Visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice

Based on the procedure of Prusky et al. (2000, Vision Research, 40, 2201-2209), we used a computer-based, two-alternative swim task to evaluate visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice from priority groups A and B of the JAX phenome project (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CAST/Ei, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei, SJL/J, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Each mouse was tested for eight trials/day for 8 days on each of the three tests. There was a significant strain difference in visual ability in all three tests. Mice with reported normal vision (129S1/SvImJ, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) and one albino strain (AKR/J) performed very well in these tasks. The other albino strains (A/J, BALB/cByJ and BALB/cJ) took longer to learn the tasks than mice with normal vision and did not reach the criterion of 70% correct. Mice with retinal degeneration (C3H/HeJ, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei and SJL/J) performed only at chance levels as did the three strains with unknown visual abilities (CAST/Ei, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Because many behavioral tasks for rodents rely on visual cues, we suggest that the visual abilities of mice should be evaluated before they are tested in commonly used visuo-spatial learning and memory tasks.     

Visual attention and stability

In the present review, we address the relationship between attention and visual stability. Even though with each eye, head and body movement the retinal image changes dramatically, we perceive the world as stable and are able to perform visually guided actions. However, visual stability is not as complete as introspection would lead us to believe. We attend to only a few items at a time and stability is maintained only for those items. There appear to be two distinct mechanisms underlying visual stability. The first is a passive mechanism: the visual system assumes the world to be stable, unless there is a clear discrepancy between the pre- and post-saccadic image of the region surrounding the saccade target. This is related to the pre-saccadic shift of attention, which allows for an accurate preview of the saccade target. The second is an active mechanism: information about attended objects is remapped within retinotopic maps to compensate for eye movements. The locus of attention itself, which is also characterized by localized retinotopic activity, is remapped as well. We conclude that visual attention is crucial in our perception of a stable world.     

Visual arts education provisions for primary schools in Turkey

This article examines the history of art education in Turkey. Since the beginning, the purposes of the arts and art education have been a point of discussion by various authorities. Whether art education should be taught, and how it needs to be taught, have been at the forefront of educationalists' minds. As a result, introducing certain models of art education has been a challenge. The objective of this article is to present the changes in art education since the 19th century in Turkey. The main focus is on art education practices and policies and an overview of key events in Turkey's history of art education. The article also presents issues related to the importance of visual arts education in Turkish primary school settings. In so doing, this research aims to show readers how past developments helped to create the current visual art education policy in Turkey.     

视觉皮层下通路与拓扑知觉

研究表明，视觉通路除了经典的视觉皮层通路外，还有一条“古老的”、快速的皮层下通路负责在有意识和无意识状态下快速处理与情绪相关的信息。皮层下视觉通路由上丘、枕核和杏仁核组成，而且不经过初级视觉皮层。我们前期研究表明，初级视觉皮层与拓扑知觉信息加工没有关系，而皮层下视觉通路负责处理视觉拓扑信息。基于这些发现，我们认为，在早期视觉中，大脑检测涉及生命攸关的信号，这些信号告诉大脑：环境中有物体出现或消失，使大脑进入警戒状态，这对物种的生存至关重要。因此，在早期视觉中，需要检测的要素只是物体的“出现”和“消失”，而不是“纹理”、“形状”等。“出现”和“消失”都是拓扑特征的变化。拓扑感知和皮层下视觉通路的存在可能是早期预警的神经基础。在灵长类动物中，视网膜外周区域主要由视杆细胞构成，该区域接收的视觉信息主要通过皮层下视觉通路进行处理；视网膜中心区域（即中央凹）主要由视锥细胞构成，视觉空间分辨率变得非常高，该区域视觉信息处理主要是由视觉皮层负责。研究表明，由视杆细胞构成的视网膜是个“古老”结构，在1亿多年前就出现了；而视锥细胞构成的视网膜类型较为“年轻”，在5 000万年前才出现。所以，我们的视网膜从“古老”结构演化到“年轻”结构至少用了5 000万年的时间，它是由一个古老结构和一个年轻结构共同组成的“嵌合体”。当我们讨论皮层下通路存在的意义时，我们也应该结合皮层通路的功能来统一考虑。     

Visual Aid Reviews

Books Practice in Human Biology — Questions for AS and A-level Jane Vellacott and Sarah Side, 2001. Hodder &; Stoughton, 202pp. £9.99. ISBN 0 340 78958 1 Reviewed by Pauline Lowrie

Books Microbiology and Biotechnology Pauline Lowrie and Susan Wells, 2000. Cambridge University Press, 108pp. £7.95. ISBN 0 52178723 8 Reviewed by Julia Milligan

Books Microbiology: an introduction Gerard J Tortora, Berdell R Funke, and Christine L Case, 2000. Pearson Education, 902pp. £33.00. ISBN 0 8053 7554 6 Reviewed by Steve Hall

Books Encyclopedia of Genetics Eric C R Reeve (Ed.), 2001. Fitzroy Dearborn, 952pp. £105.00. ISBN 1 884964 34 6 Reviewed by Michael Reiss

Books Coral Fish Linda Pitkin, 2001. The Natural History Museum, 112pp. £9.95. ISBN 0 565 09152 2 Reviewed by Julia Glanville

Books Liasons of Life Tom Wakeford, 2001. John Wiley &; Sons Ltd, 212pp. £17.95. ISBN 0 471 39972 8 Reviewed by Roger Delpech     

正常人眼的多焦视诱发电位特征

研究31只正常眼视野中央8.6度的多焦（多刺激野）视诱发电位(multifocal visual evoked potential, MVEP)在视野各部位的特征.观察到平均反应密度随离心度增加而减少,并且在下半视野比在上半视野相应部位高;在上半视野,MVEP波形的极性反转发生率较高.MVEP在视野中的改变反映了视网膜和大脑视皮层解剖特征及其拓扑投射关系.     

Visual stability

Our vision remains stable even though the movements of our eyes, head and bodies create a motion pattern on the retina. One of the most important, yet basic, feats of the visual system is to correctly determine whether this retinal motion is owing to real movement in the world or rather our own self-movement. This problem has occupied many great thinkers, such as Descartes and Helmholtz, at least since the time of Alhazen. This theme issue brings together leading researchers from animal neurophysiology, clinical neurology, psychophysics and cognitive neuroscience to summarize the state of the art in the study of visual stability. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the limits of visual stability in humans and in identifying many of the brain circuits involved in maintaining a stable percept of the world. Clinical studies and new experimental methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, now make it possible to test the causal role of different brain regions in creating visual stability and also allow us to measure the consequences when the mechanisms of visual stability break down.     

Visual response of the tomato fruit fly, Neoceratitis cyanescens, to colored fruit models

To determine how mature females of the tomato fruit fly, Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), detect host fruit after arriving in their host plant habitat, behavioral responses to colored models were observed in a laboratory flight chamber. Host‐seeking females oriented themselves preferentially towards bright orange spheres (3.7 cm in diameter), irrespective of their natal host fruit: tomato, bug weed, or black nightshade. Females oriented themselves preferentially towards the orange sphere when placed against a fluorescent yellow background as opposed to a black background, but the distribution of responses to the set of colored spheres did not vary significantly with background color. In a choice situation between bright orange spheres of various sizes (1.9, 3.7, and 7.5 cm in diameter), females landed preferentially on the bigger sphere. However, they preferred a yellow color when the latter was associated with two‐dimensional models, probably mimicking leaves. The attractiveness of orange spheres depended more on the proportion of reflected light in the spectral region around 610 nm than brightness of color in itself. Low light intensity significantly influenced the activity of the flies but not their visual preference. The strong response of females to bright orange spheres confirmed the importance of visual characteristics in short‐range mechanisms of host‐plant location in specialist insects. Responses to fruit visual stimuli are discussed relative to other Tephritidae, host‐finding strategy, and pest management.     

视觉注意与神经振荡

人脑每时每刻都要接收大量视觉信息，由于人脑加工信息的能力有限，所以在较大视野内将注意分配给相关信息，同时抑制引起注意分散的不相关信息，对执行目标导向的行为至关重要。这种对视觉信息的选择性和主动性加工以适应当前目标的过程被称作视觉注意（visual attention），且视觉注意可分为自上而下的注意与自下而上的注意两种不同功能。由于来自大脑电信号的神经振荡活动在认知加工中发挥重要作用，已有研究综述了视觉注意与神经振荡（neural oscillation）的密切关系，但并未涉及不同的注意功能与神经振荡的关系。本文系统性调查了不同注意功能与神经振荡的关系，发现额-顶区域的theta频带振荡活动反映了自上而下的认知控制，而后部脑区的theta振荡与自下而上的注意相关。顶-枕区域alpha振荡的偏侧化有助于注意分配，而alpha频带的大规模同步促成了注意对视皮层自上而下的影响。Beta振荡介导了自上而下的信息与自下而上的信息之间的互动，作为信息载体促进了视觉信息处理。Gamma振荡则可能与自上而下和自下而上的注意间整合相关。本文就视觉注意功能与神经振荡关系的研究现状展开综述，旨在揭示不同的神经振荡活动在特定的视觉注意功能中的作用。     

Visual cortex encodes timing information in humans and mice

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Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome – in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.     

不同视觉经验中zif268基因的表达模式

zif268基因编码一转录因子ZIF268. 在发育的视皮层中,zif268基因的表达模式受发育的调节. 在具有正常视觉经验的视皮层中,zif268基因有较高水平的表达. 视觉废置后,视皮层内该基因的表达水平显著降低. 通过视觉刺激可显著增强该基因的表达. 有关zif268基因表达模式的研究对于阐明该基因在哺乳动物视觉系统中的生理功能起到借鉴的作用.     

金黄仓鼠视觉中枢的甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元

用免疫细胞化学方法研究了甘氨酸在金黄仓鼠视觉中枢的分布特征, 并应用统计学方法进行了定量分析.结果表明：在视皮层中, 除了Ⅰ层以外, 甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元分布在其他各层内, 其平均密度为1 046/mm²,占视皮层细胞总数的23.9％.上丘浅灰层及视觉层甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元平均密度为750/mm²,占该层细胞总数的19.5％.外膝体中甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元密度较低.甘氨酸免疫阳性神经元包括不同类型的细胞.