wien, Austria), Prof. D. Wolf and Dr. A. Finger (Institut für Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Germany), Dr. S. Jentsch (Friedrich-Miescher Laboratorium, Max-Planck Institut Tübingen, Germany), Prof. U. Kull (Biologisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Germany), and Dr. T. Gatenby (Dupont, Wilmington, Del., USA) for generous supply of antisera used in this study. Improvement of English style was due to D. Schobert-Wiese.     

Comparative immunological characterization of various photosynthetic cytochromes c from pro- and eukaryotic algae

Photosynthetic c-type cytochromes isolated from various pro- and eukaryotic algae have been compared by an immunochemical method. Thereby the extent of cross-reactivity of several cytochromes with antisera to cytochrome c from Spirulina platensis, Bumilleriopsis filiformis, and Scenedesmus acutus was quantitatively determined by antigen-binding tests. When immunological relationship is taken as a measure of structural relationship, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) c-type cytochromes from Anabaena variabilis, Nostoc muscorum, Calothrix membranacea, and Spirulina platensis show large differences in cross-reactivity. (2) The acidic Spirulina cytochrome c is fairly closely related to the two eukaryotic cytochromes assayed here.Abbreviations SAUG Sammlung von Algenkulturen am Pflanzenphysiologischen Institut der Universität Göttingen, FRG - PCC Pasteur Culture Collection     

The effect of ultra-high dose-rateβ-ray irradiation in aerobic and hypoxic conditions on the survival of diploid yeast

Diploid yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was exposed to single microsecond pulses of 12-MeV-electrons at dose rates up to 3×10¹⁰ rad s^–1 under oxygenated and hypoxic conditions. No difference in surviving fractions was found with total doses up to about 150 krad as compared to exposures at conventional dose rates.On leave from Strahlenzentrum der Universität Gießen. Present address: Institut für Biophysik, Strahlenzentrum, 63 Gießen, Germany.     

Botanische Notizen aus Afghanistan I. Ein natürlicher Bestand von Eremurus-Hybriden in Nordwest-Afghanistan

Ohne ZusammenfassungBis 1965: Botanisches Institut der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Kabul. Ab Mai 1965 Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 17–21.     

Zum Wärmehaushalt der Macchienpflanzen

Ohne ZusammenfassungPlanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität Wien, im Mai 1937.     

Ergänzende Untersuchungen über die strukturelle HybrideParis quadrifolia

Zusammenfassung Eine stichprobenweise Untersuchung vonParis quadrifolia- Pflanzen aus dem Wiener Wald ergab Vorhandensein von Chromosomeninversionen, Univalenten und partieller Sterilität; auch diese Pflanzen sind also, wie die aus Lunzer Populationen untersuchten, strukturelle Hybriden. Es wird dadurch der Schluß gestützt, daß die Chromosomeninversionen phylogenetisch alt und arteigentümlich sind.Botanisches Institut der Universität Wien, im Mai 1939.     

Zur Gleitbewegung der niederen Organismen

Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen der Gleitbewegung von verschiedenen niederen Organismen führten zu der Auffassung, daß die Bewegung keine Schleim-Stemmwirkung ist, wie beiClosterium, sondern auf einer Parallelverschiebung des ausgeschiedenen Schleims zur Zelloberfläche beruht. Die Fähigkeit zur Parallelverschiebung wird als Eigenschaft der Protoplasma-Fibrillen augesehen. Auch verschiedene andere Argumente weisen darauf hin, daß die Gleitbewegung als besondere Form der Protoplasmabewegung aufgefaßt werden muß.Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Pflanzenphysiologischen Institut der Universität Wien, unter seinem Vorstand, meinem verehrten Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. K. Höfler, begonnen.     

Structural and functional processes during water vapour uptake and desiccation in selected lichens with green algal photobionts

Structural alterations of the photobiont and mycobiont cells of lichens have been related to CO₂-gas exchange during experiments involving water vapour uptake and desiccation of liquid-water-saturated thalli. Increasing water vapour uptake of air dry lichens led to a gradual unfolding of the photobiont cells in Lobaria pulmonaria, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina maciformis and Teloschistes lacunosus as studied by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. The data indicated that globular, probably turgid, cells and also slightly infolded or even heavily collapsed cells contributed to positive net photosynthesis, which was reached after water vapour uptake by the four species studied. During desiccation of fully water-saturated thalli of L. pulmonaria, extrathalline water films gradually evaporated before maximum values of CO₂-gas exchange were measured and before photobiont cells started to shrivel. In contrast, in P. furfuracea the CO₂-gas exchange maximum was reached when a considerable percentage of photobiont cells had already collapsed and while other parts of the thalli were still covered with liquid water. Further desiccation led to cavitation of the cortical cells in both species, this occurring at water contents at which net photosynthesis was still positive.Abbreviations EF exoplasmic fracture face - LTSEM low-temperature scanning electron microscopy - NP net photosynthesis - PAR photosynthetic active radiation (400–700 nm) - PF plasmic fracture face We thank D. Pichier, P. Hatvani, H. Müller, Birmensdorf, and J.B. Winkler, Kiel, for technical assistance, and J. Innes, Birmensdorf, for correcting the English text. Stimulating discussion with R. Honegger (Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Universität Zürich, Switzerland), L. Kappen (Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Germany), T.G.A. Green (Department of Biological Sciences, Hamilton, New Zealand), and O.L. Lange (Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Germany) are gratefully acknowledged.     

Aktivitätsänderung der Adenosintriphosphatase im Flügelmuskel der Bienenarbeiterinnen während ihres ersten Imaginallebens

Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität der Adenosintriphosphatase im Flügelmuskel der Bienenarbeiterinnen wurde während der ersten 20 Tage ihres Imaginallebens gemessen. Die Aktivität nahm bis zum 7. Tag deutlich zu. Danach wurde keine bedeutende Schwankung gefunden. Die Aktivität nahm beim Vorhandensein von Mg beträchtlich, aber beim Vorhandensein von Ca relativ gering zu. Bezugnehmend auf das Ergebnis wurden einige biologische Erörterungen gegeben.Beitrag Kr. 337 aus dem Zool. Institut, Naturwiss. Fakultät an der Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan.Die Anregung zu dieser Arbeit verdanken wir Herrn Prof. Tohru Uchida. Ebenso danken wir herzlich dem ganzen Personal des Yamashita Biochemischen Laboratoriums (Direktor Herr Prof. N. Takasugi) unserer Universität, in welchem die chemische Prüfung ausgeführt wurde, ferner Herrn Prof. H. H. Weber (Heidelberg), dessen liebenswürdige Kritik für unsere Arbeit äußerst wertvoll war.Aus dem Zoologischen Institut der Universität Tokyo nach Sapporo beurlaubt.     

Antigenic determinants and specificity of antisera against acidophilic bacteria

Polyclonal antisera, produced against whole cells of Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T. ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, gave highly specific reactions when cross-reacted with 23 strains of acidophilic bacteria using an immunofluorescence (IF) staining technique. Strains of identical serotype exhibited maximum cross-reaction whereas strains of different serotype reacted only weakly. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) examined by SDS-PAGE showed different, serotype-specific migration patterns indicating their rough or smooth character. LPS patterns may therefore be used for serological classification of acidophilic bacteria. Surface antigens of four strains were identified by immunoblot staining; LPS and some proteins were antigenic determinants with LPS the most specific.The authors are with the Universität Hamburg, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Abteilung für Mikrobiologie, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany     

Untersuchungen über die Funktion des Zentralnervensystems und insbesondere des Gehirnes bei der Fortbewegung und der Lauterzeugung der Grillen

Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrn Prof. Dr. W. R. Hess in Verehrung und Dankbarkeit gewidmet.Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danke ich herzlich für die Förderung dieser Arbeit. Mein Dank gilt ferner den Herren Prof. Dr. O. A. M. Wyss und Dr. R. J. H. Oberholzer, Physiologisches Institut der Universität Zürich, und Herrn Dr. D. Burkhardt, Zoologisches Institut der Universität München, für Beratung in methodischen Fragen.     

Die cytologischen Verhältnisse bei der Regeneration von Kaulquappenextremitäten

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie ausführlichen Protokolle, welche der Arbeit zugrunde liegen, sind bei Prof. W.Goetsch, Breslau, Zoolog. Institut der Universität niedergelegt.     

Photosynthetic carbon assimilation in Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) F. v. Wettstein,an endosymbiotic association of fungus and cyanobacterium

Geosiphon pyriforme, an endosymbiotic association between a fungus and the cyanobacterium Nostoc, was shown by tracer studies to acquire carbon photosynthetically from CO₂ or bicarbonate. The organism also fixes inorganic carbon in darkness, at lower rates than in the light. The patterns of label distribution are indicative of the operation of the reductive pentose-phosphate pathway in the light and of the phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase reaction in the dark. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of photoautotrophic endosymbiotic associations.This investigation has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. We are indepted to Professor G.B. Feige (Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Essen, FRG) for helpful discussion, Karin Faist for her excellent technical assitance and to Doris Schäfer for drawing the figures.     

Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen an einzelnen Geruchsrezeptoren auf den Antennen des Totengräbers (Necrophorus,Coleoptera)

Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrn Dr. D. Schneider danke ich für die Anregung des Themas und das stete Interesse an dem Verlauf der Arbeit, Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Autrum für die Überlassung eines Arbeitsplatzes im Zoologischen Institut.Dissertation der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität München.     

Cell-wall development in freeze-fixed pollen: Intine formation of Ledebouria socialis (Hyacinthaceae)

The structure and development of the inner pectocellulosic pollen wall, the intine, was re-examined using high-pressure freezing with subsequent freeze substitution in Ledebouria socialis Roth, a monocotyledonous angiosperm. The bilayered intine is formed immediately after differentiation of the endexine. Similar to somatic cell walls, intine matrix substances originate from the Golgi apparatus and leave the cytoplasm via exocytosis. Exintine development starts with the apposition of intine matrix substances to the inner polysaccharide layer of the endexine (termed inner endexine), leading to irregular cell-wall ingrowths. Subsequently the inner endexine becomes intensely infiltrated with intine matrix substances; this process is interpreted as transformation of the inner endexine into intine. Along the aperture region, cell-wall matrix substances are unevenly deposited to such an extent that more or less radially oriented tubules filled with cytoplasm remain within the growing exintine. These tubules subsequently become cut off from the microspore cytoplasm by selective membrane fusions, leading to the incorporation of ground cytoplasm and ribosomes into the exintine. Exintine formation is completed prior to the first mitotic division of the pollen grain whereas the endintine is formed as a homogeneous thin layer after mitosis. Both transformation of the inner endexine by infiltration and passive incorporation of cytoplasm and ribosomes into the exintine by membrane fusions are novel features and are only observed in optimally freeze-fixed, freeze-substituted samples; general aspects of ultrastructure preservation in high-pressure-frozen, freeze-substituted plant cells are discussed as well. Modifications of the Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi-apparatus structures during pollen wall development are correlated with increasing and decreasing polysaccharide exocytosis, respectively. These evenls strictly coincide with the formation of morphologically and chemically different pollen wall layers and therefore seem to reflect the different deposition patterns of the predominant cell-wall polysaccharides.Abbreviations ER endoplasmic reticulum - FS freeze substitution - HPF high-pressure freezing - MS microspore(s) - PATAg periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazine-silver proteinate - PGS post-Golgi-apparatus structures - UA-Pb uranyl acetatelead I am grateful to Dr. Martin Müller (Institut für Zellbiologie, ETH-Zürich) for the kind permission to use the high-pressure freezer and the freeze-substitution unit at his laboratory. I wish to thank Prof. M. Hesse, Mag. M.G. Schlag (Institut für Botanik, Universität Wien) and Dr. I. Lichtscheidl (Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Wien) for helpfull discussions. Thanks are also due to A. Glaser and W. Urbancik for excellent technical assistence and to the Stadtgärtnerei Zürich for providing the plant material. This work was supported by the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung.     

Der Austrocknungsverlauf von Blättern und Blatteilen verschiedenen Alters und verschiedener Insertion

Ohne ZusammenfassungEs ist mir eine angenehme Pflicht, Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr. R.Biebl vom pflanzenphysiologischen Institut der Universität Wien für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts und wertvolle Verbesserungsvorschläge meinen verbindlichsten Dank auszusprechen.     

Chemical composition of Casparian strips isolated from Clivia miniata Reg. roots: evidence for lignin

Endodermal cell walls and xylem vessels were isolated enzymatically from Clivia miniata Reg. roots. Transmission-electron-microscopic investigation of cross-sections of intact C. miniata roots and scanning-electron-microscopic investigation of isolated endodermal cell walls indicated that the root endodermis of C. miniata is essentially in its primary state of development. Isolated Casparian strips and xylem vessels were subjected to two different degradation methods usually applied to prove the existence of lignin, namely, cupric oxide oxidation and thioacidolysis. The reaction products obtained were typical aromatic derivatives of the natural lignin precursors coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, and, in traces, of p-coumaryl alcohol, indicating the occurrence of lignin in the polymers from both Casparian strips and xylem vessels. The qualitative chemical compositions of the polymers from the two sources were similar, whereas the quantitative compositions were different, indicating that the molecular structure of the lignin polymer in the Casparian strips was different from that in the xylem vessels. Thus, for the first time, direct chemical evidence has been obtained that Casparian strips of C. miniata roots contain lignin as a major cell wall polymer.The author is indebted to Prof. Dr. G. Krohne (Zentrale Abteilung für Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Würzburg, Germany) and to Prof. Dr. R. Guggenheim (Labor für Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Universität Basel, Schweiz) for offering the opportunity for transmission-electron-microscopic and low-temperature scanning-electron-microscopic investigations, respectively. Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is gratefully acknowledged.     

Studies on lytic activities of Chondrococcus coralloides (Myxobacterales)

Summary Purified sacculi from E. coli were digested with the extracellular bacteriolytic activity from Chondrococcus coralloides. The cleavage products were analysed in an amino acid analyser and with chromatography, their reducing group was determined by NaBH₄-reduction. The analysis revealed that the main bacteriolytic activity from Chondrococcus coralloides has the substrate specificity of a muramidase (E.C. 3.2.1.17).Part of a Doctoral Thesis at the Fakultät für Bio- und Geowissenschaften der Universität Karlsruhe, Germany.