植物增殖细胞核抗原的结构与功能

增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)是真核生物细胞中一类保守蛋白,在DNA复制、DNA修复及细胞周期调控过程中具有非常重要的作用。我们简要介绍植物PCNA的结构、表达调控及其功能的研究进展。     

受PCNA翻译后修饰调控的DNA损伤耐受机制

为了应对DNA损伤复制阻滞,增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)164位点的赖氨酸残基能够发生一系列的泛素化修饰并介导两种不用的损伤耐受机制,即DNA跨损伤合成(TLS)和无错耐受通路。目前,单泛素化的PCNA介导DNA跨损伤合成通路,而多泛素化的PCNA介导无错耐受通路这一观点已被普遍认可。另外,PCNA的164位点还能被泛素类似物小蛋白(SUMO)修饰,从而抑制DNA双链断裂重组。总结PCNA的翻译后修饰及其在DNA损伤应答过程中的作用机制,有助于我们了解PCNA在DNA损伤耐受机制中的中心作用。重点总结PCNA的翻译后修饰如何调控真核生物DNA损伤应答的不同途径。     

转录因子E2F1和PCNA在分离、培养的人视网膜色素上皮细胞中的表达及意义

为探讨转录因子 E2 F1及增殖细胞核抗原 (PCN A)在增生性玻璃体视网膜病变 (PVR)中的作用 ,采用 SABC免疫细胞化学法检测转录因子 E2 F1和 PCNA在无血清组及 2 0 %血清组培养的人视网膜色素上皮细胞 (RPE)中的表达。结果显示在无血清组中 ,转录因子 E2 F1表达的阳性率为 2 .4%± 0 .2 5 % ,而未见 PCNA表达 ;在 2 0 %血清组中 ,E2 F1及 PCNA的表达阳性率分别为 2 9.1%± 0 .71%和 48.6 %± 1.13%。说明 E2 F1和 PCNA蛋白的表达取决于人 RPE细胞的生长状态 ,在增殖活跃的细胞中表达增高 ;转录因子 E2 F1调控人 RPE细胞中 PCNA蛋白的表达。提示转录因子 E2 F1调控人 RPE细胞的细胞周期进展 ,在 PVR的形成中也发挥着关键性的作用     

泛素/类泛素化调控DNA损伤修复机制研究进展

细胞对DNA损伤进行精确、高效修复的机制被称为DNA损伤应答机制,增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)在DNA损伤修复机制中起着核心的作用。当细胞遭遇到DNA损伤时,PCNA通过泛素化及类泛素化的翻译后修饰对DNA修复过程进行调控。本文重点阐述DNA损伤修复的不同方式,以及泛素/类泛素化相关蛋白参与调控DNA损伤修复过程的研究进展,并分析了DNA损伤修复与机体的衰老和发育之间的密切关系,为研究DNA修复蛋白的缺失在相关疾病中的作用机制提供新思路。     

VEGF和PCNA在骨肉瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)在骨肉瘤组织中的表达及其与微血管密度(MVD)、预后的关系。方法:用免疫组织化学法检测64例骨肉瘤组织中VEGF、PCNA的表达和MVD。结果:VEGF阳性表达主要在胞浆,PCNA的阳性表达主要在胞核。VEGF、PCNA表达与MVD存在显著关联(P<0.05),与骨肉瘤转移和5年生存率有显著关联性(P<0.05)。VEGF表达与PCNA表达密切相关(P<0.05)。结论:VEGF和PCNA指标可作为判断骨肉瘤预后的重要指标。     

应用组织芯片技术研究MMP-9和PCNA在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的探讨MMP-9和PCNA在宫颈癌组织中的联合表达、相关性及其临床意义。方法采用组织芯片和免疫组化技术检测143例宫颈浸润癌(ICC)、20例癌旁正常宫颈上皮(NCE)中MMP-9和PCNA的表达,统计分析MMP-9、PCNA表达与病理分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移等临床病理因素的关系。结果 MMP-9、PCNA在宫颈癌组织中的阳性率分别为89.5%(128/143)和93.7%(134/143),较正常宫颈组织中的阳性率40.0%(8/20)和15.0%(3/20)显著增高(P=0.000)。MMP-9的表达与病理分级(r=0.342,P=0.000)、淋巴结转移(r=0.197,P=0.018)和间质浸润深度(r=0.203,P=0.015)呈正相关。PCNA表达与临床分期(r=0.228,P=0.006)、病理分级(r=0.330,P=0.000)呈正相关。MMP-9和PCNA在宫颈癌组织中的表达强度呈正相关(r=0.228,P=0.006),二者表达一致的比例高达87.41%(125/143)。结论MMP-9和PCNA在宫颈癌中的异常表达与肿瘤的分化、侵袭和发展密切相关,联合检测二者的表达对于进一步理解宫颈癌的生物学行为和判断预后有一定价值。     

结直肠癌mP53 和PCNA 表达的相关性及临床意义

目的:探讨结直肠癌中突变型P53基因(mP53)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达的相关性及临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化二步法,检测60例结直肠癌组织及20例正常肠粘膜中mP53、PCNA的表达,结合临床病理资料进行统计分析。结果:60例结直肠癌中mP53阳性表达率65.0%,PCNA阳性表达率78.3%,20例正常肠粘膜中mP53、PCNA表达均为阴性(P<0.05)。mP53和PCNA阳性表达率在低分化组、浆膜层浸润组、淋巴结转移组均较高(P均<0.05)。mP53和PCNA表达呈正相关(r=0.58,P<0.05)。结论:mP53和PCNA在结直肠癌中表达均增高,二者与结直肠癌病理学分级、浸润深度和淋巴结转移有关,可作为判断结直肠癌预后的参考指标。     

镇肝熄风汤对自发性高血压大鼠PCNA mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

研究不同剂量镇肝熄风汤对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心血管PCNA蛋白和PCNA mRNA表达的影响。采用24周自发性高血压大鼠(SHR),雄性,50只,模型组、中药低剂量组、中药中剂量组、中药高剂量组、复方罗布麻组,每组10只,同源雄性京都威斯特大鼠(WKY)10只作为对照组,灌胃给药5周后,Western Blot法测定心血管PCNA蛋白表达,Real-Time RT-PCR法测定大鼠PCNA mRNA基因表达。结果显示镇肝熄风汤中药中剂量、高剂量组与模型组比较,PCNA蛋白表达明显升高(P0.01);镇肝熄风汤中剂量与模型组比较,PCNA mRNA表达明显升高(P0.05)。通过研究表明镇肝熄风汤中剂量组、高剂量组中的PCNA蛋白表达和PCNA mRNA表达明显升高,促进血管内皮细胞正常增值活性。     

hTERT、PCNA在人宫颈癌组织中的表达

目的探讨人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)在人宫颈癌发生发展中的作用.方法采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测hTERT蛋白和PCNA在42例正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮肉瘤样病变(CIN)及宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达.结果随着宫颈病变加重,hTERT和PCNA表达逐渐增高;图像分析测定正常宫颈、CIN及鳞癌组织中hTERT和PCNA的平均吸光度值(A)分别为0.1426±0.0044、0.1586±0.0042、0.1747±0.0035和0.1444±0.0111、0.2286±0.0093、0.3218±0.0151,平均阳性面积(S)分别为1497.23±412.40、2658.08±250.73、3699.40±895.80和1149.76±458.41、3083.01±1407.66、5562.28±1681.51,差异均有极显著性. hTERT和PCNA的表达呈显著正相关性.结论 hTERT和PCNA的异常表达与宫颈癌的发生发展相关. hTERT和PCNA二指标可能在宫颈癌的早期筛查、诊断、治疗及预后判断中具有一定意义.     

PCNA等5种基因在小鼠睾丸发育过程中的表达

以出生1日、30日和成年昆明小鼠睾丸组织为实验材料,利用地高辛标记的基因探针在组织切片上进行DNA－mRNA分子原位杂交,研究了PCNA、cyclinD1、cdc2、P21和P16基因共5种细胞周期调控基因在小鼠睾丸发育中的表达变化。结果发现：PCNA基因在30日龄和成年鼠睾丸中都有强的表达;而cyclin D1基因只在30日龄的小鼠睾丸组织中有表达;P21、P16和cdc2基因在3个不同的发育阶段都没有表达。这些结果表明：(1)细胞周期调控基因cyclin D1、cdc2、P16和P21与小鼠睾丸发育和精子发生过程的细胞增殖控制关系不大,可能小鼠睾丸和精子发育过程中的细胞增殖调控与其他细胞的增殖调控有不同的机制;(2)cyclin D1基因在小鼠睾丸中的表达模式表明,cyclin D1基因在睾丸发育中有不同于细胞增殖促进的作用;(3)小鼠睾丸发育中,精子发生开始时期可能晚于30日龄。 Abstracts：Using in situ hybridization technique with Dig Labeled DNA probe, we studied the expression of PCNA,cyclin D1, cdc2, P21 and P16 gene in the test of one day old,30 days old and adult Kunming mouse.The results shows that the expression of PCNA gene was strong in the test of 30 days old and adult mouse; cyclin D1 gene only expressed in the test of 30 days old mouse; cdc2,P21 and P16 gene did not express in the test of all three groups of mouse.These results suggest that:(1)cyclin D1,cdc2,P16 and P21 genes are not related to the regulaton of cell cycle during test development and germ genaration, and possibly the machanism of cell cycle regulation during test development and germ genaration is different from other kind of cells;(2)cyclin D1 has other founctions except promoting cell profilation;and (3)the germ genaration during test development may start after 30 days old.     

Structure of the human gene for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, cyclin) was originally defined as a nuclear protein whose appearance correlated with the proliferative state of the cell. It is now known to be a co-factor of DNA polymerase delta and to be necessary for DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. cDNA clones of human PCNA have been isolated and, using one of these cDNA, we have now obtained from a lambda phage library a clone containing the entire human PCNA gene and flanking sequences. The human PCNA gene is a unique copy gene and has 6 exons. It spans, from the cap site to the poly(A) signal 4961 base pairs. We have identified, in the 5'-flanking sequence, a region with promoter activity, a well as other structural elements common to other promoters. An interesting feature of the PCNA gene is the presence of extensive sequence similarities among introns and between introns and exons.     

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen associates with histone deacetylase activity, integrating DNA replication and chromatin modification

Faithful inheritance of the chromatin structure is essential for maintaining the gene expression integrity of a cell. Histone modification by acetylation and deacetylation is a critical control of chromatin structure. In this study, we test the hypothesis that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is physically associated with a basic component of the DNA replication machinery as a mechanism of coordinating histone deacetylation and DNA synthesis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a sliding clamp that serves as a loading platform for many proteins involved in DNA replication and DNA repair. We show that PCNA interacts with HDAC1 in human cells and in vitro and that a considerable fraction of PCNA and HDAC1 colocalize in the cell nucleus. PCNA associates with histone deacetylase activity that is completely abolished in the presence of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. Trichostatin A treatment arrests cells at the G(2)-M phase of the cell cycle, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the proper formation of the chromatin after DNA replication may be important in signaling the progression through the cell cycle. Our results strengthen the role of PCNA as a factor coordinating DNA replication and epigenetic inheritance.     

Molecular cloning, structure and expression of the yeast proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is proving to be an useful and accurate model for eukaryotic DNA replication. It contains both DNA polymerase alpha (I) and delta (III). Recently, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which in mammalian cells is an auxiliary subunit of DNA polymerase delta and is essential for in vitro leading strand SV40 DNA replication, was purified from yeast. We have now cloned the gene for yeast PCNA (POL30). The gene codes for an essential protein of 29 kDa, which shows 35% homology with human PCNA. Cell cycle expression studies, using synchronized cells, show that expression of both the PCNA (POL30) and the DNA polymerase delta (POL3, or CDC2) genes of yeast are regulated in an identical fashion to that of the DNA polymerase alpha (POL1) gene. Thus, steady state mRNA levels increase 10-100-fold in late G1 phase, peak in early S-phase, and decrease to low levels in late S-phase. In addition, in meiosis mRNA levels increase prior to initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis.     

Dynamic changes in subnuclear NP95 location during the cell cycle and its spatial relationship with DNA replication foci

We determined the expression and subcellular localization of nuclear protein NP95 during the cell cycle in mouse 3T3 cells. The levels of NP95 mRNA and protein were extremely low in quiescent cells; however, stimulation with 10% serum increased their expressions in a time course similar to that of the late growth-regulated gene proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Subnuclear location of NP95 dynamically changed during the cell cycle. Double immunostaining for NP95 and chromatin-bound PCNA, a marker of DNA replication sites, revealed that NP95 was almost exclusively colocalized with chromatin-bound PCNA throughout the nucleus in early S phase and partly in mid-S phase. Distinct localization of the two proteins, however, became evident in mid-S phase, and thereafter, many chromatin-bound PCNA foci not carrying NP95 foci could be detected. In G2 phase, nodular NP95 foci were still identified without any chromatin-bound PCNA foci. Chromatin-bound PCNA was observed as a pre-DNA replication complex at the G1/S boundary synchronized by hydroxyurea treatment, while NP95 was detected in nucleolar regions as unique large foci. There was no significant redistribution of NP95 foci shortly after DNA damage by gamma-irradiation. Nodular NP95 foci characteristically seen in G2 phase were also detected in G2-arrested cells following gamma-irradiation. Taken together, our results indicate that NP95 is assigned to a late growth-regulated gene and suggest that NP95 does not take a direct part in DNA replication as part of the DNA synthesizing machinery, like PCNA, but is presumably involved in other DNA replication-linked nuclear events.     

Oxidative damage-induced PCNA complex formation is efficient in xeroderma pigmentosum group A but reduced in Cockayne syndrome group B cells.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a processivity factor for DNA polymerases delta and epsilon, is essential for both DNA replication and repair. PCNA is required in the resynthesis step of nucleotide excision repair (NER). After UV irradiation, PCNA translocates into an insoluble protein complex, most likely associated with the nuclear matrix. It has not previously been investigated in vivo whether PCNA complex formation also takes place after oxidative stress. In this study, we have examined the involvement of PCNA in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. PCNA complex formation was studied in normal human cells after treatment with hydrogen peroxide, which generates a variety of oxidative DNA lesions. PCNA was detected by two assays, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. We observed that PCNA redistributes from a soluble to a DNA-bound form during the repair of oxidative DNA damage. PCNA complex formation was analyzed in two human natural mutant cell lines defective in DNA repair: xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP-A) and Cockayne syndrome group B (CS-B). XP-A cells are defective in overall genome NER while CS-B cells are defective only in the preferential repair of active genes. Immunofluorescent detection of PCNA complex formation was similar in normal and XP-A cells, but was reduced in CS-B cells. Consistent with this observation, western blot analysis in CS-B cells showed a reduction in the ratio of PCNA relocated as compared to normal and XP-A cells. The efficient PCNA complex formation observed in XP-A cells following oxidative damage suggests that formation of PCNA-dependent repair foci may not require the XPA gene product. The reduced PCNA complex formation observed in CS-B cells suggests that these cells are defective in the processing of oxidative DNA damage.     

Chromosomal localization of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene to or close to 20p12 by in situ hybridization.

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) is described as a nuclear protein and plays a key role in the initiation of cellular DNA synthesis and regulation of cell cycle progression. Using in situ hybridization, the human PCNA gene is localized on chromosome 20 at or close to 20p12.