RAPD在水稻温敏核不育研究的应用

ＲＡＰＤ是新发展起来的一种分子标记技术,近来得到广泛应用,我们对这种技术的实验程序进行了研究,摸索出了ＲＡＰＤ反应的适宜条件,并在不影响扩增结果的前提下,缩短反应时间,提高了仪器的利用率,有利于大量样品的分析,进而用这种技术对温敏核核不育水稻安农Ｓ－１及其原始株进行分析,在２００个引物中发现了１个引物在２种材料中扩增带型有差异,并初步认为此差异与不育相关。     

水稻光温敏核不育基因表达产物初步研究

光温敏核不育基因在杂种优势利用中具有重大价值,了解其转录和翻译过程对解析温敏核不育机理和分离温敏核不育基因非常重要.利用基因芯片、蛋白质组技术结合遗传分析的方法,以不同温度条件下处理的培矮64S及两优培九自交后得到的F2群体为材料,从转录水平和翻译水平上分别筛选出可能与温敏核不育基因相关的24个特异表达基因以及6个特异表达蛋白质,并分析了这些产物的功能.     

水稻光温敏核不育系的育性遗传分析

运用混合遗传模型对水稻光温敏核不育系1290S与1990杂交的F_1、F_2、B_1、B_2和P_1、P_2多世代群体进行联合分析,结果表明:光温敏核不育性遗传符合E-1模型,为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性多基因遗传模型．两对主基因的加性效应均为-0．059,而两对主基因的显性效应分别为0．153和-0．263,多基因的显性效应更大,为-0．404．其中上位性效应比较明显,以显性．显性互作最大,达0．435．B_1、B_2和F_2群体中主基因遗传率分别为56．03%,44．44%,83．0 7%,多基因遗传率分别为42．24%,33．33%,15．23%,表明1290S的不育性主要由两对主基因 多基因相互配合控制遗传的,环境虽有一定影响,但影响较小．     

Nature of Lysolecithin in Rice Grains

Problems of the interaction between starch and lysolecithin are treated in this article. The endosperm of rice grains was fractionated and it was found that lysolecithin was associated with starch granules. The association was not a mere adsorption, but rather a more firm combination. It was demonstrated that lysolecithin had an ability to combine with starch in aqueous solution, and to cause amylose to precipitate, but not amylopectin. The lysolecithin-amylose complex was isolated, and it was shown that lysolecithin is most certainly included in the helicoidal structure of amylose chain. A possible role of lysolecithin during the course of the starch formation in rice grains is discussed.     

用RAPD方法分析水稻光敏核不育基因

本文以农垦５８Ｓ与Ｆ２杂交所得的Ｆ２分离群体为材料,按其育性分为不育和可育两大群体,分别以混合的可育群体核ＤＮＡ和不育体核ＤＮＡ为模板,进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,从检测过的３００个引物中发现有２个引物在不育群体和可育群体中扩增出多态性产物。就其中一个引物对杂交亲本和Ｆ２个体的ＲＡＰＤ分析进一步证明了这种多态可靠性。转移杂交实验表明这个多态性产物是一种重复顺序。     

光敏核不育水稻幼穗的乙烯生成与育性转换

研究了在不同光温组合下光敏核不育水稻（ＰＧＭＲ）农垦５８５（ＮＫ５８Ｓ）及普通水稻品种农垦５８（ＮＫ５８Ｂ）的幼穗乙烯生物合成变化及其与育性表达的关系。结果表明ＮＫ５８Ｓ幼穗乙烯生成受光周期和温度的共同调节,而光周期对ＮＫ５８Ｂ幼穗乙烯生成无明显影响。ＮＫ５８Ｓ幼穗乙烯生成的变化与育性转换光温作用模式完全吻合。其幼穗乙烯释放速率（ＥＲＲ）与花粉可育度（ｌｎｙ）呈极显著负相关。用ＡＶＧ抑制乙烯生成可使ＮＫ５８Ｓ（ＬＤ）不育性明显逆转,而用ＡＣＣ促进乙烯生成又可急剧降低ＮＫ５８Ｓ（ＳＤ）的可育水平。表明幼穗乙烯生成与ＰＧＭＲ育性表达密切相关,乙烯参与育性转换的调控并可能起着重要作用。     

光敏核不育水稻花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析

首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦５８Ｓ和对照农垦５８（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）花药中的ＩＡＡ进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明,此方法可反映游离态ＩＡＡ在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的５个时期中,经长日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ花药中的ＩＡＡ水平都低于短日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ及在不同光周期处理下的农垦５８花药。对花     

8个籼型水稻环境敏感核不育系的育性转换特性研究

在武汉、贵阳（1997年）和三亚（1997－1998年）3个生态点,对8个籼型水稻（Oryza Sativa L.ssp.indica）环境敏感核不育系（2－2S、K1405S、F131S、2136S、Pei-Ai64S、1290S、GD－1S和N17S）进行分期播种试验,每期相隔10－15d,考察自交不育度的动态变化,结果表明,8个不育系在武汉的稳定不育期均长于30d,在遗阳的稳定不育期均短于30d,在三亚的稳定不育期均长于150d。8个不育系的育性表达均表现对温度敏感,但不同的不育系育性转换的敏感时期、敏感敏感期的长短和临界温度是不同的。2－2S和K1405S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第18天至第9天,敏感期为7－10d,育性转换的临界温度为23.7－24.5℃。F131S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第17天至第5天,敏感期为13d,育性转换的临界温度为24.3-24.7℃。2136S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第24天至第11天,敏感期为7－13d,育性转换的临界温度分别为24.3-24.7℃、25.5-26.2℃、25.4-26.1℃和24.1-24.7℃。     

温敏雄性核不育水稻可育花药与不育花药的钙分布

用焦锑酸盐沉淀法研究了温敏雄性核不育水稻在减数分裂时期和单核早期可育花药与不育花药的钙分布.结果表明：在减数分裂时期,可育花药小孢子母细胞和药室内的钙颗粒很少,而不育花药小孢子母细胞中分布许多的钙颗粒,特别是药室中的钙颗粒异常丰富,小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常,细胞质收缩退化.在单核早期,可育花药花粉内的钙颗粒极少,花粉表面分布许多钙颗粒,而不育花药花粉内分布许多钙颗粒,药室内的钙颗粒仍然非常丰富.可育花药维管束鞘细胞体积大且形状规则,细胞内的钙颗粒很少,而不育花药维管束鞘细胞体积小且形状不规则,细胞内的钙颗粒较多.     

ADH在光敏感核不育水稻中反应特征的研究

乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性在湖北光敏感核不育水稻(HPGMR)幼穗发育的育性诱导阶段对光周期反应非常敏感。此时,在短日照或远红光处理的条件下,乙醇脱氢酶同工酶AdhII活性高,湖北光敏感核不育水稻原始不育株农垦58雄性可育;在长日照或红光间断长暗期的条件下,AdhII活性陡降,表现雄性不育。因此认为AdhII与湖北光敏感核不育水稻育性转换有关,可能是它参予了育性基因表达的调控作用。     

Analysis of Cytoplasmic Effects and Fine-Mapping of a Genic Male Sterile Line in Rice

Cytoplasm has substantial genetic effects on progeny and is important for yield improvement in rice breeding. Studies on the cytoplasmic effects of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) show that most types of CMS have negative effects on yield-related traits and that these negative effects vary among CMS. Some types of genic male sterility (GMS), including photo-thermo sensitive male sterility (PTMS), have been widely used in rice breeding, but the cytoplasmic effects of GMS remain unknown. Here, we identified a GMS mutant line, h₂s, which exhibited small, white anthers and failed to produce mature pollen. Unlike CMS, the h₂s had significant positive cytoplasmic effects on the seed set rate, weight per panicle, yield, and general combining ability (GCA) for plant height, seed set rate, weight per panicle, and yield. These effects indicated that h₂s cytoplasm may show promise for the improvement of rice yield. Genetic analysis suggested that the phenotype of h₂s was controlled by a single recessive locus. We mapped h₂s to a 152 kb region on chromosome 6, where 22 candidate genes were predicted. None of the 22 genes had previously been reported to be responsible for the phenotypes of h₂s. Sequencing analysis showed a 12 bp deletion in the sixth exon of Loc_Os06g40550 in h₂s in comparison to wild type, suggesting that Loc_Os06g40550 is the best candidate gene. These results lay a strong foundation for cloning of the H₂S gene to elucidate the molecular mechanism of male reproduction.     

水稻光温敏不育基因研究概况

光温敏雄性核不育水稻的花粉育性受日照长度或温度的调控,在长日、高温条件下表现不育,短日、低温条件下表现可育.水稻这一特性的发现使得人们可以利用其进行‘两系法'杂交稻育种来补充传统的‘三系法'杂交育种体系.水稻光温敏核不育基因的研究对于'两系法'杂交稻育种的利用研究至关重要.主要对光温敏核不育基因的遗传规律分析、基因的定位研究进展以及DAN分子标记在基因定位中的应用等方面进行了综述.     

雄性核不育水稻矮秆突变体突变分子机制的初步研究

以株-1S、SV1S、SV14S为研究材料,分析这3种材料的胚乳α-淀粉酶活性、第二叶鞘及节间长度对赤霉素(GA3)反应,结果表明来源于株-IS的SVIS、SV14S突变体的矮化变异与赤霉素信号传导途径无明显关系．此外,通过3种材料的基因组DNA和线粒体DNA的RAPD分析,发现矮秆突变体株系的基因组DNA和线粒体DNA都存在一定的变化,从而在DNA分子水平上进一步证实了SV1S和SV14S突变体的遗传突变．其突变的生理机制与赤霉素信号传导途径无明显关系,很可能与赤霉素生物合成途径有关．     

光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的APLP分析

通过对NK58s和NK58F这一对光敏核不育水稻等位突变系的AFLP分析,比较了AFLP,RAPD及RFLP检测DINA多态性的相对效率。结果表明,这三种分子标记的DNA多态性检出效率依次为AFLP>RAPD>RFLP;找出了水稻AFLP分析的最适反应条件;通过AFLP和集群混合分析(Bulked segregating analysis,BSA),筛选出了一批与水稻光敏核不育(PGMS)基因连锁的多态性AFLP产物,已完成了对4个多态性AFLP产物的克隆,Southem杂交证明其中2个为单拷贝顺序,另外2个为低拷贝顺序。对上述三种分子标记各自的优缺点及它们在DNA多态性检测中的适用之处进行了分析探讨。     

The Gamete Pigments of Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyta)

The gamete pigments of Hormosira banksii have been separatedby thin-layer chromatography and identified by absorption spectrophotometry.Male gametes contain predominantly ß-carotene, andfemale gametes predominantly chlorophyll and fucoxanthin. Severalminor pigments have also been tentatively identified.     

Gamete cryopreservation in the domestic cat

Cryopreservation of gametes is an important tool for the improvement of assisted reproductive technologies. In-depth studies of spermatozoon and oocyte characteristics are required in order to define efficient protocols for the maintenance of viability, including fertilizing and developmental ability, of gametes after thawing. In the domestic cat, semen cryopreservation techniques still produce variable results, the cryopreservation of oocytes is at an experimental level and there have been only a few attempts at cryopreserving gonadal tissue. However, each procedure has generated promising results and has important implications, both for improving reproductive performance of valuable breeds of domestic cats and for conservation of biodiversity in endangered felids by reclamation of valuable male and female germplasm.     

Premature Tapetum Degeneration: a Major Cause of Abortive Pollen Development in Photoperiod Sensitive Genic Male Sterility in Rice

Photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (PSGMS) rice ( Oryza sativa L.), a natural mutant found in the rice cultivar Nongken 58, is very useful for the development of hybrid rice cultivars. Despite its widespread use in breeding programs, the initial stage of the abortive development of PSGMS rice and the possible cytological mechanisms of pollen abortion have not been determined. In the present study, a systematic cytological comparison of the anther development of PSGMS rice with its normal fertile counterpart is conducted. The results show that pollen abortion in PSGMS rice first occurs before the pollen mother cell (PMC) stage, and continues during the entire process of pollen development until pollen degradation. The abortive process was closely associated with the abnormal behavior of the tapetum. Although tapetum degeneration in PSGMS rice initiates already at the PMC stage, it proceeds slowly and does not complete until the breakdown of the pollen. Such cytological observations were supported by the results of the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay, which detects DNA fragmentation resulting from programmed cell death (PCD), indicating that the premature tapetum degeneration is in the process of PCD.     

上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

以来源于农垦５８Ｓ的籼型光敏核不育水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｗａ Ｌ．）培矮６４Ｓ（长日低温下不育性稳定）和８９０２Ｓ（长日低温下不育性不稳定）及其人Ｆ１、Ｆ２群体为材料,通过长日低温和不同长日生态条件的７种处理,并结合ＲＦＬＰ分子标准记,研究了影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性的遗传及其基因定位和基因互作对其育性不稳定性的影响。结果表明：影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了     

Gamete segregation in female carriers of Robertsonian translocations

Eleven female carriers of either 45,XX,der(13;14) (q10;q10) or 45,XX, der(14;21)(q10;q10) underwent hormonal stimulation with the purpose of producing enough oocytes for in-vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Polar body biopsy was performed in those oocytes and FISH with painting probes was applied in their metaphase-like first polar body chromosomes. In this way, unbalanced, normal and balanced oocytes could be distinguished and segregation modes ascertained. der(14;21)(q10;q10) produced 42% unbalanced, 37% normal and 21% balanced oocytes (n = 86) while der(13;14)(q10;q10) generated 33% unbalanced, 51% normal and 16% balanced oocytes (n = 69). In both translocations the number of normal oocytes was significantly higher than the number of balanced oocytes. However, while the frequency of unbalanced events involving chromosome 13 and 14 was similar in der(13;14)(q10;q10), there were significantly more abnormalities involving chromosome 21 than 14 in the der(14;21) (q10;q10) cases. When comparing survival rates to term, trisomies from Robertsonian origin seem to survive more often than those originated by non-disjunction in non-translocation carriers. The meiotic segregation patterns found in female Robertsonian translocations are different from those described in male carriers, with higher rates of unbalanced gametes in females than in males.