圈卷产色链霉菌分化相关基因——saw1的结构和功能

用双脱氧链终止法进行了分化基因——saw1的双链测序.结果表明在1500bp的DNA片段中有一个完整的开读框架(ORF),其编码区是在419bp至1252bp处.其产物与已知的天蓝色链霉菌whiG的氨基酸序列有89%的同源性.当把1500bp的saw1DNA片段插入到链霉菌表达质粒载体pIJ702后,构建的重组质粒转化天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成缺陷突变株C71,可使C71形成孢子和灰色色素.用基因破坏的策略进一步研究了该基因的生物学功能,结果表明saw1在圈卷产色链霉菌气生菌丝到孢子形成的发育转变中有重要作用,是分化中控制孢子发育起始的一个重要基因.     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ~(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ^(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

与链霉菌发育分化有关的启动子——PTH4的调控研究

依赖于天蓝色链霉菌分化关键基因——whiG的发育调控启动子(P_TH4)所控制的下游基因被克隆了,用双脱氧链终止法进行了双链测序.结果表明在1597bp的DNA片段中含有一个完整的开读框架(ORF).在计算机的蛋白文库比较中未找到与该基因产物同源的已知蛋白,可能是一个新的蛋白产物.用基因破坏的策略初步研究了该基因的生物学功能,发现该基因的破坏影响了放线紫红素的产生,即与天蓝色链霉菌放线紫红素的生物合成有关.这进一步证明启动子——P_TH4在链霉菌分化中的多级调控作用.     

报告基因法比较两种放线菌启动子的活性

摘要：【目的】比较启动子Psf与红霉素抗性基因启动子（PermE*）在链霉菌中的表达强度差异。【方法】本文利用卡那霉素抗性梯度以及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶显色系统,比较了两个启动子的表达差异。【结果】两个启动子在棒状链霉菌(Streptomyces clavuligerus) NRRL3585、天蓝色链霉菌（Streptomyces coelicolor）M145,委内瑞拉链霉菌（Streptomyces venezuelae）ISP5230及变铅青链霉菌（Streptomyces lividans TK     

链霉菌发育调控启动子——P_(TH270)对细胞分化的影响

在原核生物发育分化的分子生物学研究中,以枯草杆菌为模式系统进行了许多研究,但其生命周期特别是分化过程比较简单,不象链霉菌有基质菌丝、气生菌丝、菌丝分隔形成多细胞,然后断裂形成单孢子的过程。链霉菌的这一性状与真核生物丝状真菌的分化相似。因此在原核生物中,链霉菌是研究分化基因表达调控的良好模式材料,为在时空上研究发育分化基因的多水平调控提供了有利条件。 链霉菌的发育调控启动子(P_(TH270))是国际上首先克隆的两个启动子之一。一些研究结果表明该启动子依赖于链霉菌分化关键基因——whiG。虽然该启动子的序列已被测定,启动子的-10区和-35区已被精确定位,但该启动子在链霉菌发育分化中是如何调控的,当它以高拷贝数的形式存在时对细胞内含物的组份有何影响,这种影响怎样与分化关联,这些都是有待解决的重要问题。本文报道这方面     

大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭表达载体pMF的构建及其应用

【目的】构建能定点整合到链霉菌(Streptomyces)染色体上的高效表达载体。【方法】以链霉菌自杀型表达载体pLSB2为基础,通过插入链霉菌噬菌体ΦC31整合酶基因int和attP位点(Phage attachment site),构建了能在大肠杆菌和链霉菌之间进行接合转移并定点整合到链霉菌染色体上的表达载体pMF。将pMF转化大肠杆菌ET12567(pUZ8002),并分别接合转移天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolorM145)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividansTK24)和红色糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora erythraea2338),挑取接合子进行PCR和Southern杂交检测。将来自刺糖多孢菌S08-4的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因(SAM-s)克隆到载体pMF的启动子下游,接合转移到天蓝色链霉菌中。【结果】表明pMF成功整入链霉菌染色体,并且检测到目的蛋白的表达。【结论】构建的pMF载体可作为外源基因定点整合表达的有效工具,为后续的基因功能研究以及链霉菌的遗传改造奠定了基础。     

一个热诱导穿梭表达载体的构建及其在链霉菌中的应用

为探索大肠杆菌λ噬菌体表达调控元件在链霉菌中的应用,构建了一个链霉菌大肠杆菌穿梭表达载体pHZ1080,并将来自链霉菌FR-008的聚酮合酶(PKS)基因置于其中的λ噬菌体启动子P_R下游,得到表达PKS的穿梭质粒pHZ1067。与在大肠杆菌中一样,该质粒在变铅青链霉菌中也受热诱导表达100kD的PKS蛋白;表达的PKS蛋白可由SDSPAGE和Western-blot实验检测到。PKS在链霉菌中的热诱导表达表明,构建的载体也能用于链霉菌诱导表达外源基因。       

天蓝色链霉菌分化调控基因scrX的功能研究

克隆天蓝色链霉菌中一个新基因scrX并进行了序列分析, 利用基因破坏策略进行了该基因的功能研究. 结果表明, scrX基因由660个碱基组成, 编码产物是一个220个氨基酸残基的蛋白质;该基因含有3个在链霉菌中的稀有密码子--AAA, AAA和ATA, 是典型的在翻译水平上受到严紧调控的分化调控基因. 氨基酸序列同源性比较结果表明, scrX编码蛋白属于原核生物转录调控蛋白IclR家族.基因功能研究结果揭示, scrX基因在天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成中可能起正调控作用.     

链霉菌分化调控启动子——PTH4和PTH270的体内转录研究

天蓝色链霉菌分化调控启动子P_TH4和P_TH270被分别亚克隆到链霉菌启动子探针载体pIJ4083后,构建的重组质粒被命名为pIJ4470和pIJ4471.当pIJ4470和pIJ4471转化天蓝色链霉菌的白色分化阻断突变株(C85,C70,C71,C17和C119)后,通过pIJ4083上儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因的表达可知启动子的活性.从构建的重组菌株中进行了总RNA的提取.用同位素标记P_TH4和P_TH270的5’-端制备成了探针,以不同来源的RNA为模板与制备的探针分别进行了DNA-RNA杂交.S1 mapping的结果表明,来自C85/pIJ4470,C85/pIJ4471,C70/pIJ4470,C70/pIJ4471及C17/pIJ4470,C17/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交后都给出了较强的阳性杂交信号,而来自C71/pIJ4470,C71/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交未出现阳性信号,来自C119/pIJ4470与C119/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交后有弱的信号.上述结果表明启动子P_TH4和P_TH270的转录依赖于链霉菌分化关键基因whiG,部分依赖于分化基因whiH,而不依赖于分化基因whiA,whiB及whiI.     

The developmental fate of S. coelicolor hyphae depends upon a gene product homologous with the motility sigma factor of B. subtilis

In the mycelial prokaryote S. coelicolor, whiG is a gene dispensable for growth but needed for the earliest stages of spore formation in aerial hyphae. Nucleotide sequencing indicates that whiG encodes an RNA polymerase sigma factor highly similar to the motility sigma factor (sigma 28) of B. subtilis. High copy number of an intact whiG gene caused sporulation in vegetative hyphae that are usually fated to lyse without sporulating. However, the introduction of many copies of a sigma 28-dependent promoter from B. subtilis into S. coelicolor reduced sporulation, suggesting partial sequestration of the whiG gene product by the foreign promoter sequences. We propose that the level of whiG sigma factor is crucial in determining the developmental fate of hyphae.     

Cloning of whiG, a gene critical for sporulation of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

In whiG mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), aerial hyphae do not show any sign of sporulation. A library of S. coelicolor DNA was prepared in a phi C31 temperate phage vector (KC516), and one recombinant phage (KC750) that could restore the wild-type phenotype to a collection of whiG mutants when integrated into their genomes was found. Subcloning experiments with low- and high-copy-number Streptomyces plasmid vectors allowed partial localization of whiG in the cloned DNA and revealed that hypersporulation was associated with the presence of extra copies of whiG.     

High-level expression of whiG——A key gene for Streptomyces differentiation in Escherichia coli

Six nucleotides located in the region of translation start site of whiG were changed. whiG was amplified by PCR technique. Reformed sequences were determined. This gene was directly subcloned into expression vector pET11c containing strong T7 promoter, and the recombinant plasmid was introduced into E. coli BL21(DE3), which could be induced by IPTG to produce T7 RNA polymerase. The SDS-PAGE result showed that whiG highly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and the yield of whiG product was about 20% of insoluble proteins in cell. whiG product (σwhiG) was further identified by Western blot hybridization after making its antibody. whiG gene was subcloned into Streptomyces plasmid pIJ6021, and then it was introduced into sporulation deficient mutant C71 from Streptomyces coelicolor. The result showed that C71 could restore sporulation and σwhiG has biological functions.     

Implication of stringent response in the increase of mutability of the whiG and whiH genes during Streptomyces coelicolor development

In Streptomyces ambofaciens, genetic instability occurring during aerial mycelium development gives rise to white mutant papillae on colonies. Pig-pap mutants deriving from such papillae are unable to sporulate and devoid of the large genome rearrangement usually observed in the other Streptomyces mutants that genetic instability generated. Pig-pap mutants frequently harboured discrete mutations affecting the whiG gene. Furthermore, it has been established that the production of papillae dramatically increased when S. ambofaciens was grown under an amino acid limitation. In this work, we tested the implication of the stringent response, induced during an amino acid limitation, in the production of white papillae in Streptomyces coelicolor, a species which is phylogenetically close to S. ambofaciens. First, we showed that S. coelicolor produced mutant papillae and that this production was increased under an amino acid limitation. Secondly, we showed that the Pig-pap mutants generated both with and without amino acid limitation frequently exhibited mutations in whiH or whiG genes. Finally, we observed that a relA mutant of S. coelicolor, which was unable to elicit the stringent response under an amino acid limitation, was also unable to produce papillae. The restoration of the ability to elicit the stringent response also restored the papillae production. These papillae gave rise to Pig-pap mutants displaying the same characteristics as Pig-pap mutants spontaneously appearing on wild-type colonies. Altogether, these results show that whatever the underlying mechanism, the stringent response is involved in the production of white papillae in S. coelicolor.     

WhiA, a protein of unknown function conserved among gram-positive bacteria, is essential for sporulation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

The whiA sporulation gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), which plays a key role in switching aerial hyphae away from continued extension growth and toward sporulation septation, was cloned by complementation of whiA mutants. DNA sequencing of the wild-type allele and five whiA mutations verified that whiA is a gene encoding a protein with homologues in all gram-positive bacteria whose genome sequence is known, whether of high or low G+C content. No function has been attributed to any of these WhiA-like proteins. In most cases, as in S. coelicolor, the whiA-like gene is downstream of other conserved genes in an operon-like cluster. Phenotypic analysis of a constructed disruption mutant confirmed that whiA is essential for sporulation. whiA is transcribed from at least two promoters, the most downstream of which is located within the preceding gene and is strongly up-regulated when colonies are undergoing sporulation. The up-regulation depends on a functional whiA gene, suggesting positive autoregulation, although it is not known whether this is direct or indirect. Unlike the promoters of some other sporulation-regulatory genes, the whiA promoter does not depend on the sporulation-specific sigma factor encoded by whiG.