值得注意的中国植物(续二)

继续报道了大戟科等10个分类单位:发表了防城巴豆(Crotonhanceivar.tsoiH.S.Kiu)和七星毛桐(Mallotusbarbatusvar.wuiH.S.Kiu)两个新变种;补充了合柱金莲木(Siniarhodoleuca)广东的标本;柳叶钝果寄生(Taxillusdelavayi)广西及贵州的标本;香港巴豆(Crotonhancei)的标本;小黄珠子草(Phyllanthuswilfordii)的标本;茎花守宫木(Sauropusbonii)为海南新记录;山麻杆(Alchorneadavidii)为广东新记录;分布于广东、广西、香港、云南的卵叶石岩枫(Mallotusrepandusvar.scabrifolius)的代表性标本;论述了毛果巴豆(CrotonlachnocarpusBenth.)为中国特有种。     

啮齿类动物中汉坦病毒感染血清学和病原学检测方法比较研究

致病性汉坦病毒的宿主主要为啮齿类动物,其病毒感染状况是人间疫情发生的关键影响因素,可通过检测宿主动物标本中病毒基因组RNA、蛋白抗原及特异性抗体而进行监测。本研究利用367份鼠肺及鼠血标本,对双抗原夹心ELISA(ELISA)、实时荧光RT-PCR(RT-PCR)和免疫荧光(IFA)等三种分别检测抗体、核酸和抗原的方法进行比较评估。ELISA法检出抗体阳性鼠血标本46份,阳性率为12.53%;RT-PCR法检出病毒RNA阳性鼠肺标本28份,阳性率为7.63%;IFA检出抗原阳性鼠肺标本24份,阳性率为6.54%。宿主动物组织标本中检出汉坦病毒RNA和(或)结构蛋白抗原的标本,对应的血液标本中可检出病毒特异性抗体,100%(24/24)IFA检测阳性标本和89.3%(25/28)RT-PCR检测阳性标本对应血标本ELISA抗体检测阳性,反之亦然,检出抗体的标本基本包含了可检出抗原和RNA的标本。RT-PCR与IFA检测结果差异无显著性(χa2=0.64,P0.05),一致性检验Kappa系数为0.71,一致性高(Z=13.66,P0.05),首先对血标本开展基于ELISA的特异性抗体检测,可显著缩小RT-PCR或IFA法检测病毒RNA或抗原的范围(χb2=12.04,χc2=20.05,P0.05)。本研究为宿主动物汉坦病毒感染实验室监测方案优化提供了有益的依据。     

西藏岩蜥卵生繁殖初步报道

正西藏岩蜥(Laudakiapapenfussi)隶属于爬行纲(Reptilia)有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)鬣蜥科(Agamidae)岩蜥属(赵尔宓等1999,Baig et al. 2012)。1998年,赵尔宓仅以1号雄性标本描述了西藏岩蜥新种,没有雌性标本。邹大虎等(2016)丰富了西藏岩蜥的标本,特别是补充了西藏岩蜥雌性标本的空白。目前,     

广西植物标本馆馆藏模式标本现状与分析

模式标本是植物分类和命名的依据和凭证,也是植物资源保护与持续利用的重要基本资料。为提高模式标本的管理水平,促进其充分利用和互惠共享,该文对广西植物标本馆(IBK)馆藏模式标本的种类组成、采集地、采集年代及采集人等方面进行了统计和分析。结果表明:(1)本馆完成信息数字化的模式标本共计4 645号,5 736份,隶属于170科619属2 128种(含种下等级),馆藏模式标本收集的优势科有樟科、苦苣苔科、茜草科、山茶科、兰科、荨麻科、百合科、猕猴桃科、大戟科、柿科和杜鹃花科等,优势属有秋海棠属、蜘蛛抱蛋属、马兜铃属、紫金牛属和冬青属等。(2)模式标本分别采自中国的20个省(区、市)以及其他2个国家,模式标本采集较多的省区有广西(48.19%)、海南(24.14%)和广东(11.63%)。(3)历年模式标本采集高峰期在20世纪30年代和50年代,模式标本命名高峰期在20世纪80年代,与我国植物分类学的兴起,以及开展《中国植物志》编研等有关,模式标本的橱柜时间(标本采集到命名的时间间隔)平均为21年,橱柜时间最长为82年。该文还对模式标本的馆藏现状及数字化工作进行了讨论和展望。     

不同保藏处理的昆虫标本DNA提取及其随机扩增多态DNA反应

实验利用CTAB法对柳二十斑叶甲Chrysomelavigintipunctata (Scopoli)、异色瓢虫HarmoniaaxyridisPollas、七星瓢虫Coc cinellaseptempunctataLinnaeus、小地老虎Agrotisypsilon (Rottemberg)、红蜻CrocothemisserviliaDrury、无齿稻蝗OxyaabentataWil lemse和中华稻蝗Oxyachinensis (Thunberg)等 7种昆虫进行了基因组DNA提取。从自然干燥标本、烘干标本及酒精浸泡标本获得的DNA均可用于RAPD PCR反应 ,且烘干标本、酒精浸泡标本提取效果优于自然干燥标本。这种提取方法简便易行 ,容易掌握 ,且耗资小于其它分子生物学方法。     

我国东北地区发现姬鼩鼱分布

2014年在黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔约740 m)采集到1只鼩鼱(标本编号为CH5)。2015年在内蒙古自治区达赉湖地区(48°37′20″N,117°53′17″E,海拔约720 m)采集2只鼩鼱(标本编号为DE7和DE12)。这些新获标本经鉴定为姬鼩鼱(Sorex minutissimus)。《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的标本(080910,090920)经重新鉴定也为姬鼩鼱。利用mt DNA的Cyt b基因全序列构建系统进化树,结果揭示,小鼩鼱聚为一支,姬鼩鼱聚为另一支,新获标本(CH5、DE7、DE12)和待厘定标本(080910、090920)都聚在姬鼩鼱一支,进一步支持形态学鉴定结果。2015年采集的姬鼩鼱为内蒙古自治区新纪录,而《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus)(标本号:080910,090920)更正为辽宁省姬鼩鼱新纪录。     

东洞庭湖地区野禽驯养繁殖基地的禽流感病毒调查

为了解东洞庭湖地区野禽驯养繁殖基地禽流感病毒感染状况,2011年11月至2013年10月,调查4家野禽驯养繁殖基地的养殖情况,同时采集环境标本(包括新鲜粪便标本和水标本)。利用PCR和病毒分离方法对标本进行检测。部分标本进行了核酸检测,禽流感病毒(AIV)阳性率为36.62%,2012年3月份阳性率最高(47.83%)。粪便标本、水标本的AIV阳性率分别为40.45%、30.19%,二者无统计学差异。共分离到28株AIV病毒,亚型包括H10、H4、H5和N7、N8,集中于11~12月的标本,主要来源于君山区野禽驯养繁殖基地的雁类和野鸭的新鲜粪便标本。野禽驯养基地的环境标本中存在AIV病毒,以A(H10N7)为主,建议对其进行定期监测。     

中国植物采集先行者钟观光的采集考证

基于文献与标本的研究, 本文重新梳理和考证了中国植物采集先行者钟观光先生的采集历史。钟观光是我国第一个进行大规模植物标本采集的学者, 已知其最早的标本采自1912年(采集于北京), 最晚的是1933年(采集于浙江)。目前能够确定的钟观光采集的馆藏标本计10,228份, 其中大部分保存于北京大学生物系植物标本室(PEY, 4,584份)、中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆(PE, 2,966份)和北京师范大学生命科学学院植物标本室(BNU, 2,032份), 共计9,582份, 约占钟观光馆藏标本总数的93.7%。英国皇家植物园邱园植物标本馆、爱丁堡植物园标本馆、美国哈佛大学植物标本馆等亦存有少量钟观光采集的标本(16份)。     

河北省蚱属二新种记述(直翅目,蚱科)

记述采自河北省小五台山地区蚱属2新种,小五台山蚱Tetrix xiaowutaishanensis sp.nov.及假仿蚱Tetrix pseudosimulans sp.nov.。新种的模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所(正模标本)及河北大学博物馆(副模标本)。     

小型植物腊叶标本的制作

将采集来的各类植物标本,经过整理,压制,干燥和消毒后,即可进行制作。 1.制作前的准备 (1)材料白板纸或硬包装盒纸,各色招贴纸或其他色纸,玻璃纸或薄塑纸,标签(书标即可)。 (2)用具竖刀,剪刀,铅笔,胶水等。 2.制作方法 (1)一面观小型标本(镜框式) 视标本大小取两张大小相同的硬纸,一张做台纸(在下面)。一张做盖纸(在上面)。将标本用胶水在台纸上固定好以后,再复盖上一张比台纸略小的玻璃纸。在盖纸上视标本的大小和形状用铅笔碗出图形(以将标本全部显露出为准),然后用剪刀(或竖     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

新疆蝗总科区系研究

新疆现有蝗虫１５７种,它们分别隶属于８科６２属。在１５７种蝗虫中,古北种占绝对优势,有１２０种,其次为特有种,有３５种,广布种甚少,仅２种。在古北种中,中亚种最多,其次为泛古北种,而欧洲西伯利亚种、地中海种和东北种均很少。在８个科中,泛古北种在网翅蝗科中占优势,中亚种在班翅蝗科中占优势,斑腿蝗科在蝗总科中是相当大的一个科,在我国也占有很大优势,但在新疆其属种数量却很少。     

江西木兰科植物的初步整理

通过野外采集及标本的整理鉴定, 确认江西产木兰科植物7 属22 种1 亚种, 其中3 种为江西特有种, 5 种为江西地理新分布。对各分类群进行了分类检索, 记载了其地理分布, 并列出凭证标本。     

云南小孢发属地衣的分类

报道了云南小孢发属地衣１３种,其中中国新记录种６个,它们是：喜马拉雅小孢发,尼泊尔小孢发,光滑小孢发,光亮小孢发,多叉小孢发,波氏小孢发,另外７种的形态及分布也在文中进行了讨论。     

潮汕地区农药植物资源初探

潮汕地区农药植物资源十分丰富。初步调查统计共有 88科 2 39种 ,其中蕨类植物 4种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物2 2 9种 ,这些农药植物均具有杀虫作用。本文对潮汕地区农药植物的研究和合理开发利用提出了若干建议     

Wood, bark and stem anatomy of New World species of Gnetum

Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 11 collections of six species. The wide range of character states for the species is presented in the form of a key to emphasize their potential systematic correlations. Distinctive among these are phcllem characteristics. Fibre-tracheids are newly reported for lianoid Gnetum species. Cells previously thought to be like companion cells in secondary phloem are shown to be uniseriate rays, counterparts to uniseriate xylem rays. Laticifers are abundant in most of the species, and are newly described for secondary tissues of Gnetum. Presence of tyloses in laticifers of two species is apparently a new report for vascular plants. Tori are present in two New World Gnetum species, adding to the report in African species. Perforation plates are simple except near or in primary xylem, where they are simple or foraminate. Torus presence and foraminate perforation plate presence are features more reminiscent of Ephedra and other gymnosperms than of angiosperms. The bark of Gnetum is also very similar to that of Ephedra.     

Zebra stripes and tiger stripes: the spatial frequency distribution of the pattern compared to that of the background is significant in display and crypsis

Some striped animals are camouflaged in their natural environment, whereas others are conspicuous. Mammals are known to have spatial frequency analysers in their visual mechanism, and it is suggested that the spatial characteristics of a striped pattern are different in camouflaged and conspicuous animals. Fourier analysis of the stripes of the zebra shows spatial frequencies in the pattern that are unlikely to be present so strongly in their natural background scene. A similar analysis of the camouflaging stripes of a tiger show that the distribution of spatial frequencies are similar to that in the background scene.     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

Endemism in the Flora of China—Studies on the Endemic Genera

China, under highly varied ecological conditions resulted from wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges and from the adequate precipitation, has developed a very rich flora of great diversity. As far as flowering plants are concerned, there are 2980 genera, 214 of which, belonging to 64 families, are endemic. Among these endemic genera, there are 9 genera of taxads and conifers, 19 genera of monocots and others of dicots. Of the approximately 129 herbaceous endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole, about 22 (17%) are annual and 107 (83%) are biennial or perennial. In the present paper the ecological distribution, the nature of endemic genera and the centers of endemism are discussed. 1. Three types of endemic genera are distinguished, neoendemics, palaeoendemics and active epibiotics, The endemic genera in the flora of China are, for the most part, considered to be very old ones, and most of them are of temperate nature. 2. the degree of endemism in our 22 floristic regions is shown in Figure 1. The areas richest in endemic genera in the Chinese flora as a whole are the 13, 16 and 17 regions. The poorest are the 2, 4, 9 and 10 regions, and no one in the 1 and 3 regions These results on floristic richness are of general applicability. As shown in table 1, the difference in the degree of endemism among the seven Chinese floristic subkingdoms are most pronounced. 101 endemic genera are known to occur in one subkingdom, 72 to occur in two subkingdoms, and 3 to occur in four subkingdoms, only one genus widely distributed in five subkingdoms. However, there is no genus occurring in seven subkingdoms. The difference in the degree of endemism in each subkingdom reveals that the distribution of endemic genera is not well-distributed in the Chinese flora as a whole. Analysis of the vertical distribution of the 200 endemic genera of the Chinese flora bears out that there is no evident increase in endemism as a whole with altitude. 3. Three centers of endemism are found (Fig. 2). These are as follows: a). Eastern Sichuan-western Hubei center. b). Southeastern Yunnan-western Guangxi center. c). Western Sichuan-northwestern Yunnan center. The degree of endemism andcharacters of endemic genera in each center are discussed.