光木耳和琥珀木耳种间营养缺陷型原生质体融合研究

利用~(60)Co—γ射线辐照木耳担孢子,获得了9株营养缺陷型突变体。采用光木耳[Auricularia auricula(L,ex Hook.)Underw.]组氨酸缺陷型菌株Aa-γH-9和琥珀木耳[Auricularia fuscosucinea(Mont.)Farlow]腺嘌呤缺陷型菌株Af-γH-1进行种间原生质体融合实验,根据营养互补原理,在基础培养基(MM)上检出融合子,获得了稳定的融合子,融合子频率为3.34×10~(-4)—3.76×10~(-4)。初步遗传分析表明:融合子细胞核为单核,是单核异核体,融合子氨基酸含量、酯酶同功酶酶谱均与双亲不同。     

利用原生质体融合技术选育防治植物病虫害的基因重组菌株

本试验选用抗菌蛋白产生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis) TG26和晶体蛋白产生菌苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiesis subsp,pacifeus) AS1.904的营养缺陷型衍生株,在聚乙二醇的诱导下进行原生质体种间融合,获得了表现双亲遗传性状的种间融合菌株。融合率为7.52×10~6,融合子经传代10次,稳定率为19.5%。融合菌株的菌落和细胞形态与亲本株明显不同。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,融合菌株表达了亲本的抗菌蛋白和毒素蛋白。抑菌杀虫试验表明,融合重组菌株具有抑制多种植物病原菌和毒杀鳞翅目幼虫的能力。     

链霉菌原生质体种间融合重组的研究 I．庆丰链霉菌和吸水链霉菌井冈变种的种间融合

本文报道庆丰链霉菌AS20l[11v]、MS30[Pr0一Ade—sm r］菌株和吸水链霉菌井冈变种VA4[His-]菌株原生质体的种间融合重组。AS201×vA4融合产生由二亲株营养标记互辅的稳定的原养型重组子,频率为1．09×10^-5．98×10^-6MS30 xvA4融台产物除原养型重组子,重组频率为5．7×10^-5外,还出现异核体及异质无性系(频率为2．8×10^-4一2．14×10^-5)。得到的原养型重组子,在孢子颜色、抗药性状、产物性质等方面显现广泛多样的变异。从中得到一个原养型重组菌株RvAl8,它所产生的抗菌物质,理化和生物性质与亲株产生的庆丰霉素和井冈霉素明显不同。     

庆大霉素产生菌棘孢小单孢菌原生质体形成、再生及融合重组的研究

在含0．3％甘氨酸的液体培养基中培养庆大霉素产生菌——棘孢小单孢菌,其菌丝形态有明显的改变,易被溶菌酶消化细胞壁而释放大量原生质体。菌丝的培养龄影响其相应原生质体的再生活性(即再生成菌落的能力)。以72h为最佳,48及120h菌龄的原生质体再生频率依次相当于72h的40％和10％左右。以PEG4000为融合剂。用直接法检出重组子,重组频率约为10～6,融合重组子中有一些菌株庆大霉素的摇瓶发酵效价在1900u／m1左右,比对照菌株有很大的提高。     

利用原生质体融合研究凤尾菇中性菌株的交配反应

凤尾菇营养缺陷型突变型中性菌株与另一株营养缺陷型的正常交配型菌株进行了原生质体融合反应.融合子之间以及与亲本之间在菌落形态和菌丝生长速度上表现出了较大差异。融合子菌落角变的菌丝体从多核体转变为双核体,并且在菌丝体上产生了圆桶状的特殊结构而不是通常的锁状联合。初步观察表明这些结构似乎与细胞核的迁移有关.对融合子子实体的担孢子进行了遗传分析,结果确证子实体是由两个亲本菌株的融合子产生,同时也表明要对中性菌株交配反应中基因重组进行深入分析还需要进行更多的研究。     

吸水链霉菌应城变种和庆丰链霉菌种间原生质体融合及其融合子的生物学特性

本文报道利用抗生素产生菌吸水链霉菌应城变种Leu^-Sm^R。90-11菌株(Leu’smr)和庆丰链霉菌A_553-1菌株(Pro^-Sm^R)为亲株,以42％的PEG4000为助融剂,进行了种问原生质体融合,用间接法检出融合重组子38株,其重组频率约为4．5×10^-4。重组子除孢子丝形态外,孢子堆颜色、抗药性、抗菌活性和抗生素生物合成能力方面与亲株均有一定差别,而且不同重组子之间也不相同,特别在抗菌活性方面,其中重组子FL-42和FL-48不仅具有两个亲株所产生的4种抗生素的活性,而且还产生两个亲株不具有的活性物质。通过纸层析谱表明,这种活性物质,两个重组子之间也不相同。     

枯草杆菌中通过细胞融合的质粒转移

在PEG存在下,枯草杆菌BD366(pUB110)菌株和G1菌株的原生质体以10~(-6)—10~(-4)的融合率发生融合。在染色体的抗药性标记、营养要求和一般细菌学特征鉴定方面,多数融合子相似于亲本G1,所不同的是质粒上的抗药性标记相同于另一亲本菌株BD366,并且在高渗培养基上具有独特的菌落形态。融合子的以上一些特征极为稳定。高温能使质粒pUB110消除,质粒消除后融合子的菌落形态转变成为亲本G1的形态特征。我们认为双亲细胞融合后没有发生遗传重组,而是在分裂过程中发生分离,于是质粒pUB110可能出现在G1细胞中,因此本文为通过细胞融合的质粒转移和由于某一特定质粒的存在而改变菌落形态提供了初步证据。     

酿酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母原生质体的形成、再生及属间融合

使用由亚硝基胍诱变所得到的营养缺陷型作为单倍体融合亲株的核基因标记,同时也采用线粒体球红霉素抗性突变株的小菌落形式作为融合亲株的线粒体基因标记。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)两亲株原生质体的制备是用对数生长早期的细胞在蜗牛酶和0.7M KCl及β-巯基乙醇或二巯基苏糖醇的作用下完成的。二者的原生质体的形成率在30—60分钟内达到90—99％。原生质体再生率,酿酒酵母最高为29—35％,产朊假丝酵母为7.5％。两亲株的原生质体在35％PEG(M.W.6,000),10mM CaCl_2条件下被诱导融合。在基础培养基上,长出以营养互补为标记的融合菌株。融合频率为10~(-5)—10~(-6)。试验表明,这些融合菌株具有杂种的性质。其中一株杂合子在同化D-木糖、纤维二糖等的能力上比亲株明显增强。     

用灭活原生质体融合进行高温香菇育种——Ⅰ.融合产物的选出及其鉴定

用灭活的近裸香菇(Lentinus subnudus Berk.)双核菌株原生质体与香菇[L. edodes(Berk.)Sing.]双核菌株原生质体融合,在35℃的条件下选得融合子。融合频率为0—4.3×10~(-5)。融合子与双亲有明显的拮抗性。融合子的菌丝形态、氨基酸含量,子实体的形态,以及酸性磷酸酶同功酶的测定都与双亲不同。     

庆丰链霉菌中SQP1质粒控制致育性的遗传证明

我们以前的工作已经证明,野生型庆丰链霉菌生物合成Qm的过程,有sQP1质粒参与(SQP1 ),它可以受质粒消除剂的作用,以1.8一19％的频率消除而产生不能合成Qm的突变株(SQP1~-);它们的营养缺陷型互补对菌株杂交,可以发生基因交换而生成原养型重组子。以后又观察到重组的频率因亲株携带SQP1质粒的状态不同而有明显的差异,SQP1~ ×SQP1~-(或SQP1~ ×SQP1~ )杂交,产生重组子的数目要比SQP1~-×SQP1~-杂交高100—1000倍。本文报道的实验数据,指出庆丰链霉菌的致育性受SQP1质粒所控制。     

Genetic recombination in Micromonospora rosaria by protoplast fusion

Auxotrophic strains of Micromonospora rosaria were isolated by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and used in intraspecific recombination by protoplast fusion. High-frequency fusion of protoplasts of M. rosaria strains was induced by polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 1,000) (PEG 1,000). The optimum concentration of PEG 1,000 for fusion of M. rosaria was 50% (wt/vol). PEG 4,000 was slightly better than PEG 1,000 at concentrations lower than 50% (wt/vol). The recombinant frequency did not increase after treatment with PEG 1,000 (50% [wt/vol]) for longer than 20 min. Under these conditions, fusion with many auxotrophic strains of M. rosaria resulted in a high frequency of formation of true recombinants (sometimes more than 10%). Additionally, when ros (rosamicin nonproducing) strains were crossed by protoplast fusion; about 5% of the resultant prototrophic recombinants were shown to have the ros+ (rosamicin producing) characteristic restored. Rosamicin production by M. rosaria colonies was clearly distinguished by the broth overlay method. The results of fusion experiments between ros and ros+ strains indicated that either the chromosomal mutation or pleiotrophic effect of some auxotrophic markers is involved.     

Genetic recombination in Micromonospora rosaria by protoplast fusion.

Auxotrophic strains of Micromonospora rosaria were isolated by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and used in intraspecific recombination by protoplast fusion. High-frequency fusion of protoplasts of M. rosaria strains was induced by polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 1,000) (PEG 1,000). The optimum concentration of PEG 1,000 for fusion of M. rosaria was 50% (wt/vol). PEG 4,000 was slightly better than PEG 1,000 at concentrations lower than 50% (wt/vol). The recombinant frequency did not increase after treatment with PEG 1,000 (50% [wt/vol]) for longer than 20 min. Under these conditions, fusion with many auxotrophic strains of M. rosaria resulted in a high frequency of formation of true recombinants (sometimes more than 10%). Additionally, when ros (rosamicin nonproducing) strains were crossed by protoplast fusion; about 5% of the resultant prototrophic recombinants were shown to have the ros+ (rosamicin producing) characteristic restored. Rosamicin production by M. rosaria colonies was clearly distinguished by the broth overlay method. The results of fusion experiments between ros and ros+ strains indicated that either the chromosomal mutation or pleiotrophic effect of some auxotrophic markers is involved.     

Genetic recombination in fused spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens.

Spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens strain P29 auxotrophs were prepared by combined treatment with glycine and lysozyme-EDTA. About 15% of spheroplasts had areas of cytoplasmic membrane exposed where cell wall was absent. The spheroplasts of different auxotrophs were mixed pairwise and fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol or nascent calcium phosphate. After spheroplasts had regenerated to bacterial forms selection was made for recombinants. Recombinants arose at frequencies of 3.8 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-7) per spheroplast initially present, by both methods of fusion. The frequency was strongly dependent on the number of chromosomal loci used in selection. The possible order of five loci was determined and this corresponded to that on the closely related Proteus mirabilis chromosome. Control experiments excluded possibilities of auxotrophic reversion, conjugation, transformation, transfection or transduction as explanations of the results. Analysis of prototrophic clones yielded stable prototrophs or mixtures of stable prototrophs and stable recombinants. Parental types were not encountered. Unselected markers segregated among recombinants. It was concluded that the formation of recombinant bacteria was due to spheroplast fusion and that only stable products of the very temporary heteroploid state were haploid recombinants. The low frequency of recombination was ascribed to the limited number of spheroplasts with areas of exposed cytoplasmic membrane.     

Direct selection of complementing diploids from PEG-induced fusion of Bacillus subtilis protoplasts

Summary A minimal medium containing horse serum is described on which Bacillus subtilis protoplasts revert to bacillary forms at high frequency (ca. 30%). Used as a plating medium for a mixture of polyethyleneglycol-treated protoplasts from two complementary polyauxotrophic parental strains, it selects the prototrophic fusion products efficently, and also allows isolation of various auxotrophic recombinants. These prototrophs and recombinants amount respectively to 1% and 10% of the regenerated bacteria.We confirm that two types of prototrophs can be isolated after fusion: stable recombinants and complementing diploids, the latter segregating into various types of recombinants. Based on easily recognized colonial aspects, an approximate estimation of the proportion of the two types becomes possible when a spoOA mutation has been introduced in one of the parents. At least 50% of the prototrophic fusion products are complementing diploids. Incidently, the data also settle a controversy by showing the dominance of spoOA mutations in heterozygotic bacteria.This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Contrat L.A. 136).     

Isolation and Identification of Ciliatine (2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid) from Lipids of Edible Antarctic Krill,Euphausia superba

An improved method for regenerating Bacillus subtilis protoplasts at the frequency of 92～100% on a semi-synthetic medium was found. Protoplasts were preincubated in HCP-3 medium, an isotonic semi-synthetic medium supplemented with polyvinylpyrrolidone, and then plated on HCP-1.5 agar medium by overlaying. By this method, even on the regeneration medium supplemented with minimal nutritional requirements protoplasts regenerated at a frequency of as high as 20%. The modified method was applicable to the direct-selection of prototrophic recombinants after fusion (the highest recombination yield from the input protoplasts was 1.3%) and to protoplast transformation with plasmid DNA.     

Intraspecific fusion ofAspergillus niger strains producing citric acid using heat-inactivated and living protoplasts

Protoplasts from a prototrophicAspergillus niger strain were first inactivated at 55°C for 12 min with a regeneration frequency of 3.5×10⁻⁶, and then fused with living protoplasts from an auxotrophic strain. The fusion frequency was 1.1×10⁻⁵. Some fusants segregated sectors of prototrophic recombinants Citric acid production in submerged cultivation of these recombinants was examined. More recombinants were obtained by further treating the fusants with (+)-camphor, a diploidization inducer.     

High-frequency fusion of Streptomyces parvulus or Streptomyces antibioticus protoplasts induced by polyethylene glycol.

Conditions were established for the regeneration of protoplasts of Streptomyces parvulus and Streptomyces antibioticus to the mycelial form. Regeneration was accomplished with a hypertonic medium that contained sucrose, CaCl2, MgCl2, and low levels of phosphate. High-frequency fusion of protoplasts derived from auxotrophic strains of S. parvulus or S. antibioticus was induced by polyethylene glycol 4,000 (42%, wt/vol). The frequency of genetic transfer by the fusogenic procedure varied with the auxotrophic strains examined. Fusion with auxotrophic strains of S. parvulus resulted in the formation of true prototrophic recombinants. Similar studies with S. antibioticus revealed that both stable prototrophic recombinants and heterokaryons were formed.     

The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mitotic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

The effect of the strong promoter from the alcohol dehydrogenase gene on mitotic and meiotic intragenic recombination has been studied at the ade6 locus of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A 700-bp fragment containing the functional adh1 promoter was used to replace the weak wild-type promoter of the ade6 gene. Analysis of mRNA showed that strains with this ade6::adh1 fusion construct had strongly elevated ade6-specific mRNA levels during vegetative growth as well as in meiosis. These increased levels of mRNA correlated with a 20- to 25-fold stimulation of intragenic recombination in meiosis and a 7-fold increased prototroph formation during vegetative growth. Analysis of flanking marker configurations of prototrophic recombinants indicated that simple conversions as well as conversions associated with crossing over were stimulated in meiosis. The strongest stimulation of recombination was observed when the adh1 promoter was homozygous. Studies with heterologous promoter configurations revealed that the highly transcribed allele was the preferred acceptor of genetic information. The effect of the recombinational hot spot mutation ade6-M26 was also investigated in this system. Its effect was only partly additive to the elevated recombination rate generated by the ade6::adh1 fusion construct.     

Factors affecting recombinant frequency in protoplast fusions of Streptomyces coelicolor.

The optimum concentration of polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG) for the production of recombinants through protoplast fusion in Streptomyces coelicolor was about 50% (w/v). The addition of 14% (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide to the fusion mixture enhanced recombination frequencies, but only at sub-optimal PEG concentrations. After treatment of protoplasts with 50% PEG for 1 min, the frequency of recombinants in a multi-factor 'cross' sometimes exceeded 20% of the total progeny. The frequency of recombinants in the progeny could be significantly enhanced by ultraviolet irradiation of the parental protoplast suspensions immediately before fusion.     

The recovery of nocardial recombinants from broth cultures.

Broth culture media were examined for their ability to support growth and recombination between compatible strains of Nocardia erythropolis. Nutrient(Nut) and peptone-yeast-extract (PY) broths supported the production of recombinants after 36 h of incubation with a maximum recovery of about 6.0 times 10(-7) CFU/ml. Cells mated in trypticase broth (TB) yielded the highest incidence of recombinants (1.0 times 10(-2) CFU/ml) in the absence of parental cell growth. From a chemically defined mating broth (CD), supplemented with limited amounts of the parental-growth requirements, recombinant recovery reached about 1.0 times 10(-4) after 120 h of incubation. The recombinant class types obtained from Nut- or PT-mated strains were predominantly auxotrophic while TB-mated strains produced stable proteotrophs. The high incidence of recombinant types from TB-mated strains was due to growth of selected prototrophic classes. Studies with strains mated in PY broth indicated that the mating event occurs at very low frequencies between older, stationary-phase cells rather than between actively growing, log-phase cells.