毛兰属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

毛兰属植物由于近年来同属于兰科的石斛属植物的过度采挖,而取代名贵中药石斛类作为药材应用。为了了解其化学成分及能否替代石斛应用,本文对毛兰属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展进行了综述。目前毛兰属植物研究所涉及的种类仅5种,从该属植物中分离出化学成分13种,包括菲类、9,10-二氢菲类及二聚体、联苄、甾体和脂肪族化合物等结构类型。药理研究表明,一些成分如毛兰素和毛兰菲在抗肿瘤和抗氧化等方面显示了较好的活性。开展毛兰属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

A note on the section Cymboglossum Schltr. of Eria (Orchidaceae)

An attempt is made to clarify some recent confusion concerning the understanding of the section Cymboglossum Schltr. of the genus Eria. Study of literature and material of the taxa involved leads to the suggestion that the section should be recognized within Eria with so far only one species known to belong here, while at the same time the establishment of a new genus Ascidieria typified by Eria longifolia Hook. fil. and the maintenance of the Eria sect. Secundae Leavitt typified by Eria stricta Lindl. is proposed.     

中国大陆的一种植物新记录

1985年,我在参加由安徽省芜湖市科委、卫生局和九华山管理处联合组织的九华山植物资源调查中,采到一种兰科毛兰属植物,经鉴定系葡萄毛兰Eria reptans(Fr. et Sav.)Makino。本种只记载分布于日本和我国台湾岛,而在中国大陆是地理分布新记录。同时,毛兰属也是安徽省地理分布新记录的属。     

足茎毛兰组培快繁技术研究

在足茎毛兰的组培快繁过程中,有机添加物10％的椰乳对原球茎的诱导有极显著影响;激素组合6-BA和NAA及配比10∶1对芽的诱导和增殖起明显的促进作用;一定浓度的IBA对足茎毛兰的壮苗生根起关键性作用;栽培基质的选择极大地影响足茎毛兰的移栽成活率.     

中国兰科植物三个新记录种

报道了中国兰科植物的三个新记录种,裂唇卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum picturatum),长柄虾脊兰(Calan-the allizettei)和绿花毛兰(Eria lanigera)。裂唇卷瓣兰的中萼片全缘前部具一粒状附属物,唇瓣基部两侧具耳。长柄虾脊兰的中裂片非常小并具三条褶片。黄花毛兰的花黄绿色,唇瓣不裂。     

Confusarin and confusaridin two phenanthrene derivatives of the orchid Eria Confusa

From the orchid Eria confusa were isolated two new polyoxygenated phenanthrene derivatives, confusarin and confusaridin, which were shown to be 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene and 2,6-dihydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyphenanthrene, respectively.     

中国兰科植物一新记录种

报道了中国兰科植物1新记录种, 即黄花毛兰（Eria foetida Aver.）,并提供了详细的形态描述和照片。     

Nudol,a phenanthrene of the orchids Eulophia nuda, Eria carinata and Eria stricta

An amorphous phenanthrene, named nudol has been isolated from Eulophia nuda, Eria carinata and E. stricta. It was identified as 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene. Synthesis of nudol and its dimethyl ether is described.     

国产三脊毛兰的考订

基于对活体植物的观察和原始文献的研究,对国产三脊毛兰(Eria cristata)Rolfe进行了考订.本种的萼片和花瓣白色,唇瓣黄色,两侧边缘和唇盘的颜色较深;唇盘具3条被黄色毛突的褶片,易于和其近缘种相区别.     

中国兰科植物新资料

本文报道了２个新种（元阳石豆兰ＢｕｌｂｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｙｕａｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅＴｓｕｉ,长帽隔距兰ＣｌｅｉｓｏｓｔｏｍａｌｏｎｇｉｏｐｅｒｃｕｌａｔｕｍＴｓｉ）、２个新组合（翼萼卷瓣兰ＢｕｌｂｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｒｅｔｕｓｉｕｓｃｕｌｕｍＲｃｈｂ．ｆ．ｖａｒ．ｏｒｅｏｇｅｎｅｓ（Ｗ．Ｗ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ）Ｔｓｉ,角萼卷瓣兰Ｂ．ｒｅｔｕｓｉｕｓｃｕｌｕｍＲｃｈｂ．ｆ．ｖａｒ．ｔｉｇｒｉｄｕｍ（Ｈａｎｃｅ）Ｔｓｉ）和１个新命名（细茎毛兰ＥｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｃａｕｌｉｓＳ．Ｃ．ＣｈｅｎｅｔＴｓｉ）。     

Pseudopollen in Eria Lindl. section Mycaranthes Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pseudopollen is a whitish, mealy material produced upon the labella of a number of orchid species as labellar hairs either become detached or fragment. Since individual hair cells are rich in protein and starch, it has long been speculated that pseudopollen functions as a reward for visiting insects. Although some 90 years have passed since Beck first described pseudopollen for a small number of Eria spp. currently assigned to section Mycaranthes Rchb.f., we still know little about the character of pseudopollen in this taxon. The use of SEM and histochemistry would re-address this deficit in our knowledge whereas comparison of pseudopollen in Eria (S.E. Asia), Maxillaria (tropical and sub-tropical America), Polystachya (largely tropical Africa and Madagascar) and Dendrobium unicum (Thailand and Laos) would perhaps help us to understand better how this feature may have arisen and evolved on a number of different continents. METHODS: Pseudopollen morphology is described using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hairs were tested for starch, lipid and protein using IKI, Sudan III and the xanthoproteic test, respectively. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The labellar hairs of all eight representatives of section Mycaranthes examined are identical. They are unicellular, clavate with a narrow 'stalk' and contain both protein and starch but no detectable lipid droplets. The protein is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and the starch is confined to amyloplasts. The hairs become detached from the labellar surface and bear raised cuticular ridges and flaky deposits that are presumed to be wax. In that they are unicellular and appear to bear wax distally, the labellar hairs are significantly different from those observed for other orchid species. Comparative morphology indicates that they evolved independently in response to pollinator pressures similar to those experienced by other unrelated pseudopollen-forming orchids on other continents.     

An enumeration of the orchids of Northwestern Himalaya

An alphabetic enumeration of the species of orchids recorded from Northwestern Himalaya is supplied. While the classical work by Duthie listed a number of about 173 species, later finds bring this number up to about 250 species of which 24 are here recorded for the first time. This includes two proposed new species Eria occidentals Seid. and Flickingeria hesperis Seid. An attempt has been made to bring the nomenclature in accordance with modern concepts and rules, one new combination, Aorchis roborovskii (Maxim.) Seid., is proposed.
A plea is made for the establishment of strictly guarded reservations in order to conserve the remains of the fast dwindling orchid flora.     

云南省兰科植物新记录

云南省是中国乃至世界兰科(Orchidaceae)植物最为丰富的地区之一,近年来随着调查研究工作的深入,发现了不少新属、新种、新记录属以及新记录种[1-10]。笔者近年来对云南南部和东南部植物区系进行调查,并通过标本鉴定和相关资料查阅,发现了4个云南新记录属和9个云南新记录种。其中,     

Water Relations of Tropical Epiphytes: III. EVIDENCE FOR CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM

Five tropical epiphytes were examined for evidence of CrassulaceanAcid Metabolism (CAM), namely the orchids Eria velutina Lindl.,Dendrobium tortile Lindl. and Dendrobium crumenatum Sw., andthe ferns Pyrrosia adnascens (Forst.) Ching and Pyrrosia angustata(Sw.) Ching, family Polypodiaceae. Diurnal variations in leaftitratable acidity, diffusive conductance and water potentialwere measured at various levels of water stress. The three orchidsshowed typical CAM behaviour, namely large diurnal fluctuationsin leaf acidity, day-time closure and night opening of stomataand a very slow decline in water potential under stress. Theferns showed some evidence of CAM, but this was not as well-developedas had been reported for two other tropical epiphytic membersof the same family. Key words: Crassulacean acid metabolism, Tropical epiphytes, Water stress     

New Taxa of Orchidaceae from Xishuangbanna of South Yunnan,China

The present paper reports 10 new species of Orchidaceae from Xishuangbanna: Bulbophyllum colomaculosum Tsi et S. C. Chen, B. brevispicatum Tsi et S. C. Chen, B. subparviflorum Tsi et S. C. Chen, Gastrodia menghaiensis Tsi et S. C. Chen, Oberonia delicata Tsi et S. C. Chen, Luisia magniflora Tsi et S. C. Chen, L. Longispica Tsi et S. C. Chen, Tainia ovifolia Tsi et S. C. Chen, Eria crassifolia Tsi et S. C. Chen and Phaius banna-nensis Tsi et S. C. Chen.     

云南西双版纳兰科十新种

1.豹斑石豆兰 新种 图1:5—6Bulbophyllum colomaculosum Tsi et S. C. Chen, sp. nov.Species nova B. obrieniano Rolfe proxima, a quo differt petalis margine dentatis.Herba epiphytica. pseudobulbi aggregati ovati, ca. 4 cm longi, medio 1.5—1.8 cm lati,     

Water Relations of Tropical Epiphytes: I. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STOMATAL RESISTANCE, RELATIVE WATER CONTENT AND THE COMPONENTS OF WATER POTENTIAL

The water relations of five species of tropical vascular epiphytesnative to Malaysia were studied. The species were ferns: Pyrrosiaadnascens (Forst.) Ching. and Pyrrosia angustata (Sw.) Ching.;orchids: Eria velutina Lindl., Dendrobium tortile Lindl. andDendrobium crumenatum Sw. Leaf resistance as a function of leafwater potential was measured for the two ferns. The criticalwater potential at which stomata closed was found to be highin each case; –0.75 MPa and –0.5 MPa respectively.The components of water potential were estimated with the pressurechamber as functions of relative water content. For each speciescell sap was found to be dilute, pressure potential low at fullturgor, and the change in relative water content between fullturgor and wilting point small. Small values of solute potentialat full turgor were also found for the ferns and E. velutinausing a vapour pressure osmometer. Values of the bulk modulusof elasticity of the leaf tissue for each species lay withinthe range of published data. The significance of these resultsfor the epiphytic way of life is discussed. Key words: Water potential, Epiphytes, Diffusive resistance, Orchid, Fern     

The leaf flavonoids of the orchidaceae

In a leaf survey of 142 species from 75 genera of the Orchidaceae, flavone C-glycosides (in 53%) and flavonols (in 37 %) were found to be the most common constituents. However, since these compounds are not found uniformly and their distribution shows a strong correlation with plant geography, it is not possible to represent the Orchidaceae by a single flavonoid profile. Thus, flavone C-glycosides are most common in tropical and subtropical species of the Epidendroid and Vandoid tribes (in 63%) and flavonol glycosides are more characteristic of temperate species of the Neottioid tribes (in 78%). By contrast 6-hydroxyflavones (in 6 species), luteolin (in 2 species) and tricin as the 5-glucoside (in 1 species) are all rare. Three new glycosides were characterised: scutellarein 6-methyl ether 7-rutinoside from Oncidium excavatum and O. sphacelatum, pectolinarigenin 7-glucoside from 0. excavatutn and Eria javanica, and luteolin 3′,4′-diglucoside from Listera ovata. The xanthones, mangiferin and isomangiferin were found in Mormolyca ringens, Maxillaria aff. luteo-alba and 5 Polystachya species and a mangiferin sulphate tentatively identified in P. nyanzensis. Other unusual phenolic constituents include 6,7-methylenedioxy- and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarins from Dendrobium densiflorum and D. farmeri, formed by the rearrangement during the extraction process from the corresponding O-glucosyloxycinnamic acids. The origin and relationship of the Orchidaceae to other monocot groups are discussed in the light of the flavonoid evidence.     

Eria mêdogensis,a Probably Peloric Form of Eria Coronaria,with a Discussion on Peloria in Orchidaceae

Eria mêdogensis S. C. Chen et Tsi was recently found in southeastern Tibet, several specimens of which have been collected by various botanists since 1980. This is a “normal” entity with its habit very similar to that of Eria coronaria, from which it differs by having a regular perianth and longer bracts. We think it probable that this new entity is a peloric form of Eria coronaria. Peloria (or pelory) is a type of floral abnormality, which is found in many zygomorphicflowered taxa. It was first detected by Linnaeus (1744) in Linaria vulgaris, and then by others in Labiatae, Orchidaceae, etc. However, it is still an open question how to explain it theoretically and how to treat it taxonomically. In Orchidaceae, so far as our knowledge is concerned, peloria has been encountered in no less than 21 genera. In most cases, peloric flowers are found sporadically on an occassional plant, as seen in Cypripedium reginae and Eria oblitterata. Sometimes, however, peloric form may occur coexisting with normal-flowered form in one and the same species, as seen in Dendrobium tetrodon and Epipogium roseum. They are both abnormally peloric forms. It would not result in naming or renaming a plant taxonomically, whether the appearance of abnormally regular flowers on a normal-flowered inflorescence, or of abnormal-flowered individuals in normal-flowered species. In Phragmipedium lindenii, however, the case is different. It is quite “normal” and even of wider distribution than its nonpeloric allies P. wallisii and P. caudatum, from which it has once been considered to be derived. This is a normally peloric form. Whether it is a reversal or not, the appearance of a “normally” peloric taxon may be taken for a leap in the process of evolution. Taxonomically, we had better treat it as a separate species, especially when its origin is uncertain. For example, the entity just mentioned had been treated as a peloric va riety of Phragmipedium caudatum (var. lindenii) until 1975, when Dressler & Williams recognized it as an independent species based on the fact that its nonpeloric flowers occassionally found in a peloric population in Jungurahua of Ecuador are dissimilar in lip to those in P. caudatum. Garay (1979) considered it to be a peloric form of P. wallisii but maintained it at the specific level. This is indeed a good example of taxonomic treatment of normally peloric form. On the other hand, however, most of the regular-flowered entities in Orchidaceae are not peloric but rather primitive forms, such as Neuwiedia, Apostasia and Thelymitra, of which no less than 50 species have been reported since the eighteen century. They have never been regarded as peloric forms. Unfortunately, this has been neglected by some botanists. For instance, a hypothetically primitive orchid flower designed by Pijl & Dodson (1966) has a distinctly specialized lip with a short spur. In fact, in addition to the aforementioned genera we have some more examples of normally regular-flowered orchids. Among them Archineottia is the most interesting. This is a genus of four species, two of which are regular-flowered. Of special interest is that in this genus and its ally, Neottia, one can find all steps of column evolution from a simple form with stamen and style not fully united to a most complicated form in which they have well fused. Archineottia has a very primitive column, on which neither rostellum nor clinandrium is found but a terminal and undifferentiated stigma (Fig.2: 2, 4, 6, 8). In addition, there exists on the back of the column a thick ridge with its upper end joining the filament with which it is of same texture. It is obviously the lower part of the filament which has been adnate to the style (column). In Neottia, however, the column is much more advanced and very typical among the family. It has a very large rostellum and most complicated stigma structure (Fig. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18). One of the most interesting examples is Neottia acuminata, in which the stigma even becomes lamellate and almost backwards clasps the erect rostellum, but the perianth is more or less regular with its lip entire and somewhat similar to, but shorter and wider than, the petals. In these two genera there are altogether three species, namely Archineottia gaudissartii, A microglottis and Neottia acuminata, possessing regular or nearly regular perianth (Fig. 2: 1, 3, 17). They are obviously not peloric forms. We can not imagine, indeed, that a complicated form like Neottia acuminata or its allies would degenerate step by step into a simple form, and finally into a peloric form. Archineottia belongs to the subtribe Listerinae, which is closely related to Limodorinae, a rather primitivs subtribe with some genera possessing single pollen grain, relatively few and long chromosomes and monocotyledonous habit. Apparently, there is nothing surprising in the occurrence of some normally regular-flowered taxa, such as Archineottia, Diplandrorchis, Tangtsinia and Sinorchis, in these two primitive subtribes. Another instance is Aceratorchis, a genus formerly included in Orchis, from which it is distinguished by the entire lip which is more or less similar to the petals. Strictly speaking, however, its flowers are not truly regular. Two species have been described in this genus, but they were recently considered as conspecific. Aceratorchis tschiliensis is widely distributed from Hebei through Qinghai and Sichuan to northwestern Yunnan. It is cross-pollinated and produces seeds efficiently. All these indicate its normally primitive taxon, instead of peloria. It may be noted here that Asia is rich in members of Orchidioideae, as well as its primitive representatives. The occurrence of a normally regular-flowered form in Asia, whether representing primitive form of Orchis or Orchidioideae, is imaginable. In Orchidaceae, as mentioned above, regular flowers are not only found in some primitive taxa and peloric forms, but also in a few advanced groups. For example, a close investigation by the senior author (Chen 1979) on Satyrium ciliatum revealed that this species has hermaphrodite, staminate and pistallate forms, for which no less than nine names have been published. The flowers of its pistallate form are almost regular, in which nothing is found but three similar petals and an elongate style with three stigmatic lobes at its top (Fig. 2: 19). It is interesting to note that floral reversions in Orchidaceae are not always in connection with peloria. For example, Epidendrum triandrum of North America represents another kind of reversion. It is a reversal to abnormal polymery of stamens and not to abnormal regularity of perianth. Like Phragmipedium lindenii, it is also hereditary. We may give it a new name “Polyandrism” or something else, but, in fact, there is no essential distinction of this kind of reversion from peloria. It deserves mentioning that most of the regular-flowered entities, including primitive, advanced and peloric ones, occur in Asia and Australasia, where the Orchidaceae may have originated as pointed out by some botanists. We have good reason to verify the primitiveness and normality of many regular-flowered entities, but there exists no sufficient evidence for the impossible existances of normally regular-flowered species in those like Dendrobium, Eria, Lecanorchis, etc. For instance, Lecanorchis javanica, Dendrobium atavus and the new species described here are considered to be peloric forms, but it is only a conjecture, for no reason can be given for it. It is not impossible that some so-called peloric forms may prove to be truly primitive ones in the future. Of course, a closer investigation is needed. Summarizing the above, we may come to the following conclusions: 1. Regular or nearly regular perianth is a normal characteristic of orchids. It is chiefly found in some primitive taxa and sometimes also in certain peloric forms and advanced groups. Regular-flowered entities may not necessarily be peloric forms. 2. There exist two different types of peloria in Orchidaceae. One is abnormal form, with its peloric flowers appearing at random. The other is “normal” form, with its individuals all possessing peloric flowers. The latter is inheritable and can produce seeds efficiently, It would be best to treat it as an independent species taxonomically, especially when its origin is uncertain. 3. Although peloria has been considered to he a reversal as a whole, conditions vary from plant to plant. Some peloric forms have petal-like lip, and others have labellum-like petals. Sometimes the same plant produces different kinds of peloric flowers in different years, sometimes peloric flowers do not reappear upon the same plant. A few species can produce both peloric and normal individuals, but others produce peloric forms only. Peloria is in fact a term only used to cover the phase in which lip becomes similar to the petals. It is never all-embracing. We recognize the existance of peloria in Orchidaceae, but great care must be taken to distinguish truly peloric form from normally primitive one. It must be admitted that what causes peloria and even what is peloria are still problems awaiting solution. Acknowledgments: Our heartfelt thanks are due to Dr. Leslie A. Garay, Curator of the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Botanical Museum of Harvard University, for his valuable suggestions during the preparation of this paper. We are also indebted to the artists, Mrs. Chunrung Liu and Mr. Chao-zhen Ji of our department, for their preparing the fine drawings.     

Natural phenanthrenes and their biological activity

The aim of this review is to survey the various naturally occurring phenanthrene compounds that have been isolated from different plants. Only one review has previously been published on this topic. Gorham (1989) reviewed the structures, biosynthesis, separations and spectroscopy of stilbenes and phenanthrenes. The present study furnishes an overview of the hydroxy or/and methoxy-substituted 9,10-dihydro/phenanthrenes, methylated, prenylated and other monomeric derivatives, dimeric and trimeric phenanthrenes and their biological activities. A fairly large number of phenanthrenes have been reported from higher plants, mainly in the Orchidaceae family, in the species Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Eria, Maxillaria, Bletilla, Coelogyna, Cymbidium, Ephemerantha and Epidendrum. A few phenanthrenes have been found in the Hepaticae class and Dioscoreaceae, Combretaceae and Betulaceae families. Their distribution correlates strongly with the taxonomic divisions. These plants have often been used in traditional medicine, and phenanthrenes have therefore been studied for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, antiallergic activities and phytotoxicity. On the basis of 120 references, this review covers the phytochemistry and pharmacology of phenanthrenes, describing 252 compounds. This contribution stems from our work on the medicinal plant Tamus communis.