林木花发育的基因调控

花发育是林木生长发育过程中的重要阶段。林木的花发育分为开花诱导、花的发端和花器官发育3个阶段, 是由多种基因参与的十分复杂的调控过程。本文对林木在花发育过程中的基因调控进行了综述, 并对林木花发育领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

林木花发育的基因调控

花发育是林木生长发育过程中的重要阶段。林木的花发育分为开花诱导、花的发端和花器官发育3个阶段,是由多种基因参与的十分复杂的调控过程。本文对林木在花发育过程中的基因调控进行了综述,并对林木花发育领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

被子植物系统学中花发育研究的进展及对今后研究的思考

从花发育研究的方法、花发育与被子植物花部结构的多样性、花发育与被子植物的系统发育以及 花发育的分子遗传学等四个方面对近年来被子植物系统学中花发育研究的主要进展作一综述,例举了 一些重要结果。同时,对该领域今后研究的方向和应注意的一些问题作了简要评论。作者认为植物的 形态结构可以看作是一个时空过程,在系统学研究中对花部性状的分析和认识应该树立动态的观点。 今后应该从动态的角度开展被子植物花的发生和发育以及性状在不同类群间的比较等方面的广泛研究,并加强对在被子植物花的起源和演化中起重要作用的花部同源异型现象的发育过程的观察。     

高等植物开花研究现状简述

本文阐述了高等植物开花（包括光周期和春化作用,花序分生组织形成和花发端,以及花器官发生和发育）研究的一些进展,着重介绍了花发育过程中的基因调控方面的研究成果     

被子植物花器官发育的模型演变和分子调控

基于模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus)花器官突变体研究提出的四聚体模型揭示了花同源异型蛋白的相互作用方式;进一步提出的核小体拟态模型,解释了花同源蛋白四聚体调控目标靶基因的分子机理。被子植物花器官形态多样化与MADS-box基因的表达模式和功能分化密切相关。多年生被子植物花发育的高通量转录组分析表明,多种基因参与调控花器官发育过程。本文重点综述了被子植物花器官发育的模型演变、MADS-box基因结构和基因重复、miRNA调控以及相关转录组分析的最新研究成果,并对花器官发育的研究前景进行了展望。     

拟南芥花模式建成多阶段遗传机制

花是被子植物的繁殖器官,探究花模式建成对植物进化、形态发育和作物育种等领域的研究均具有十分重要的科学意义。本文所用数据来源于拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)信息资源数据库,包括79个样本的261个基因芯片数据;采用支持向量机算法构建了拟南芥花发育三阶段的蛋白质相互作用网络;利用功能富集分析、网络拓扑结构分析和聚类分析,挖掘出一批与拟南芥花形态发育和花器官形成相关的潜在重要功能基因;基于完善花发育经典的ABCD理论模式,初步阐释了拟南芥花发育的多阶段网络遗传机制。     

植物花发育的分子机理研究进展

花的发育分为开花决定、花的发端和花器官的发育三个阶段。植物开花由多条途径诱导,包括光周期和光质诱导、春化作用、自主途径、赤霉素诱导、碳水化合物诱导等;植物体本身也存在着开花抑制途径。各种开花诱导途径能激活花分生组织特性基因,使茎端分生组织转变为花分生组织。花器官的发育由器官特性基因决定,这些基因的精确表达需要花分生组织特性基因的激活和多个正、负调节因子的调控;另有一类基因控制着花发育的对称性。花发育机理的研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的应用前景。     

植物花发育的分子机理研究进展

花的发育分为开花决定、花的发端和花器官的发育三个阶段。植物开花由多条途径诱导,包括光周期和光质诱导、春化作用、自主途径、赤霉素诱导、碳水化合物诱导等;植物体本身也存在着开花抑制途径。各种开花诱导途径能激活花分生组织特性基因,使茎端分生组织转变为花分生组织。花器官的发育由器官特性基因决定,这些基因的精确表达需要花分生组织特性基因的激活和多个正、负调节因子的调控;另有一类基因控制着花发育的对称性。花发育机理的研究具有重要的理论意义和广泛的应用前景。     

离体植物花芽和花器官的发育研究进展

在近二十几年,尤其是近十年由于离体培养技术的完善和进一步向精确的层次的发展,已使得许多种植物花序、花芽和单独花器官以及部分的花器官在体外成功地进行了培养和尝试,并且对花芽及花器官的离体发育有了更深入的认识。不同植物的花发育需要不同的植物生长调节剂以及它们的不同配比,并且不同植物在其花发育所需要的营养因子也存在着相当大的差异性。这种差异性又随植物器官及花发育的不同阶段而受到加大或缩小。通过对正常花及突变体花进行的离体培养实验研究已经对一些花器官发生过程中的调节程序有了新的了解。利用离体培养技术,包括刚发展起来的薄层细胞培养技术在阐明花发育的机理、形态建成的分子机制以及成花梯度的物质基础等问题上具有广阔的潜力。     

利用抑制性差减杂交技术筛选草原龙胆花器官发育特性基因

目的:探讨草原龙胆花发育的分子机制,为进一步阐述花器官同源异型、属于MADS-box基因家族的一系列基因在调节开花植物花瓣和雄蕊的发育中的作用奠定基础。方法:以草原龙胆不同发育时期的花器官(萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊)原基的cDNA作为试验方(tester),以茎叶组织的cDNA作为驱动方(driver),利用抑制性消减杂交技术构建了一个富集花器官发育特性基因的抑制性差减cDNA文库。对抑制性差减cDNA文库进行筛选、测序及Blast同源性比较。结果:获得了与花器官发育相关的特异性基因。结论:构建了抑制性差减cDNA文库,为克隆草原龙胆花器官发育特异性基因全长序列奠定了基础。     

高等植物成花分子机理研究现状及展望

以拟南芥、金鱼草为例,介绍了近几年植物成花（包括成花诱导、花序分生组织的组成、花发端、花器官发生及发育）研究的一些进展,着重介绍了成花过程中基因的表达,调控与生理功能。     

Arranging the bouquet of disease: floral traits and the transmission of plant and animal pathogens

Several floral microbes are known to be pathogenic to plants or floral visitors such as pollinators. Despite the ecological and economic importance of pathogens deposited in flowers, we often lack a basic understanding of how floral traits influence disease transmission. Here, we provide the first systematic review regarding how floral traits attract vectors (for plant pathogens) or hosts (for animal pathogens), mediate disease establishment and evolve under complex interactions with plant mutualists that can be vectors for microbial antagonists. Attraction of floral visitors is influenced by numerous phenological, morphological and chemical traits, and several plant pathogens manipulate floral traits to attract vectors. There is rapidly growing interest in how floral secondary compounds and antimicrobial enzymes influence disease establishment in plant hosts. Similarly, new research suggests that consumption of floral secondary compounds can reduce pathogen loads in animal pollinators. Given recent concerns about pollinator declines caused in part by pathogens, the role of floral traits in mediating pathogen transmission is a key area for further research. We conclude by discussing important implications of floral transmission of pathogens for agriculture, conservation and human health, suggesting promising avenues for future research in both basic and applied biology.     

C类花器官特征基因AGAMOUS(AG)调控植物花分生组织维持与终止研究进展

花分生组织的维持与终止在植物花器官发生和世代交替起着至关重要的作用。成功的花分生组织决定能够确保植物正常的生殖发育和生命周期进程。诸多研究表明AGAMOUS(AG)基因作为花器官分化和开花决定的主效调节因子,能够协调花发育过程中多种细胞命运决定。然而,关于AG参与调控植物世代交替及花分生组织维持与终止的分子调控机制尚不清晰。综述了近年来AG基因参与调控植物花分生组织维持与终止的研究进展及现状,以期为深入研究植物花器官分化过程中干细胞的维持和终止,以及干细胞活动与其他发育过程之间的分子调控过程提供参考。     

花器官大小调控机制的研究进展

自然界中植物花的大小受到遗传因素和环境因素的双重调节。传粉者、天敌和逆境胁迫等多种因素相互制约,作为选择压力共同影响花器官形态和繁殖能力,通过选择适合的基因型,推动花器官大小的进化。近年来,对花器官大小调控机制的研究又有新的进展,已在模式植物拟南芥中分离出大量参与花器官大小调控的基因,并证实它们主要在细胞水平影响花器官的增殖和生长。本文介绍花器官大小的进化及其生物学意义,并综述了拟南芥花器官大小调控机制的研究进展。     

Genetic aspects of floral fragrance in plants

It is generally assumed that compounds are emitted from flowers in order to attract and guide pollinators. Due to the invisibility and the highly variable nature of floral scent, no efficient and reliable methods to screen for genetic variation have been developed. Moreover, no convenient plant model systems are available for flower scent studies. In the past decade, several floral fragrance-related genes have been cloned; the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of floral volatiles have been studied with the development of biotechnology. This review summarizes the reported floral fragrance-related genes and the biosynthesis of floral scent compounds, introduces the origin of new modification enzymes for flower scent, compares different methods for floral fragrance-related gene cloning, and discusses the metabolic engineering of floral scent. Finally, the perspectives and prospects of research on floral fragrance are presented. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 437–446.     

Progress in Studies on Floral Development of Angiosperms and Some Consideration on Future Studies

With the advent of new methods and techniques, floral development has been ex tensively studied in many groups of angiosperms recently. These studies have resulted in notable progress and greatly increased our knowledge about the diversity of floral structure and developmental patterns as well as phylogenetic relationship of angiosperms. This field is be coming an active and exciting one in systematics of flowering plants. The present paper re viewed this progress from four aspects: (1) the methods of studies on floral development; (2) floral development and the diversity of floral structure; (3) floral development and phylogeny of angiosperms; (4) molecular genetics of floral development. In addition, several future directions and some problems needing attention in this field are discussed: (1) extensive studies on floral developmental studies of extensive species of angiosperms and comparison of floral structures among them; (2) research of floral development of homeotic flowers as well as their systematic and evolutionary value; (3) floral structure should be studied from the viewpoint of dynamics, because the structure of plants can be seen as a spatio-temporal pro- cess, and the use of structural categories in systematics may distort the natural dynamics.     

The floral genome: an evolutionary history of gene duplication and shifting patterns of gene expression

Through multifaceted genome-scale research involving phylogenomics, targeted gene surveys, and gene expression analyses in diverse basal lineages of angiosperms, our studies provide insights into the most recent common ancestor of all extant flowering plants. MADS-box gene duplications have played an important role in the origin and diversification of angiosperms. Furthermore, early angiosperms possessed a diverse tool kit of floral genes and exhibited developmental 'flexibility', with broader patterns of expression of key floral organ identity genes than are found in eudicots. In particular, homologs of B-function MADS-box genes are more broadly expressed across the floral meristem in basal lineages. These results prompted formulation of the 'fading borders' model, which states that the gradual transitions in floral organ morphology observed in some basal angiosperms (e.g. Amborella) result from a gradient in the level of expression of floral organ identity genes across the developing floral meristem.