低氧反应通路

氧对生命活动的重要性被发现以来,人们对低氧作用的研究,先后经历了由经典低氧反应效应到红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ）,由ＥＰＯ到低氧诱导因子－１（ＨＩＦ－１）,由ＨＩＦ－１到一系列低氧反应基因,再 到氧感受,历时２００余年。直到２０世纪９０年代,人们才初步勾划出一条由氧感受器一信号转导一效应基因的低氧反应通路的现代轮廓,为进一步研究既提供了重要基础,也提出了诸多关键课题,随着这一通路研究的深入,人们可望在２１世纪到新的理论概括和实际应用。     

低氧反应基因调控的研究进展

需氧生物对低氧的应激与适应主要通过有关低氧反应基因（ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ ｒｅｓｐｏｎ－ｓｉｖｅ ｇｅｎｅｓ,ＨＲＧ）转录水平的调控来实现。低氧诱导因子－１（ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ ｉｎｄｕｃｉｂｌｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ－１,ＨＩＦ－１）及其它元件可能参与低的感受及低氧信号的传导、以及对低氧的急、慢相应。寻找利于机体低氧习服－适应的基因应是今后重视的研究方向。     

低氧诱导因子-1的结构、功能、调节及其与低氧信号转导的关系

在许多类型细胞均发现低氧可诱导低氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）水平的 增高,说明存在一个普遍的氧感受和低氧信号转导机制,其中HIF-1起着重要的作用。本文 综述了HIF-1的结构、功能和活性调节及其与低氧信号转导的关系等方面的研究进展。     

缺氧诱导因子1研究进展

缺氧诱导因子１（ＨＩＦ－１）在缺氧诱导的哺乳动物细胞中广泛表达,为缺氧应答的全局性调控因子。ＨＩＦ－１由ＨＩＦ－１α和ＨＩＦ－１β两亚基组成,为异源二聚体转录因子。ＨＩＦ－１α的ｂＨＬＨ和ＰＡＳ结构域与二聚化及ＤＮＡ结合活性有关,ＴＡＤ结构域则主要参与转录激 活。ＨＩＦ－１α的全长基因已克隆并在人和小鼠中定位。通过作用于靶基因的缺氧反应元件（ＨＲＥ０,ＨＩＦ－１参与缺氧诱导的一系列基因的表达调控。     

缺氧诱导因子—1

氧是在细胞内呼吸氧化还原反应中电子的最终接受体。缺氧可以引起急性或长期的生理或病理生理反应,在这些过程中缺氧诱导了许多基因的转录。缺氧诱导因子－１（ＨＩＦ－１）是可与红细胞生成素基因（ＥＰＯ）３＇增强子特异结合的由缺氧诱导的ＤＮＡ结合蛋白,可激活Ｈｅｐ ３Ｂ细胞ＥＰＯ的基因转录。并且由于它可在很多细胞被缺氧诱导,包括生成ＥＰＯ和不生成ＥＰＯ细胞,以及许多缺氧诱导的基因都具有ＨＩＦ－１结合位点等特点     

小干扰RNA干扰缺氧诱导因子-1alpha增强口腔鳞癌细胞株化疗敏感性

目的：探讨针对缺氧诱导因子－１α（ＨＩＦ－１α）的小干扰ＲＮＡ（ｓｉＲＮＡ）对口腔鳞癌细胞（ＯＳＣＣ）化疗敏感性的影响。方法：用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹检测ＯＳＣＣ和针对ＨＩＦ－１α基因的ｓｉＲＮＡ导入ＯＳＣＣ后的ＨＩＦ－１α蛋白表达水平;用ＭＴＴ法检测细胞对化疗敏感性的影响;用流式细胞术检测化疗诱导细胞凋亡的凋亡率。结果：ＨＩＦ－１α在ＯＳＣＣ中高表达,ＨＩＦ－１α－ｓｉＲＮＡ转染后ＨＩＦ－１α表达水平明显下降,细胞对化疗敏感性明显提高,化疗诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡率明显增加。结论：针对ＨＩＦ－１α基因的ｓｉＲＮＡ能明显降低ＨＩＦ－１α的表达,增强化疗对ＯＳＣＣ的凋亡诱导作用,有效提高ＯＳＣＣ对化疗的敏感性。     

低氧预处理对大鼠海巴神经元缺氧耐受性和IL—1β表达 …

目的：观察低氧预处理对大鼠海巴神经元缺氧耐受性和白细胞介素－１β（ＩＬ－１β）表达的影响。方法：取培养１２ｄ的两组（对照组和低氧预处理组）培养神经元,同时置于缺氧环境（０．９Ｌ／ＬＮ２,０．１Ｌ／ＬＣＯ２）中培养２、４、８和１２ｈ。分别观察它们的形态变化和神经元存活数,并用抗ｒｈＩＬ－１β单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,观察缺氧对大鼠海马培养神经元ＩＬ－１β表达的影响。结果：经低氧预处理的海马神经     

缺氧诱导因子1和红细胞生成素3‘—增强子调节内皮细胞？…

目的和方法：将红细胞生成素（ＥＰＯ）３＇－增强子野生片断及点突变片断借脂质体主人脐静脉内皮细胞株ＥＣＶ－３０４,用半定量ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ测定正常秘缺氧诱导因子－１（ＨＩＦ－１）诱导剂氧化钴（ＣｏＣｌ２）作用下培养６ｈ的细胞环氧合酶２（ＣＯＸ－２）和血栓素合酶（ＴＸＳ）的ｍＲＮＡ。结果：ＨＩＦ－１诱导剂ＣｏＣｌ２可放ＣＯＸ－２和ＴＸＳ基因转明显增强２,向细胞导入野生ＥＰＯ３＇增强子片断可阻断ＣｏＣｌ２诱     

第二信使介导模拟低氧下丘脑CRF分泌

用模拟高原低氧的方法研究急性低氧条件下促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（ｃｏｒｔｉｃｏｔｒｏｐｉｎ－ｒｅｌｅａｓｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＣＲＦ）分泌的变化及第二信使参与ＣＲＦ分泌的作用。低氧（海拔７ｋｍ）１ｈ后,正中隆起（ｍｅｄｉａｎｅｍｉｎｅｎｃｅ,ＭＥ）处ＣＲＦ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）,下丘脑（ｈｙｐｏｔｈａｌａｍｕｓ,Ｈｙ）ＣＲＦ（不含ＭＥ）含量无明显变化,而Ｈｙ内ｃＡＭＰ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）。脑室注射Ｆｏｒｓｋｌｉｎ、ＴＰＡ后低氧暴露（海拔５ｋｍ）１ｈ,ＭＥＣＲＦ含量下降（Ｐ＜０．０５;Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＨｙＣＲＦ无明显变化。脑室注射Ｆｏｒｓｋｌｉｎ后ＨｙｃＡＭＰ含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。脑室注射Ｈ７和ＰＫＡ抑制剂,ＭＥＣＲＦ升高（Ｐ＜０．０５;Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＨｙＣＲＦ和ＨｙｃＡＭＰ均无显著变化。上述结果表明急性低氧应激中ＣＲＦ分泌显著增加,第二信使通路ＰＫＡ和ＰＫＣ通路均参与ＣＲＦ分泌     

缺氧诱导因子1研究进展

缺氧诱导因子１（ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ－ｉｎｄｕｃｉｂｌｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ－１,ＨＩＦ－１）是由两个蛋白质亚基组成的二聚体转录因子,对缺氧具有特异感受性,它的表达受细胞内氧分压的严密调节。ＨＩＦ－１参与体内许多缺氧反应性基因的转录调节,是机体缺氧应答反应中的关键作用因子。     

Embryo and Endosperm Function and Failure inSolanumSpecies and Hybrids

Although the importance of the endosperm as a food store inmany angiosperm seeds is well known, its significance duringearly embryogenesis has been neglected. In many interspecifichybrids, and in some other situations, embryos do not developfully and abort. It has often been stated that this is causedby the endosperm failing to conduct sufficient nutrients tothe embryo, but seldom has it been suggested that the endospermactively controls most of the early stages of morphogenesisof the embryo. Information gleaned from a broad survey of theliterature, combined with additional evidence presented here,obtained fromSolanum incanumand interspecific hybrids, indicatethat the endosperm is dynamic and very active in regulatingearly embryo development. This requires highly integrated geneticcontrol of rapidly changing metabolism in the endosperm. Ininterspecific hybrids, lack of coordination may cause unbalancedproduction of growth regulating substances by the endospermand hence abortion of the embryo, or even unregulated productionof nucleases and proteases resulting firstly in autolysis ofthe endosperm and then digestion of the embryo. The endospermmay thus serve to detect inappropriate hybridization of speciesor ploidy levels and so prevent waste of resources by producingseeds that would result in sterile hybrids or unthrifty subsequentgenerations. This discriminatory function of the endosperm hasdiminished during evolution and domestication of the crop plantSolanummelongenaL.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Solanum, embryo morphogenesis, endosperm, hybrid, seed development.     

HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences

For most organisms oxygen is essential fo life. When oxygen levels drop below those required to maintain the minimum physiological oxygen requirement of an organism or tissue it is termed hypoxia. To counter act possible deleterious effects of such a state, an immediate molecular response is initiated causing adaptation responses aimed at cell survival. This response is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha- and a beta-subunit. HIF-1 alpha protein is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and therefore confers selectivity to this response. Hypoxia is characteristic of tumors, mainly because of impaired blood supply resulting from abnormal growth. Over the past few years enormous progress has been made in the attempt to understand how the activation of the physiological response to hypoxia influences neoplastic growth. In this review some aspects of HIF-1 pathway activation in tumors and the consequences for pathophysiology and treatment of neoplasia are discussed.     

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics and Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Margaret Lock and Patricia A. Kaufert. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii +364 pp.
Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiv. 305 pp.     

Morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents

Studies of human constitution and mental features are traditionally among the main concepts of anthropological research. In this research, we attempted to discover connections between morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents. Such a connection was discovered in some studied age groups. The obtained results could serve as a basis for further studies in this field.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。