茅尾海红树林表层沉积物重金属含量分布特征及评价

对2012 年11 月采集到的茅尾海红树林自然保护区沉积物的20 个样点进行了重金属含量及分布特征分析, 并利用地累积指数法和Hakanson 潜在生态危害指数法对该区域重金属污染进行评价。研究结果显示: 红树林表层沉积物重金属含量为: Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>As>Ni>Cd>Hg, 各重金属含量分别为59.85±14.40 mg⋅kg–1(Zn)、30.02±5.79 mg⋅kg–1(Cr)、24.81±19.19 mg⋅kg–1(Cu)、18.31±3.85 mg⋅kg–1(Pb)、11.56±4.28 mg⋅kg–1(As)、9.24±3.77 mg⋅kg–1(Ni)、0.34±0.26 mg⋅kg–1(Cd)、99.85±37.25 μg⋅kg–1(Hg)。Hakanson 潜在生态风险评价表明茅尾海红树林表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害程度为中等, 而且, 地累积指数法评价结果表明截止目前该红树林未受到Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb 金属元素的污染。     

湛江高桥红树林湿地有机碳分布及埋藏特征

红树林是世界上单位生产力最高的生态系统之一,其能够持续地固定有机碳,对全球碳平衡和生物地球化学循环有着深远影响。以广东湛江国家级红树林自然保护区高桥核心区为研究区,旨在分析我国典型红树林湿地的固碳潜力,为红树林湿地碳计量提供依据。在垂直于海岸线的两条样线上选取6个不同潮位的样点进行沉积柱取样分析,通过重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定有机碳含量,基于放射性同位素~(210)Pb定年推演沉积率,并对湿地有机碳密度和埋藏率进行计算。结果表明:研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量2.14—36.94 g/kg,平均(12.79±9.91)g/kg。红树林湿地有机碳密度为(0.0100±0.0056)g/cm3,空间上差异显著显著,水平方向上两条样线均以中带样点的有机碳密度最大,近陆侧(内带)样点的有机碳密度高于近海侧(外带);垂直方向上,内带和外带样柱的有机碳密度均以表层最高,而且随深度增加而减小。研究区红树林湿地百年尺度上沉积率为6.5—11mm/a,且外带样点沉积速率显著快于内带样点。有机碳埋藏率空间差异大,外带样点为(34.58±7.67)g m-2a-1,而中带样点可达150.56 g m-2a-1。红树林湿地有机碳的分布受潮位的影响大,更高潮位点和表层的有机碳含量和密度更高,而处于低潮位的外带样点的有机碳沉积更快。研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量和密度比更低纬度带低,但均高于地带性陆地植被,且其能够通过持续的沉积过程来捕捉和固定有机碳,固碳潜力大。     

福建漳江口红树林湿地沉积物中四种重金属的空间分布特征

对漳江口红树林湿地沉积物中4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Ni、Fe)含量空间分布的研究表明,漳江口红树林湿地沉积物中Pb、Fe含量较高,Cd、Ni含量相对较低;林内沉积物的Pb、Cd含量显著高于林外沉积物;在垂岸方向上,表层沉积物中除Ni外其它三种元素含量均表现出从林外到林内增加的趋势;在垂直梯度上,四种元素含量均随着沉积物深度增加而逐渐降低。     

红树林恢复对潮滩表层沉积物氮素的影响

研究了不同树种的红树林恢复对潮滩表层沉积物氮素的影响。结果表明,红树林恢复提高了潮滩表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量。以光滩为对照,外来树种和乡土树种的恢复使表层沉积物中的可交换态无机态N(IEF-N)分别朝着相反的方向发展:外来树种——无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)和海桑(S. caseolaris)提高了IEF-N的含量,而乡土树种——秋茄(Kandelia candel)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)使IEF-N的含量下降。当与近岸水体发生物质营养交换作用时,乡土树种和外来树种的恢复可能导致营养盐在潮滩沉积物\水界面间的迁移和交换过程中存在不同的潜在环境效应。     

不同红树林湿地水环境——沉积物分布特征及其相关性研究

目的：探讨不同红树林湿地水环境—沉积物分布特征及其相关性,以期为红树林湿地保护和管理提供依据。方法：以三亚铁炉港红树林保护区(编号TLG)、亚龙湾青梅港红树林保护区(编号QMG)、三亚河红树林保护区(编号SYHX、SYHS)和榆林河(编号YLH)4个典型的红树林保护区为研究对象,比较不同红树林湿地水环境—沉积物分布特征及其相关性。结果：沉积物有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)和总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)含量以TLG样地最高,分别为1.75%和0.097%,全P含量以SYHX最高(0.057%),硫化物含量以SYHS最高(36.33 mg·kg^-1)。各样地的表层沉积物中C/N、C/P、N/P存在一定差异。各样地化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)和溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen,DO)含量分别在3.13～10.61 mg·L^-1和1.70～9.56 mg·L^-1,化学需氧量含量属于地表水I～II类,无机磷含量以SYHS最高。TLG以NH     

泉州湾红树林湿地沉积物中汞分布及形态特征

采集了泉州湾红树林湿地表层沉积物样品,测定了沉积物中不同形态汞的含量,研究了汞的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性.泉州湾红树林湿地表层沉积物中总汞含量范围0.03～0.22 mg·kg-1,除14#采样点外,其余各采样点均符合海洋沉积物质量(GB 18668-2002) Ⅰ类标准;沉积物中不同形态汞占总汞的比例为可氧化态(84.0%)＞残渣态(14.0%)＞可还原态(1.8%)＞弱酸溶态(0.2%);沉积物中汞的生物有效性较高,对红树林生态系统存在一定的潜在危害.     

重金属污染对珠江口红树林表层沉积物碳含量的影响

湿地沉积物是红树林生态系统中重要的组成部分,其总有机碳储量的变化对红树林生态系统的固碳能力有着重要影响。现有对红树林湿地重金属的研究多集中于污染评价,鲜有涉及重金属含量对沉积物总有机碳（TOC）含量影响的研究。于2018-2019年期间4次前往珠江口典型红树林湿地,采集了0-30 cm表层土壤沉积物的样品,并测定其重金属含量和TOC含量,以探讨重金属含量变化对TOC的影响。结果表明,与广东地区的背景值相比,研究区沉积物重金属含量超标较为严重,重金属来源应是人类活动;沉积物的重金属含量能够显著影响TOC含量（P<0.01,R²=0.39）,间接对红树林湿地的固碳能力、甚至全球变暖产生一定影响;Cd、As、Zn含量高的沉积物环境有利于TOC的积累,Cu、Cr、Ni、Hg含量低的沉积物环境则不利于TOC的积累。沉积物的重金属对TOC的影响的机制是非常复杂的,它们可以通过影响土壤结构、土壤化学组分、土壤内微生物、上部植被群落的生长以及凋落物归还等一系列过程,导致沉积物TOC和固碳能力的变化。     

海南东寨港红树林沉积物中重金属的分布及其生物有效性

对东寨港红树林湿地沉积物中7种典型重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd 和Pb)的有效态含量和全量进行测定,并讨论了红树林湿地沉积物中重金属元素的分布特征及其生物有效性.结果表明： 7种重金属在东寨港红树林湿地的含量大于亚龙湾和三亚湾的红树林湿地,但与中国南方和世界各地的典型红树林湿地相比仍处于中等偏低水平.东寨港红树林湿地光滩、林缘、林内表层沉积物的重金属含量存在差异;在柱状沉积物中重金属伴随沉积明显,表现出较强的同源性.经EDTA萃取出的有效态金属在表层沉积物中含量依次为Cu＞Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞As＞Pb＞Cd;垂直梯度重金属有效态含量占总量的比例的最大值(除Ni外)均出现在表层或中上层;目标重金属元素有效态和总量在空间分布上具有明显正相关性,元素总量指标能较好地评估该元素的生物有效性     

深圳湾红树林湿地柱状沉积物氮的形态分布

采用逐级分离提取的方法对深圳福田红树林秋茄湿地的柱状沉积物中氮的形态与垂直分布特征进行了研究。结果表明, 秋茄湿地柱状沉积物中总氮含量较高, 平均值达1247.28 (mg·kg^–1); 有机氮平均含量为785.85 (mg·kg^-1), 占比63%强。柱状沉积物中总可转化态氮的平均含量为444.00 (mg·kg^–1), 其中强氧化剂可浸取态氮是可转化态氮的主要赋存形态, 平均占可转化态氮的61%强; 而离子交换态氮和弱酸可浸取态氮的含量较低, 不及总可转化态氮的1%。在空间分布上, 0-60 cm 层多数形态的氮含量随样品深度的增加而缓慢下降; 但60 cm 层之后, 氮含量下降明显。     

湛江高桥红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱

在我国,红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱研究很少。根据2010年1月、4月、7月、10月在湛江高桥红树林湿地获得的大型和小型底栖动物数据,构建了底栖动物生物量粒径谱,以期为湛江高桥红树林湿地的生态保护和持续利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:(1)高桥红树林湿地生物量粒径谱基本为3峰模式。第一峰在-2粒级,主要由线虫构成;第二峰在4—12粒级,主要由寡毛类、多毛类和小个体甲壳类构成;第三峰在13—22粒级,主要由大个体腹足类、双壳类和甲壳类构成。(2)木榄、桐花树和无瓣海桑生境在0—4粒级之间出现一个明显的波谷,这个波谷介于线虫和寡毛类之间,是大型与小型底栖动物粒级交汇区。(3)高桥红树林湿地底栖动物正态化生物量粒径谱的斜率大于-1,截距为16.533—18.150。桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)生境的截距、最小粒级的生物量(BMS)高于木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和盐地鼠尾粟(Sporobolus virginicus)生境,说明桐花树和无瓣海桑生境的底栖动物生产力水平较木榄和盐地鼠尾粟生境的高;秋季的截距、BMS较其他季节高,说明秋季的底栖动物生产力水平较其他季节高。     

湛江高桥红树林和盐沼湿地的大型底栖动物次级生产力

为了比较湛江高桥潮间带不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力,根据2010年4个季度湛江高桥潮间带生境的大型底栖动物数据,运用Brey经验公式计算不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力.结果表明:湛江高桥红树林和盐沼湿地不同生境大型底栖动物平均次级生产力为11.77 g AFDM·m-2·a-1.其中,无瓣海桑生境次级生产力最高,为18.16 g AFDM·m-2·a-1,其次是桐花树、盐地鼠尾粟和木榄生境,分别为17.67、8.34和2.92 g AFDM·m-2·a-1.在4种生境中,木榄生境的年生产力/年均生物量(P/B)最高,为2.38,其次是无瓣海桑、盐地鼠尾粟和桐花树生境,分别为1.23、0.99和0.48.湛江高桥潮间带不同植物生境大型底栖动物次级生产力和P/B值的差异主要与总有机碳含量、食物类型和动物个体大小有关.     

Spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China

The spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in the core region of Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve was studied with two transects vertical to the shoreline. The first transect was near Deyao Village where three faunal zones of the mangrove swamp could be divided into the following types from the high tide part to the low tide part: the Assiminea lutea-Uca arcuata-Paracleistostoma crassipilum zone, the Cleistostoma dilatatum-Macrophthalmus erato-Littoraria melanostoma zone, and the Paracleistostoma depressum-Cerithidae cingulata zone. Mollusck and crustacean exhibited the highest individual density in this transect. Mollusck mainly influenced the dynamics of community biomass as well as the species diversity index. In the second transect near Hongzhai Village, the following four faunal zones could be determined: the Littoraria melanostoma-Pseudoringicula sinensis-Ceratonereis burmensis zone, the Assiminea lutea-Cleistostoma dilatatum zone with a dominant species belonging to the Ellobiidae, Upogebia sp.-Paracleistostoma depressum zone, and the Metaplax sheni-Cerithidae cingulata zone. The crustacean showed the highest individual density in this transect. Similar to the Deyao transect, dynamics of community biomass and the species diversity index of the Hongzhai transect were mainly influenced by mollusck. By hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, the macrobenthic fauna communities could be divided into three and four groups in the Deyao and Hongzhai transects, respectively. These groups corresponded to different types of vegetation of the mangrove swamp. Taken together, our observations indicated that the spatial zonation of the macrobenthic fauna was mainly affected by the characteristics of the mangrove community, sediment characteristics and the tidal line.     

Spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve, Guangdong, China

The spatial zonation of macrobenthic fauna in the core region of Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve was studied with two transects vertical to the shoreline. The first transect was near Deyao Village where three faunal zones of the mangrove swamp could be divided into the following types from the high tide part to the low tide part: the Assiminea lutea-Uca arcuata-Paracleistostoma crassipilum zone, the Cleistostoma dilatatum-Macrophthalmus erato-Littoraria melanostoma zone, and the Paracleistostoma depressum-Cerithidae cingulata zone. Mollusck and crustacean exhibited the highest individual density in this transect. Mollusck mainly influenced the dynamics of community biomass as well as the species diversity index. In the second transect near Hongzhai Village, the following four faunal zones could be determined: the Littoraria melanostoma-Pseudoringicula sinensis-Ceratonereis burmensis zone, the Assiminea lutea-Cleistostoma dilatatum zone with a dominant species belonging to the Ellobiidae, Upogebia sp.-Paracleistostoma depressum zone, and the Metaplax sheni-Cerithidae cingulata zone. The crustacean showed the highest individual density in this transect. Similar to the Deyao transect, dynamics of community biomass and the species diversity index of the Hongzhai transect were mainly influenced by mollusck. By hierarchical clustering and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, the macrobenthic fauna communities could be divided into three and four groups in the Deyao and Hongzhai transects, respectively. These groups corresponded to different types of vegetation of the mangrove swamp. Taken together, our observations indicated that the spatial zonation of the macrobenthic fauna was mainly affected by the characteristics of the mangrove community, sediment characteristics and the tidal line.     

广东湛江红树林保护区大型底栖动物群落的空间分带

用生态样带研究了广东湛江红树林保护区高桥镇核心区大型底栖动物的空间分带。结果表明：德耀村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、悦目大眼蟹、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、黑口滨螺、等齿角沙蚕、弧边招潮和中华伪露齿螺。该剖面大型底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为3个分布带：琵琶拟沼螺-弧边招潮-浓毛拟闭口蟹带;宽身闭口蟹．悦目大眼蟹．黑口滨螺带;扁平拟闭口蟹-珠带拟蟹手螺带。群落生物量的变化主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由软体动物和甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。红寨村红树剖面中出现的大型底栖动物优势种类为琵琶拟沼螺、蝼姑虾、扁平拟闭口蟹、宽身闭口蟹、耳螺科的一种、黑口滨螺、中华伪露齿螺、哈氏仿对虾、弧边招潮和等齿角沙蚕。该剖面大型底栖动物也可分为4个分布带：黑口滨螺-中华伪露齿螺-等齿角沙蚕带;琵琶拟沼螺-宽身闭口蟹-耳螺科的一种带;蝼蛄虾．扁平拟闭口蟹带;沈氏长方蟹-珠带拟蟹守螺带。群落生物量的变化也主要由软体动物所主导,栖息密度的变化主要由甲壳动物所主导,多样性指数变化主要由软体动物所主导。底栖动物群落的等级聚类和非参数多变量标序显示,大型底栖动物分带与红树植物群落类型相一致。大型底栖动物分带受红树植物群落类型影响的主要原因是不同红树植物群落间的群落特征、沉积物性质和所处潮位线存在差异。     

Temporal fluctuations in grain size,organic materials and iron concentrations in intertidal surface sediment of San Francisco Bay

The physical and chemical characteristics of the oxidized surface sediment in an estuary fluctuate temporally in response to physical forces and apparently-fluctuating inputs. These characteristics, which include grain size and concentrations of organic materials and iron, will influence both trace-metal geochemistry and bioavailability. Temporal trends in the abundance of fine particles, total organic carbon content (TOC), absorbance of extractable organic material (EOM), and concentration of extractable iron in the sediment of San Francisco Bay were assessed using data sets containing approximately monthly samples for periods of two to seven years. Changes in wind velocity and runoff result in monthly changes in the abundance of fine particles in the intertidal zone. Fine-grained particles are most abundant in the late fall/early winter when runoff is elevated and wind velocities are low; particles are coarser in the summer when runoff is low and wind velocities are consistently high. Throughout the bay, TOC is linearly related to fine particle abundance (r = 0.61). Temporal variability occurs in this relationship, as particles are poor in TOC relative to percent of fine particles in the early rainy season. Iron-poor particles also appear to enter the estuary during high runoff periods; while iron is enriched on particle surfaces in the summer. Concentrations of extractable iron and absorbance of EOM vary strongly from year to year. Highest absorbances of EOM occurred in the first year following the drought in 1976–77, and in 1982 and 1983 when river discharge was unusually high. Extractable-iron concentrations were also highest in 1976–77, but were very low in 1982 and 1983.     

福建漳江口红树林沉积物重金属汞(Hg)的分布特征

对福建漳江口红树林沉积物中重金属汞(Hg)含量的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明漳江口红树林湿地汞含量为0.0815 mg•kg–1—0.3431 mg•kg–1。在潮间带水平分布上, 从光滩到高潮位汞含量显著上升(P<0.05), 相对光滩, 红树林沉积物更易富集汞, 其中高潮位红树林底泥中汞含量最高。在垂直方向上, 大多数的汞富集在表层及亚表层, 随着深度的加深, 汞含量呈现下降趋势。汞在红树林湿地沉积物中的积累主要与有机碳(TOC), 含水率, 盐度相关。从计算的单一污染指数(Pi)来看, 漳江口地区汞污染等级为Ⅲ级以下, 大多数采样点属于自由污染或轻度污染。就该地区汞污染的时空变化趋势以及和其他红树林区汞污染状况的对比来看, 漳江口地区存在一定程度的汞污染威胁加剧的现象, 值得引起注意。     

汕头红树林湿地沉积物多环芳烃垂直分布特征

采集了汕头国际湿地核心区红树林表层沉积物上层(0～10 cm)和下层(10～20cm)样品,用超声溶剂萃取和GC-MS法分析了沉积物中的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)、有机碳、黑碳和粒径的组成.结果显示,沉积物上、下层均以4环PAHs的含量最高,不同环数PAHs表现为中环数含量较高,低环和高环含量较低;上层∑PAHs含量明显大于下层,同时沉积物上层∑PAHs含量、有机碳和黑碳及粘粒、粉砂的质量分数均高于下层;pH没有变化.相关性分析显示,沉积物上、下层中的有机碳与∑PAHs含量无相关关系,黑碳、PAHs含量和粉砂表现为两两显著相关,表明沉积物中粉砂是影响PAHs在沉积物中行为和归宿的重要因素,而黑碳是形成分层效应的根本影响因素.     

Comparison of grain size correction procedures for organic micropollutants and heavy metals in marine sediments

Four grain size correction procedures were tested for their applicability for comparing concentrations of heavy metals and organic micropollutants (PCBs, PAHs) in sediments. A simple and straightforward procedure proved best: wet sieving of fresh sediment, isolating and analysing the < 63 m grain size fraction and expressing the pollutant concentration as a proportion of the fraction's dry weight. The total analytical errors, expressed as the variation coefficient of the average concentrations, were 3.8–7.6% for heavy metals, 12–24% for PCBs and 5.3–9.9% for PAHs.