金针菇子实体颜色的遗传规律研究

以金针菇黄色菌株F19和白色菌株F8801为亲本,原生质体单核化获得两亲本的单核菌株,配对杂交获得F1,从F1的子实体分离单孢菌株,与两亲本的原生质体单核化菌株进行回交配对,出菇观察子实体颜色,分析菇体颜色的遗传规律。研究结果表明,黄色为显性、白色为隐性,菇体颜色受一对基因(Cc)控制,与不亲和性因子A或B都没有连锁。     

阿维链霉菌的诱变育种

以阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)76-12为出发菌株,采用亚硝基胍、吖啶橙、紫外线和氯化锂分别对其孢子和原生质体进行诱变,经抗代谢物理性筛选,获得一系列高产突变株,其中N-1-2高产突变株的发酵单位是出发菌株的2.47倍。实验中同时获得了只产阿维菌素a组分的突变株G-32、Bla组分含量高的Ave8菌株和产蓝绿色孢子的突变株UA-G等。     

激光诱变生淀粉糖化菌黑曲霉S—7原生质体的研究

本研究采用YAG泵浦染料激光器对生淀粉糖化菌黑曲霉S—7的原生质体直接进行辐照。结果表明;原生质体比孢子对激光更为敏感。激光对原生质体的正突变率比对孢子的正突变率高35％,原生质体最高正突变率达70％。突变株与出发菌株相比生淀粉糖化酶活性平均提高39％,最高达102％。     

顶头孢霉菌(Cephalosporium acremonium)原生质体融合研究

三个不同系谱的顶头孢霉菌原生质体融合研究表明营养互补的原生质体融台能形成平衡异核体,其融合频率随不同系谱的菌株而异。不同系谱的菌株间融合,其融合子的cPc效价同亲本的生产能力密切相关。本文报道了从高产菌株STC-2B的姐妹突变株之间的融合获得二株生长速度快、产孢子能力强、CPC价高的二倍体菌株。     

Frankia与链霉菌融合子特性的研究

将Frankia菌株CcOl与金色链霉菌GL原生质体融合,得到3株融合子,均具有GL生长快的特性与CcOl的结瘤固氮能力.固体培养时,3株融合子呈现出与GL不同的颜色;且均具有Frankia菌的顶囊形态,以及链霉菌的链状孢子丝结构.与两亲本相同,3株融合子均对大肠杆菌有抗性,其中F4与GL的抗菌谱基本相同.在传10代之后,它们仍具有结瘤与固氮能力.血清学分析表明,F1与F6兼具两亲本的特异抗原,而F4仅具有GL的特异抗原,融合子F1、F6较F4在遗传上更为稳定.     

种间双亲灭活原生质体融合选育高产Monacolin K红曲菌

为获得高产MonacolinK的红曲菌菌株,将经农杆菌介导转化获得的携带潮霉素抗性基因且以甘油为原料液态发酵高产MonacolinK的发白红曲菌H2和以大米为原料固态发酵产Monaco-1inK的烟色红曲菌9908作为亲本,对其原生质体分别进行热灭活及紫外灭活,然后对灭活双亲用PEG作融合剂进行原生质体融合。从融合子中选出有潮霉素抗性的突变株,通过发酵与亲本对比,筛选得到一株以大米为原料固态发酵高产MonacolinK的融合株F12．11,其MonacolinK产量达到8．73mg／g;较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了100．23％和48．98％;一株以甘油为原料液态发酵高产MonacolinK的融合株F13-2,其MonacolinK的产量达到1752．46mg／L,较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了32．98％和1979．33％。     

链霉菌耐温型种间融合重组子淀粉酶热稳定性的比较研究

通过庆幸链霉菌M15S与吸水链霉菌井冈变种~#75菌株的原生质体种间融合,得到稳定的耐温型重组子F1-38和F6-6等,其生长的上限温度分别为53℃和63℃,而亲株M15S和~#75则分别为39℃和50℃。将这两个重组子产生的淀粉酶的耐温性与双亲株的淀粉酶相比较表明,这两个耐温型重组子淀粉酶的热稳定性均高于亲株;随着菌体培养温度的提高,淀粉酶的热稳定性增加,一些重组子的淀粉酶活力大大提高。     

sco1135基因对天蓝色链霉菌M145孢子形成及次级代谢产物合成的调控研究

旨在研究sco1135基因缺失突变对天蓝色链霉菌M145菌株形态及次级代谢的影响。通过PCR-targeting方法获得重组质粒p SJ1135,通过接合转移将其导入天蓝色链霉菌M145,获得sco1135基因缺失突变菌株△sco1135,并以p MS82为载体构建回补菌株△sco1135com,同时以p MS82为空载对照;随后对野生型菌株、突变菌株和回补菌株进行表型分析和抗生素定量观察。结果显示,表型分析及抗生素定量测定发现,在YBP培养基上△sco1135产孢明显延迟于野生型M145,放线紫红素(ACT)产量明显增加,突变株培养基中ACT产量是野生菌株培养基中的2-3倍;转录分析结果表明,48 h时突变株部分与产孢相关基因的转录水平较野生型降低了50%-75%,72 h时突变株部分与产ACT相关基因的转录水平较野生型提高13-20倍。sco1135基因参与调控M145的孢子形成及次级代谢产物ACT的产生。     

Breeding of Monascus spp.with high monacolin K production by interspecific protoplast fusion of inactivated parental strains

为获得高产Monacolin K的红曲菌菌株,将经农杆菌介导转化获得的携带潮霉素抗性基因且以甘油为原料液态发酵高产Monacolin K的发白红曲菌H2和以大米为原料固态发酵产Monaco-lin K的烟色红曲菌9908作为亲本,对其原生质体分别进行热灭活及紫外灭活,然后对灭活双亲用PEG作融合剂进行原生质体融合.从融合子中选出有潮霉素抗性的突变株,通过发酵与亲本对比,筛选得到一株以大米为原料固态发酵高产Monacolin K的融合株F12-11,其Monacolin K产量达到8.73 mg/g;较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了100.23％和48.98％;一株以甘油为原料液态发酵高产Monacolin K的融合株F13-2,其Monacolin K的产量达到1752.46 mg/L,较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了32.98％和1979.33％.     

米曲霉原生质体的营养互补融合及二倍体的诱发分离

采用1％溶壁酶加1％蜗牛酶的混合液获得的原生质体,以30％聚乙二醇(MW=6,000)、0.01M CaCl_2、0.05M Gly做为融合剂,对米曲霉进行了原生质体的营养互补融合,融合频率为0.27—0.47％。自4个菌株的4对杂交组合中获得了异核体,并分离到97株绿色融合株。二倍体的孢子经PFA和UV诱发分离后,获得了二株生长速度快、蛋白酶活性高和产孢能力强的单倍体菌株。     

紫外、离子注入法对白腐真菌诱变效应的初步研究——多酚氧化酶菌株的选育

对白腐真菌F4孢子悬液进行紫外、N+离子注入诱变.诱变后待孢子长出单菌落,滴加茴香胺等多酚氧化酶底物,观察其颜色变化;经发酵筛选,获得一株多酚氧化酶高产菌POP5,漆酶活力是原出发菌株的16倍,并且得到一株多酚氧化酶缺失菌株POL1.紫外诱变,孢子浓度为106～108个/ml,照射时间1～2min;N+离子注入,孢子浓度为105～106个/ml,能量20Kev,剂量为5×1014ons/cm2,每个平板上生长30个左右菌落是最佳诱变选育条件.与其它真菌的孢子相比,N+离子注入法对白腐真菌F4孢子的致死率较大.     

松褐天牛球孢白僵菌高毒力航天诱变菌株的筛选

【目的】松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus是我国松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的主要媒介昆虫。为了更好地开发利用松褐天牛病原微生物球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana, 本研究通过航天搭载诱变及室内筛选, 获得球孢白僵菌高毒力诱变菌株。【方法】将经神舟八号飞船航天搭载诱变后的孢子稀释液涂布在PDA平板上培养,获得单菌落菌株,进而筛选获得高毒力诱变菌株。观察所获9个航天诱变菌株的菌落形态、菌落生长速度、产孢量、孢子萌发率及抗高温胁迫能力等生物学特性, 在此基础上筛选出生物学性状优良的菌株B159, B252和B305, 并进一步对松褐天牛4龄幼虫进行生物测定。再通过撒菌粉和注射菌液方法, 检验B252和B305对松木段内松褐天牛幼虫的杀虫效果。【结果】球孢白僵菌航天诱变菌株的生物学特性与野生型菌株cfcc81357存在分化。9个航天诱变菌株的菌落形态发生了不同程度的改变,6个菌落生长速率出现负向变异,仅诱变菌株B159, B252和B305能产生分生孢子。航天诱变菌株B252和B305在浓度为1.0×107 cfu/mL时对松褐天牛4龄幼虫的校正死亡率均为100%, 半致死中时(LT₅₀)分别为8.08和8.56 d, 明显优于野生型菌株, 显示出对松褐天牛的极强毒力。使用撒菌粉和孢子液体注射方法, 诱变菌株B252和B305对松木段内松褐天牛幼虫死亡率比野生型菌株高。【结论】诱变菌株B252和B305可能是优良菌株, 对生物防治松褐天牛方面有潜在的实用价值。     

Enhanced transglucosylation/hydrolysis ratio of mutants of Pyrococcus furiosus beta-glucosidase: effects of donor concentration, water content, and temperature on activity and selectivity in hexanol.

The transglucosylation reaction catalyzed by wild-type beta-glucosidase CelB from hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus and active site mutants (M424K, F426Y, M424K/F426Y) was studied. The conversion of pentyl-beta-glucoside to hexyl-beta-glucoside in hexanol was used as a model transglucosylation reaction. Hydrolysis to glucose was a side reaction. The selectivity towards transglucosylation was quantified by the S value defined as follows: S = r(S) x a(W)/r(H) x a(hex) where r(S) and r(H) are the initial rates of transglucosylation and hydrolysis and a(w) and a(hex) are the thermodynamic activities of water and hexanol. The activity (rates of hydrolysis and transglucosylation) and the selectivity (S value) were measured as a function of pentyl-beta-glucoside concentration (5-240 mM), water content (1-100% v/v), and temperature (50-95 degrees C). All mutants had lower activity than the wild-type enzyme, but they had higher selectivity, which means that they provided a higher ratio of transglucosylation product to hydrolysis product. The largest increase in S-value (2.6 fold) was obtained by the F426Y mutant, which resulted in increased hexyl-beta-glucoside yield from 56% to 69%. In addition, the F426Y enzyme had higher selectivity over the wide range of temperatures tested. The activity of CelB wild-type and CelB F426Y increased as a function of water activity (a(w)), and complete activation by the water was obtained in a two-phase system with 20% water phase. In contrast to CelB wild-type, the F426Y mutant had transferase activity as low as a(w) = 0.29. Surprisingly, the S value increased with increasing water activity up to a(w) = 0.92. At still higher water content the S value decreased.     

香菇沪香F2菌株重要农艺性状在F2和F3代中的遗传规律

以香菇菌株“沪香F2”及其自交优良F2代菌株“申香1504”为实验材料,收集孢子单核体,对其交配型进行鉴定,然后通过单孢自交的方法,构建F2和F3代群体,并对孢子单核体、F2、F3代群体各阶段培养、出菇情况以及重要农艺性状进行详细统计分析,研究各性状表型分化的情况及遗传规律。结果表明：2个亲本所获得的孢子单核体中A₂B₁交配型比例均为最高,根据孢子单核体交配型数量分别设计了1 028和972个F2和F3代自交配对组合。在2个群体中,配对阶段,分别有15.47%和23.56%的配对组合由于菌丝生长缓慢无法获得后代双核体菌株,且F3代显著高于F2代;生产种培养阶段,出现不良性状的菌株数量分别为7.78%和9.57%;菌棒培养阶段,出现不良性状的菌株数量分别为41.05%和49.28%,且F3代退化菌株比例显著高于F2代,不转色菌株比例显著低于F2代;出菇阶段,分别有3.11%和4.32%的菌株不现蕾,分别有13.04%和4.32%的菌株出畸形菇,分别有19.55%和8.95%的菌株能出正常菇,且F2代出正常菇的菌株比例显著高于F3代。“沪香F2”和“申香1504”分别有26个和8个孢子单核体,多次配对获得的杂交子,出正常菇的概率达50%以上。2个群体的平均单棒产量、平均单棒菇数、平均单菇重表现出明显的分化现象,且两个群体之间均存在极显著性差异。与F2代相比,F3代的产量分布、菇数分布表现出偏分离现象,平均单棒产量低于F2代43.84%,平均单棒菇数低于F2代56.77%。香菇“沪香F2”菌株在F3代中的培养、出菇情况以及农艺性状整体表现劣于F2代,且在F2代中获得表现优于亲本的高产品种,在F3代中获得大朵型品种,对香菇优良菌株选育具有重要的指导作用。     

Breeding of a 5-Fluorouridine-resistant Mutant with Increased Cellulose Production from Acetobacter xylinum subsp. nonacetoxidans

UDP-glucose (UDP-G), the direct precursor of cellulose, is known to be produced from UTP and glucose-1-phosphate. In an attempt to increase UTP biosynthesis, 5-fluorouridine (5-FUR: a pyrimidine analog)-resistant mutants were obtained using Acetobacter xylinum subsp. nonacetoxidans 757 as the parent strain. One of the 5-FUR-resistant mutants, FUR-35, showed about 40% higher cellulose productivion compared to the parent strain. Intracellular levels of UTP and UDP-G in FUR-35 was found to be higher than those in the parent strain. The carbamyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS) activity of FUR-35 was higher than that of the parent strain and the feedback inhibition of CPS by UTP in FUR-35 had been released compared with that in the parent strain. These results suggest that the increased cellulose production of FUR-35 was attributable to its higher of intracellular UDP-G level resulting from increased UTP biosynthesis.     

保加利亚乳杆菌H+-ATPase缺陷型菌株的筛选

【目的】从传统乳制品中筛选具有新霉素抗性的H+-ATPase缺陷的德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种自发突变株,为最终开发弱后酸化的酸奶发酵剂奠定基础。【方法】利用API 50 CH细菌鉴定系统和16s rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。新霉素作为筛选压力,筛选具有新霉素抗性自发突变菌株,比较亲本和突变菌株的H+-ATPase活力及其代谢情况。【结果】从内蒙古地区的传统发酵酸奶中分离鉴定出一株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种（Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus）,并命名为KLDS 1.9201。以此为出发菌株,筛选出两株H+-ATPase缺陷的自发突变株,分别命名为KLDS 1.9201-1、KLDS 1.9201-4,它们的H+-ATPase活力分别比亲本KLDS 1.9201降低了46%和60%。在MRS培养基中生长24 h后,KLDS 1.9201、KLDS 1.9201-1和KLDS 1.9201-4对初始葡萄糖的代谢率分别为65%、41%和31%,终产物中乳酸的浓度分别为26g/L、18g/L和15g/L,突变菌株的生物量均低于亲本。【结论】H+-ATPase活力降低的德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种的自发突变株具有较低的生长速率和弱产酸能力,它们可被用于制作弱后酸化的酸奶发酵剂。     

微生物转谷氨酰胺酶的生产菌种诱变和发酵生产分析

对本研究室从土壤分离得到的使霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)WZFF．W-12菌株的斜面孢子预培养处于初萌发状态后,以亚硝基胍(NTG)进行诱变育种试验,并根据诱变处理后菌落的某些形态变化状况与产酶能力相结合的特征,初步判断产酶性能,挑选高酶活菌株,再经过初筛和复筛,获得一性能良好的产酶突变菌株WZFF.W-12.var MN-35,转谷氨酰酶活达0．53U／mL,比原始菌株提高了1．2倍。然后在摇瓶条件下,对其发酵过程中的主要培养基组成及各种培养条件对菌体生长和产酶的影响作用进行了研究,结果表明该菌株发酵生产转谷氨酰酶的适宜破源为可溶性淀粉 葡萄糖,氮源是多价胨外加少量的酵母膏,优化工艺条件为种龄时间24h、接种量10％、初始以值6．5、温度30℃和搅拌速度200r／min,产酶能力显著提高,用小型生化反应器可以稳定生产2.0U／mL以上的酶产品。     

Real-time kinetics of the interaction between the two subunits,Escherichia coli thioredoxin and gene 5 protein of phage T7 DNA polymerase

T7 phage DNA polymerase is a tight 1:1 complex of the gene 5 protein (g5p) (80 kDa) of phage T7 and thioredoxin (12 kDa) from the Escherichia coli host. The holoenzyme is essential for the replication of the phage. We estimated the real-time kinetics and thermodynamics of the interaction of g5p with thioredoxin (wild type and mutants) using surface plasmon resonance. Thioredoxin was immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip through a six-carbon spacer (6-amino-n-hexanoic acid) using standard amine coupling. Reduced thioredoxin bound g5p but oxidized thioredoxin did not. The association and dissociation phases of the complex fit a two-exponential model with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 2.2 nm for thioredoxin with 4.7 x 104.M-1.s-1 and 10.5 x 10-5.s-1 as the corresponding association (ka) and dissociation (kd) rate constants. The strong binding of g5p to thioredoxin is therefore due to fast association and very slow dissociation, a situation similar to antigen-antibody interactions. Thioredoxin mutants P34S, D26A, K57M, D26A/K57M, W31F, W31Y, K36A, K36E, and Y49F had KD values in the range of 1 to 8 nm, whereas mutant W28A had a KD of 12.5 nm. No detectable interaction was observed for mutants P40G, W31H, W31A, and C35A. The effect of temperature on KD and the changes in enthalpy (-DeltaH = 20.2 kcal.m-1) and entropy (TDeltaS =-8.4 kcal.m-1) upon formation of the complex suggested that the interaction is driven by an increase in enthalpy and opposed by a decrease in entropy.     

Sequence polymorphisms in Pvs48/45 and Pvs47 gametocyte and gamete surface proteins in Plasmodium vivax isolated in Korea

Nucleotide sequence analyses of the Pvs48/45 and Pvs47 genes were conducted in 46 malaria patients from the Republic of Korea (ROK) (n = 40) and returning travellers from India (n = 3) and Indonesia (n = 3). The domain structures, which were based on cysteine residue position and secondary protein structure, were similar between Plasmodium vivax (Pvs48/45 and Pvs47) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pfs48/45 and Pfs47). In comparison to the Sal-1 reference strain (Pvs48/45, PVX_083235 and Pvs47, PVX_083240), Korean isolates revealed seven polymorphisms (E35K, H211N, K250N, D335Y, A376T, I380T and K418R) in Pvs48/45. These isolates could be divided into five haplotypes with the two major types having frequencies of 47.5% and 20%, respectivelfy. In Pvs47, 10 polymorphisms (F22L, F24L, K27E, D31N, V230I, M233I, E240D, I262T, I273M and A373V) were found and they could be divided into four haplotypes with one major type having a frequency of 75%. The Pvs48/45 isolates from India showed a unique amino acid substitution site (K26R). Compared to the Sal-1 and ROK isolates, the Pvs47 isolates from travellers returning from India and Indonesia had amino acid substitutions (S57T and I262K). The current data may contribute to the development of the malaria transmission-blocking vaccine in future clinical trials.     

Ultraviolet mutagenesis of the cellulase producer Aspergillus niger using protoplasts

Abstract Ultraviolet mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger strain O97 was achieved using protoplasts. Protoplasts of A. niger O97 showed the same ultraviolet killing kinetics as intact cells. After mutagenesis, several mutants were found in regenerated collonies. These mutants differ from the original strain in spore colour and cellulase-producing ability. The most active strain, designated 97V3-3 has an altered spore colour, and its carboxymethylcellose-hydrolysing, filter-paper-degradation, cotton-de-gradation and β-glucosidase activities were increased by 45.4%, 19.1%, 28.2% and 18.2%, respectively.