癌症免疫治疗临床新进展

肿瘤免疫治疗是一种利用患者自身免疫系统实现抗肿瘤作用的治疗方式,现已成为对抗肿瘤的新型有效疗法.然而,抑制性肿瘤微环境的存在可使肿瘤免疫治疗的效果大打折扣.本文将以肿瘤微环境的组成、分类及其对治疗效果的影响为出发点,探讨通过放化疗、免疫检查点、基因修饰免疫细胞以及多种联合治疗等方式应对抑制性肿瘤微环境,使免疫治疗发挥最大疗效.     

综述: 代谢重编程在调控肿瘤免疫微环境中的作用

肿瘤免疫治疗的成功揭示了宿主免疫在抵抗癌细胞增殖方面的重要作用以及抗肿瘤免疫治疗的可行性．但是具有免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境仍然是限制肿瘤免疫治疗进展的重要瓶颈．肿瘤微环境会诱发肿瘤细胞代谢发生重编程,此过程会导致肿瘤细胞与宿主免疫细胞竞争利用营养物质,肿瘤细胞来源的代谢产物或废物可通过多种方式影响免疫细胞的激活及效应功能的发挥,最终达到促使肿瘤细胞存活及增殖的目的．因此,本文就微环境条件下肿瘤细胞代谢重编程及其代谢产物对免疫微环境的影响展开讨论,以期为肿瘤免疫治疗提供理论基础及新的思路．     

基于免疫检查点抑制剂靶向胰腺癌微环境的联合免疫治疗策略

胰腺癌是一种较为难治且恶性程度极高的肿瘤,其发病隐匿,进展迅速。传统的治疗方法对胰腺癌患者效果不佳,以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗在非小细胞肺癌和黑色素瘤等多种恶性肿瘤中显示出良好的效果,但对胰腺癌患者治疗效果有限,这可能与胰腺癌独特的肿瘤微环境有关。针对胰腺癌微环境中的特定位点进行靶向调节,促使肿瘤微环境由免疫抑制状态向免疫激活状态转变,可能是增强免疫检查点抑制剂治疗效果的有效策略,因此,联合免疫检查点抑制剂与靶向治疗可能在胰腺癌治疗中具有良好的应用前景。本文将对靶向胰腺癌肿瘤微环境的药物作用机制及其与免疫检查点抑制剂联合应用的策略进行综述,以期为胰腺癌的联合免疫治疗提供有效参考。     

肿瘤免疫治疗中纳米制剂的研究进展

恶性肿瘤作为威胁人类健康的重大疾病,其治疗方法也一直是医学界关注的重点。近年来,肿瘤免疫治疗成为一种新型的治疗模式,然而其临床疗效由于肿瘤相关的免疫抑制及逃逸大幅减弱。纳米制剂给药系统可以提高免疫治疗效果,改变肿瘤微环境,为肿瘤治疗提供了有效的策略。重点介绍了几种基于纳米制剂的抗肿瘤免疫治疗方法。     

代谢重编程在调控肿瘤免疫微环境中的作用

肿瘤免疫治疗的成功揭示了宿主免疫在抵抗癌细胞增殖方面的重要作用以及抗肿瘤免疫治疗的可行性.但是具有免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境仍然是限制肿瘤免疫治疗进展的重要瓶颈.肿瘤微环境会诱发肿瘤细胞代谢发生重编程,此过程会导致肿瘤细胞与宿主免疫细胞竞争利用营养物质,肿瘤细胞来源的代谢产物或废物可通过多种方式影响免疫细胞的激活及效应功能的发挥,最终达到促使肿瘤细胞存活及增殖的目的.因此,本文就微环境条件下肿瘤细胞代谢重编程及其代谢产物对免疫微环境的影响展开讨论,以期为肿瘤免疫治疗提供理论基础及新的思路.     

综述: 肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗研究进展

肿瘤的发生和发展包括了一系列复杂的生物学过程,其中与免疫系统的相互抗衡,直接决定了这场健康保卫战的成败．由“种子与土壤”学说展开的肿瘤微环境的研究,为解开肿瘤形成与侵袭转移之谜提供了新视角,为肿瘤免疫治疗的临床应用提供了理论依据．本文综述了肿瘤微环境的主要成分及其介导的免疫耐受,及肿瘤免疫治疗的研究现状．     

生物相容透皮给药微针治疗浅表肿瘤

复杂的肿瘤微环境导致抗肿瘤药物在肿瘤组织内递送效率低下，严重阻碍了药物对浅表肿瘤的治疗效果。生物相容透皮给药微针凭借较高的机械强度，刺穿皮肤角质层，将微针内的药物递送至浅表肿瘤组织内，提高生物利用度，改善静脉注射、口服给药的肝肾毒性等问题。本文介绍了生物相容透皮给药微针的设计及其在癌症化疗、光动力治疗、光热治疗、免疫治疗、基因治疗等领域的研究进展，对浅表肿瘤的微创、局部递药和精准、高效治疗具有重要指导意义。     

基于溶瘤腺病毒抗肿瘤免疫治疗的前景与展望

机体免疫系统在抗肿瘤过程中有着巨大的潜力,但肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的免疫抑制状态可引发一系列的肿瘤免疫逃逸反应,这将使得癌症进一步恶化。溶瘤腺病毒(oncolytic adenovirus,OAds)可通过选择性复制及其溶瘤作用杀伤肿瘤细胞,暴露肿瘤相关抗原,活化免疫细胞,逆转TME,最终可引发一系列抗肿瘤免疫反应。OAds存在靶向性低、免疫原性强等缺陷,其免疫治疗效果不佳,若对其改造则能提高肿瘤靶向性,降低免疫原性,同时携带免疫治疗基因,显著提高抑癌活性。该文综述了肿瘤免疫治疗的相关机制及OAds抗肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展。     

B7家族与肿瘤化疗耐药

肿瘤化疗的多药耐药性(multi-drug resistance,MDR)是提高抗肿瘤治疗效果的主要挑战之一。如何克服肿瘤MDR的问题,已成为当前肿瘤治疗领域的重要研究方向。随着对肿瘤免疫微环境的深入理解,肿瘤免疫逃逸机制以及免疫治疗已经成为肿瘤免疫学研究的热点之一。由于较高的安全性、疗效的长效性以及广泛的适用性,免疫疗法在恶性肿瘤的治疗中引起了越来越多的关注。其中,靶向B7家族辅助治疗已经被应用于多种实体瘤的临床治疗。B7家族属于免疫球蛋白超家族,它们在肿瘤微环境内的肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞中表达,与肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移密切相关。B7家族分子在肿瘤耐药性的发展中起到了重要作用,因此,通过靶向B7家族分子进行的免疫疗法可能具有克服恶性肿瘤MDR的潜力,从而实现治疗效果的提升。本文就B7家族分子与肿瘤MDR的最新研究进展进行综述,为克服肿瘤MDR和肿瘤治疗提供有前景的方法。     

microRNA在实体肿瘤免疫反应中的调节作用

免疫反应的作用逐渐成为调节各种复杂癌症的关键因素。免疫治疗也逐渐成为癌症肿瘤的有效干预方式。肿瘤微环境包含不同类型的免疫细胞,这有助于调节抗肿瘤信号中先天性和适应性免疫系统之间的细微平衡。在这种环境下,肿瘤细胞与免疫细胞之间相互关联的机制有待广泛阐明,但目前已被证明,多种microRNA在实体肿瘤相关免疫细胞的发育和功能中起调控作用,其通过肿瘤及免疫细胞介导免疫抑制或免疫刺激因子分泌增强或抑制免疫应答,靶向调控肿瘤发生的相关免疫途径,从而在癌症起始、转移进展的所有阶段中起关键作用,近而在肿瘤免疫治疗中寻找新的治疗靶点。本文针对microRNA在肿瘤免疫反应中的相关调节进行综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.