集体语言训练联合经颅直流电刺激对语言发育迟缓患儿发育水平、言语功能及神经中枢营养因子水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨集体语言训练联合经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对语言发育迟缓患儿发育水平、言语功能及神经中枢营养因子水平的影响。方法：采用信封抽签法将郴州市第一人民医院2021年2月到2023年2月期间收治的90例语言发育迟缓患儿分为对照组（n=45,常规语言训练联合tDCS）和研究组（n=45,集体语言训练联合tDCS）。对比两组疗效、发育水平、言语功能、神经中枢营养因子及生活质量。结果：与对照组相比,研究组的临床总有效率更高（P<0.05）。两组干预后动作能、应物能、言语能、应人能评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预后复述、听理解、口头表达、出声读、抄写、阅读、描写、听写以及计算评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预后血清脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）、神经生长因子（NGF）、神经营养因子-3（NT-3）较干预前升高（P<0.05）。两组干预后血清BDNF、NGF、GDNF、NT-3组间对比未见差异（P>0.05）。两组干预后生理功能、社会功能、情感功能、角色功能评分升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：集体语言训练联合tDCS干预语言发育迟缓患儿,可改善言语功能和神经功能,提高其发育水平和生活质量。     

经颅电刺激镇痛研究的现状及展望

经颅电刺激技术是一种非侵入性神经调控方法,因其具有卓越的安全性、良好的患者依从性以及高度便携性等特点,被视为一种潜在的非药物镇痛手段。然而,目前对于经颅电刺激镇痛效果的研究结果不一致且镇痛机制尚未完全阐明。本文通过系统归纳总结3种主要的经颅电刺激技术——经颅直流电刺激、经颅交流电刺激和经颅随机噪声刺激——在镇痛领域的研究进展,评估了这些技术对短时、急性和慢性疼痛的镇痛效果,并深入剖析了其潜在的镇痛机制。同时,本文系统讨论了既往研究的局限性,并对未来研究提出了一系列切实可行的建议,如借助电场模拟技术实现个性化刺激以克服不同个体头部解剖结构差异的影响、应用多位点刺激和深部脑刺激技术来拓展刺激脑区、搭建经颅电刺激技术同步神经影像平台以制定个体特异性的刺激方案并深入揭示其镇痛机制、探索与其他治疗技术的联合应用以提高疗效等。这些建议的实施将有助于解决当前研究中存在的问题,充分发挥经颅电刺激在疼痛治疗中的临床价值,最终实现患者疼痛的缓解。     

A classification of compounds in American Sign Language: an evaluation of the Bisetto and Scalise framework

Cross-linguistic comparisons of compounds are difficult because of the varied criteria and terms used by different linguists (Scalise and Bisetto 2009). To address this problem, Scalise and Bisetto proposed a universal three-level classification of compound types. Although several researchers have shown that American Sign Language (ASL) has compound signs, a classification of compound types in ASL has not been completed. All of the potential compounds in an ASL dictionary (Costello 1994) were identified, then verified as compounds with the help of a fluent deaf signer by applying standard tests for composition. These compounds were then classified using the Scalise and Bisetto classification. We found that Scalise and Bisetto??s three-level hierarchical classification successfully captured cross-category relationships among subtypes of compounds but fails to predict the existence of one type of compound attested in ASL. In our revised classification, a?consistent set of criteria is used at each level, resulting in a classification that is both conceptually simpler and empirically more adequate. The second tier category for hierarchical compounds are bifurcated into the categories expressed predicate and unexpressed predicate, according to whether each predicate in a compound??s semantic structure is expressed by one of the overt constituents. The revision has the further advantage of allowing us to avoid any reference to word class/grammatical category in applying our taxonomy, a goal that we show to be desirable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.     

Language Learning and the Politics of Belonging: Sudanese Women Refugees Becoming and Being"American"

In this article, I explore the complicated relationship between ideologies of language and language learning, discourses of immigration and belonging, and the actual lived experiences of individual language learners. The analysis demonstrates how questions of educational access, economic stability, and social membership are all influenced by a range of social, political, and historical factors, particularly for recently arrived immigrants and refugees from war-torn African contexts.     

Combined effects of direct current stimulation and immobilized BMP‐2 for enhancement of osteogenesis

Direct current (DC) stimulation has been used to promote bone repair and osteogenesis, but problems associated with the implanted metal electrodes may limit its application and compromise the therapeutic results. The replacement of the metal electrodes with a biodegradable conductive polymer film can potentially overcome these problems. In our work, polypyrrole/chitosan films comprising polypyrrole nanoparticles dispersed in a chitosan matrix were prepared. The polypyrrole/chitosan film meets the requirements for DC delivery, as indicated by its electrical conductivity, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. The film supports osteoblast growth to the same degree as dentine discs (a bone‐like mineralized substrate), confirming that it is non‐cytotoxic. Our results showed that optimal DC stimulation was achieved with 200 µA for 4 h per day, and under this condition, osteoblast metabolic activity on Day 7 increased by 1.8‐fold over that without DC stimulation. To further improve osteogenesis on the polypyrrole/chitosan film, bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) was covalently immobilized on the film surface. Osteoblasts cultured on the BMP‐2‐functionalized polypyrrole/chitosan film and subjected to the optimal DC stimulation exhibited a significant increase in cellular metabolic activity (2.3‐fold on Day 7), ALP activity (1.7‐fold on Day 21) and mineralization (twofold on Day 21) over those cultured on polypyrrole/chitosan film without DC stimulation. Osteogenic gene expression results showed that BMP‐2 and DC stimulation by itself enhanced osteoblast differentiation, and a combination of these two factors resulted in synergistic effects on osteoblast differentiation and maturation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1466–1475. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Theta Synchronization of Phonatory and Articulatory Systems in Marmoset Monkey Vocal Production

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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) inhibits neurally evoked smooth muscle activity of rat uterine cervix in vitro

VIP inhibits the spontaneous motor activity (including tone) in isolated preparations of uterine cervix from oophorectomized rats, but has no direct effect on preparations from estrogen-treated animals. Electrical field stimulation of nerves in the tissue evokes a contractile response that is inhibited by VIP in a concentration-dependent manner. The neuronal link probably involves a cholinergic mechanism, since the contraction is blocked by atropine. The results suggest the presence of VIP receptors both in cholinergic nerves and in smooth muscle cells of the rat uterine cervix.     

经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激在调控大脑共情功能中的应用

共情可以帮助人们建立和谐的人际关系，更好地适应现实社会，是一种重要的社会认知功能。已有研究表明，诸多神经和精神类疾病的发生发展和复发与共情缺陷有关。非侵入性脑刺激技术（经颅磁刺激和经颅直流电刺激）可以通过调节大脑皮层兴奋性来调控个体的共情水平，缓解共情缺陷症状。针对健康群体使用该技术的现有证据显示：内侧前额叶、初级运动皮层、额下回、背外侧前额叶和颞顶交界处的活动有助于提升个体的认知共情水平，其中双侧背外侧前额叶的活动还有助于下调个体的情感共情水平，而右侧颞顶交界处的活动则可以增强自我表征从而支持个体在共情时进行自我和他人的区分。少数针对共情缺陷群体使用该技术的临床证据提示，增强左侧背外侧前额叶和内侧前额叶的活动可以分别提升精神疾病和神经退行性疾病患者的认知共情水平。未来的研究应探讨在统一的行为测量范式下针对不同刺激参数和刺激位点进行共情干预研究，通过融合其他神经生理技术进一步考察非侵入性脑刺激技术改善共情功能的作用机制，并考虑个体差异性对大脑共情功能干预效果的影响。     

Coordinately regulated expression of FAT/CD36 and FACS1 in rat skeletal muscle

Protein-mediated fatty acid uptake and intracellular fatty acid activation are key steps in fatty acid metabolism in muscle.We have examined (a) the abundance of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) mRNA (a fatty acid transporter) and long-chain acyl CoA synthetase (FACS1) mRNA in metabolically heterogeneous muscles (soleus (SOL), red (RG) and white gastrocnemius (WG)), and (b) whether FAT/CD36 and FACS1 mRNAs were coordinately upregulated in red (RTA) and white tibialis muscles (WTA) that had been chronically stimulated for varying periods of time (0.25, 1, 6 and 24 h/day) for 7 days. FAT/CD36 mRNA and FACS1 mRNA abundance were scaled with (a) the oxidative capacity of muscle (SOL > RG > WG) (p < 0.05), (b) the rates of fatty acid oxidation in red and white muscles, and (c) fatty acid uptake by sarcolemmal vesicles, derived from red and white muscles. In chronically stimulated muscles (RTA and WTA), FAT/CD36 mRNA and FACS1 mRNA were up-regulated in relation to the quantity of muscle contractile activity (p < 0.05). FAT/CD36 mRNA and FACS1 mRNA up-regulation was highly correlated (r = 0.98). The coordinated expression of FAT/CD36 and FACS is likely a functional adaptive response to facilitate a greater rate of fatty acid activation in response to a greater rate of fatty acid transport, either among different types of muscles or in muscles in which capacity for fatty acid metabolism has been enhanced.     

膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激改善前列腺癌根治术后患者控尿功能和生活质量的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激改善前列腺癌根治术（RP）后患者控尿功能和生活质量的临床疗效。方法：本研究为前瞻性研究,选取2019年5月~2022年6月期间暨南大学附属第一医院收治的RP术后患者90例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各为45例。在常规干预的基础上,对照组接受膀胱训练,研究组接受膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激干预。观察两组临床疗效、尿失禁程度、尿动力学指标和生活质量。结果：研究组的临床总有效率（95.56%）高于对照组（77.78%）,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组漏尿次数、对日常生活的影响程度、漏尿量、尿失禁问卷表简表（ICI-Q-SF）总分均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组最大尿流率（Qmax）、最大膀胱容量（MCC）、最大尿道闭合压（MUCP）和腹压漏尿点压（VLPP）均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组尿失禁生活质量问卷（I-QOL）评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激可有效改善RP术后患者控尿功能,提高临床治疗效果,并有助于生活质量的提升。     

Combined effect of electrical stimulation and cisplatin in HeLa cell death

The combined effect of electrical stimulation and cisplatin administration on HeLa cells was investigated. The combination of electric potentials (-0.5 V to 0.5 V) with 10-Hz frequency and 1000 ng/mL cisplatin decreased cancer cell viability by 32% and was more effective than either treatment given alone. Combined treatment with cisplatin and electrical stimulation also increased the number of apoptotic cells. It is shown that the efficacy of cisplatin was enhanced in electrically stimulated HeLa cells, and the addition of electrical stimulation amplified the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin in cervical cancer cells.     

Differences of the electrical and nicotinic receptor stimulation-evoked liberation of norepinephrine from chicken sympathetic neurons in culture: Possible involvement of different pools of the transmitter

We studied the release of [³H]norepinephrine from chicken sympathetic neurons in culture evoked by nicotinic and electrical stimulation with an intention to establish functional identity or nonidentity of the two stimuli in investigations of neurotransmitter release. Nicotinic stimulation evoked extracellular calcium dependent release of [³H]norepinephrine and the rise of intracellular calcium concentration. The release was completely blocked by nicotinic antagonists hexamethonium (100 mol/l) and mecamylamine (10 mol/l), and decreased by tetrodotoxin (0.3 mol/l) and -conotoxin (0.1 mol/l) to 17% and 27%, resp. The intracellular calcium response was decreased by nicotinic antagonists and tetrodotoxin, but not changed by -conotoxin. The electrical stimulation-evoked release was blocked by both tetrodotoxin and -conotoxin, and decreased by previous electrical, but not nicotinic, stimulation. The differential sensitivity to -conotoxin and tetrodotoxin, and the inability of nicotinic stimulation to decrease the liberation by following electrical stimulation may suggest the mobilization of different pools of the transmitter.     

Cortical bone remodeling rates in a sample of African American and European American descent groups from the American Midwest: comparisons of age and sex in ribs

This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age-associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals the existence of complex age-associated patterns for differences in measures of intracortical remodeling and cortical area. Females from the two samples express similar bone dimensions and dynamics. The African American females appear to lose more bone than their male counterparts, but this difference is absent in the European American sample. When age-associated patterns are considered, it is in the younger cohorts that African Americans exhibit greater relative cortical area than European Americans, but this is reversed in the older ages, when the latter group manifests greater bone mass. The European American males consistently differ in the slopes and intercepts for the variables compared to the other groups, and differences are highly significant with African American females, with the former group maintaining bone mass while the latter exhibit a more rapid bone loss. Achieving larger relative cortical area due to smaller endosteal area, coupled with better bone quality due to lower intracortical porosity early in life, may be a mechanism by which African Americans, especially females, maintain adequate bone mass in older ages, which buffers them from bone loss and related fragility fractures despite higher rates of intracortical remodeling and endosteal expansion later in life. These results suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the differences in bone remodeling and bone mass observed between these samples.     

The effects of transcranial laser photobiomodulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of post-stroke dysfunctions

Post-stroke sequelae includes loss functions, such as cognitive and sensory-motor which lead to emotional and social problems, reducing quality of life and well-being. The main aim of our study was to investigate the effects of transcranial laser photobiomodulation together with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in post-stroke patients. We performed a clinical trial and an ex vivo study. For the clinical trial, hemiplegic patients were separated into two groups: Treated Group (TG): Hemiplegics treated with transcranial laser (on) associated with NMES (on) and; Placebo Group (PG): Hemiplegics treated with placebo transcranial laser (off) associated with NMES (on). The cluster prototype includes 12 diode laser beams (4 × 660 nm, 4 × 808 nm and 4 × 980 nm) with average power of 720 mW per cluster applied during one minute, leading to 43.2 J energy per cluster. Fifteen regions for all head were irradiated by cluster, leading to 648 J energy per session. The parameters of NMES of the paretic limbs to generate extension wrist and ankle dorsiflexion were symmetrical biphasic rectangular waveforms, 50 Hz frequency, 250 μs pulse duration, and adjustable intensity to maintain the maximum range of motion (amplitude between 0 and 150 mA). Our clinical trial showed improvement of cognitive function, pain relief, greater manual dexterity, enhancement of physical and social–emotional health which lead to better quality of life and well-being. There was also increased temperature in the treated regions with laser and NMES. For the ex vivo study, the distribution of infrared and red radiation after penetration through the cranium and hemihead of cadavers were showed. Therefore, transcranial laser photobiomodulation associated with NMES can be an important therapeutic resource for rehabilitation after stroke.     

Influence of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation conditions on disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition and presynaptic inhibition in healthy adults

This study investigated the influence of stimulus conditions of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition (RI) and presynaptic inhibition (D1 inhibition) in healthy adults. Eight healthy participants received TENS (stimulus frequencies of 50, 100, and 200?Hz) over the deep peroneal nerve and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in the resting condition for 30?min. At pre- and post-intervention, the RI from the TA to the soleus (SOL) and D1 inhibition of the SOL alpha motor neuron were assessed by evoked electromyography. The results showed that RI was not changed by TENS at any stimulus frequency condition. Conversely, D1 inhibition was significantly changed by TENS regardless of the stimulus frequency. The present results and previous studies pertaining to RI suggest that the resting condition might strongly influence the lack of pre- vs. post-intervention change in the RI. Regarding the D1 inhibition, the present results suggest that the effect of TENS might be caused by post-tetanic potentiation. The knowledge gained from the present study might contribute to a better understanding of fundamental studies of TENS in healthy adults and its clinical application for stroke survivors.