三种药剂及其复配剂对松突圆蚧的毒力测定

本以机油乳油、毒死蜱及喹硫磷对松突圆蚧1龄若虫进行室内毒力测定,结果表明各药剂对松突圆蚧均有一定的毒力,其中喹硫磷的毒力明显大于其它两种药剂的毒力,但喹硫磷与毒死蜱及机油复配没有增效作用,而机油乳油与毒死蜱以13：10混配,增效作用明显,共毒系数达到405．41．     

硅藻土及其混配剂对书虱的防治效果

采用拌粮法 ,用硅藻土单剂、配方 1 (硅藻土 +95 %马拉硫磷EC)、配方 2 (硅藻土 +2 . 5 %溴氰菊酯EC)、配方 3 (硅藻土 +80 %敌敌畏EC)、配方 4(硅藻土 +0 . 4%天惠虫清EC)、配方 5 (硅藻土 +5 %双氧威WP)、配方 6(硅藻土 +5 %抑太保EC)对嗜卷书虱Liposcelisbostrychophila进行防治研究 ,结果表明 :配方 4为优选配方 ,处理 2 4h后 ,3种浓度的致死率均达到 1 0 0 % ;配方 1、配方 2、配方 3、配方 5、配方 6对嗜卷书虱的致死率处理 48h后达到 1 0 0 % ;单用硅藻土处理 96h后达到 1 0 0 % ,各配方处理间差异极显著。     

我国南北农村生活污水处理模式研究

随着农村经济的发展,农村生活污水的排放及污染日益严重。因此,研发适合于农村生活污水特点的水处理技术势在必行。本文对比介绍了四种适合农村生活污水的处理技术,并将各处理技术根据其特点进行组合,将组合的工艺进行模式分类,总结了各模式的适用情况。此外,本文还从我国南北农村的地理、聚落、气候等多样性入手,结合我国南北农村生活污水处理的现行技术,因地制宜地总结出了适合南方和北方农村生活污水的处理模式。     

复配抑菌剂对两种腐败菌抑制效果评价

以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌株,采用酶标比浊法测定双乙酸钠、脱氢醋酸钠、乳酸钠、亚硝酸钠、山梨酸钾、乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）和葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯对2种菌的抑菌效果。在单因素试验的基础上,采用L16（45）正交试验设计确定各因素水平的最佳配比。结果表明：2种腐败菌对不同抑菌剂的敏感程度不同,应复配使用。在双乙酸钠0.9g/L、乳酸钠1.5g/L、Nisin 0.05g/L、山梨酸钾0.020g/L、葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯2.0g/L的条件下对大肠杆菌的抑制效果最好,在双乙酸钠0.9g/L、乳酸钠2.0g/L、Nisin 0.1g/L、山梨酸钾0.015g/L、葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯1.5g/L的条件下对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最好。     

聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂对谷子光合特性、氮素利用率及产量的影响

为探究全基施背景下聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂(polyaspartic acid-chitosan, PAC)对东北春谷光合特性、氮肥利用效率及产量的调控效应，本研究以“张杂谷13号”和“华优谷9号”为材料，于2020年和2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站开展裂区试验，以PAC为主区处理，不同氮肥施用量为副区处理，共设置0、75、112.5、150、225和337.5 kg·hm^-2 6个氮肥水平。结果表明：相同施氮量下，与常规氮肥处理相比，PAC配施氮肥处理显著提高了2个谷子品种氮肥表观利用率，增大了叶面积指数和花后旗叶SPAD值，显著提高花期及灌浆中期旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度，降低旗叶胞间CO₂浓度，促进干物质积累，提高产量；张杂谷13号在2020年和2021年的产量增幅分别为11.24%～21.55%和8.65%～14.22%,华优谷9号两年的产量增幅分别为5.53%～15.75%和10.43%～16.17%;PAC有效缓解了全基施施肥方式造成的谷子生育后期脱氮早衰，减少了由于氮肥利用效率低下造成的氮素流失；...     

银杏外种皮与垂序商陆叶提取物复配剂对小菜蛾及十字花科作物幼苗的生理影响

为探究银杏外种皮(Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta)与垂序商陆叶(Phytolacca americana leaf)提取物复配剂对小菜蛾及其主要危害对象十字花科植物幼苗的生理影响,本研究利用直接测量、显微解剖、分光光度法等多种方法测定了复配剂作用前后小菜蛾及十字花科代表性植物萝卜幼苗的生理变化。结果发现：复配剂处理下未被致死小菜蛾幼虫继续完成发育并化蛹结茧,但茧重及羽化率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);复配剂未致小菜蛾幼虫肠道出现明显形状、颜色、表观结构变化,但显著降低了幼虫体内神经传导、解毒、抗氧化相关的乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性(P<0.05);复配剂对萝卜幼苗的株高、鲜重、干重有一定抑制效应,并引发幼苗体内SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、叶片电导率增加及叶片净光合速率的动态变化(先降后升)。结果提示,复配剂协同影响了小菜蛾幼虫体内神经、解毒、抗氧化多种生理机能,且复配剂毒性效应可持续小菜蛾整个生命阶段;其施用还诱发十字花科植物幼苗出现生长抑制及生理应激,因此在达到防治效果前提下应尽量降低复配剂的使用浓度。     

八种新型复配农药防治抗性棉铃虫的效果及分析

为解决抗性棉铃虫HelicoverpaarmigeraHubner的防治，复配农药的研制和开发有了很大进展，大量的复配农药已成为防治棉铃虫的主要药剂。1994年，我们对8种新型复配农药防治棉铃虫的效果进行了测试，现将测试结果整理分析如下。1材料和方法1.1复配农药名称①26％抗铃净（河北省原州华太精细化工厂）；②50％神威1号（山东省农业科学院高效农药实验厂）；③20％神威2号（山东省农业科学院高效农药实验厂）；④40％双灭铃（山东省潍坊市益农化工厂）；⑤50％盖灭磷（山东省农业科学院高效农药实验厂）；⑤SO％棉灵特（山东省青州市农药加工厂…     

微生物污水处理技术及其应用

新时期,微生物污水处理技术在污水处理中得到越来越广泛的推广,这一技术有助于降低污水处理难度,提升污水处理效果,确保污水处理稳定性。对此,文章将从微生物的特征及作用机理入手,阐述微生物污水处理技术常见种类,探讨微生物污水处理技术在不同污水处理中的应用,以期为促进微生物污水处理技术作用的有效发挥提供一些帮助。     

环境污水处理中微生物技术的运用

如今，日益严峻的水环境污染问题受到各国政府的高度关注，各国政府纷纷探寻合理有效的方法处理污水。随着工业经济的不断发展，水污染物质的类别不断丰富，处理难度与日俱增，如何有效处理水环境污染问题成为当前亟待解决的重要问题。鉴于此，文章尝试探讨微生物技术在环境污水治理方面的应用，首先对微生物技术进行简要论述，其次探讨微生物技术净化污水的原理，并在此基础上分析当前比较常用的几种微生物技术。     

污水处理过程中微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子响应的研究进展

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关。通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素,有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果。在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群;活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门,还有少量担子菌门;古菌以产甲烷菌为主;而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点。本文通过对相关文献分析及总结,综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响,尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应。同时,对未来研究方向进行探讨,以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础。     

Start-up of an UASB-septic tank for community on-site treatment of strong domestic sewage

Two community on-site UASB-septic tanks were operated in parallel over a six months period under two different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 2 days for R1 and 4 days for R2 at mean sewage temperature of 24 degrees C. The sewage was characterised by a high COD(tot) concentration of 1189 mg/L, with a large fraction of COD(sus), viz. 54%. The achieved removal efficiencies in R1 and R2 for COD(tot), COD(sus), BOD5 and TSS were "56%, 87%, 59% and 81%" and "58%, 90%, 60% and 82%" for both systems, respectively. R2 achieved a marginal but significant (p<0.05) better removal efficiencies of those parameters as compared to R1. The COD(col) and COD(dis) removals in R1 and R2 were respectively 31% and 20%, and 34% and 22%. The sludge accumulation was very low suggesting that the desludging frequency will be of several years. Accordingly, the reactor can be adequately designed at 2 days HRT.     

Effect of the concentration of suspended solids on the enzymatic activities and biodiversity of a submerged membrane bioreactor for aerobic treatment of domestic wastewater

A pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor was used for the treatment of domestic wastewater in order to study the influence of the variations in the concentration of volatile suspended solids (VSS) on the enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatases, glucosidase, protease, esterase, and dehydrogenase) and biodiversity of the bacterial community in the sludge. The influence of VSS concentration was evaluated in two separated experiments, which were carried out in two different seasons of the year (experiment 1 through spring–summer and experiment 2 through autumn–winter). Cluster analysis of the temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) profiles demonstrated that the community composition was significantly different in both experiments. Within the same experiment, the bacterial community experienced sequential shifts as the biomass accumulated, as shown by the evolution of the population profiles through time as VSS concentration increased. All enzymatic activities studied were significantly lower during experiment 2, except for glucosidase. Concentrations of VSS over 8 g/l induced a strong descent of all enzymatic activities, which overlapped with a significant modification of the community composition. Sequences of the major TGGE bands were identified as representatives of the Alpha-proteobacteria, filamentous bacteria (Thiotrix), and nitrite oxidizers (Nitrospira). Some sequences which were poorly related to any validated bacterial taxon were obtained.     

Denitrification in the periphyton associated with plant shoots and in the sediment of a wetland system supplied with sewage treatment plant effluent

Seasonal variation in denitrification and major factors controlling this process were determined in sediment, microbial communities attached to plant shoots (periphyton) and in the water of a Phragmites and an Elodea-dominated stand of a constructed wetland system between May 1997 and February 1998. The wetland was supplied with effluent from a sewage treatment plant. The denitrification rate in periphyton on plants shoots (expressed per shoot area) was always considerably higher than in the sediment and varied with the chlorophyll-a content of the periphyton in the course of the year. The algae in the periphyton provided attachment surfaces and probably also organic compounds to the denitrifying bacteria. Decreases in periphyton biomass and denitrification rate in the Phragmites and Elodea-dominated stands during the growing season were associated with enhanced shading by Phragmites shoots or a floating layer of macro-algae and Lemna spp., respectively. Light availability and the denitrification rate of periphyton increased again after the Phragmites shoots were cut in October. Nitrate appeared to limit the denitrification rate in the sediment. Periphyton denitrification rates were mostly lower on Elodea shoots than on Phragmites shoots, in spite of the higher living algal biomass on Elodea shoots. This difference was associated with lower nitrate concentrations in the Elodea-dominated stand. In the two stands, the daily denitrification rates in periphyton on shoots of Phragmites australis (44.4–121 mg N m^–2 stand area d^–1) and Elodea nuttallii (14.8–33.1 mg N m^–2 d^–1) were clearly more important than rates in the sediment (0.5–25.5 mg N m^–2 d^–1) or the water (0.4–3.9 mg N m^–2 d^–1). The presence of few bacteria attachment sites or low organic carbon availability possibly resulted in low denitrification rates in the water. Denitrification appeared to be a major process in nitrate removal from the through-flowing water in this wetland system.     

厌氧处理低浓度污水颗粒污泥的形成和生物特性研究

用UASB反应器在室温条件下处理模拟低浓度污水,研究了颗粒污泥的形成过程和特性。UASB反应器进水浓度为100～200mgCOD／L,水温为25℃～9℃,60天内形成了成熟的颗粒污泥。颗粒污泥中以丝状菌为主,存在少量球状菌。     

Synthesis and properties of polyaniline–cellulose acetate blends: The use of sugarcane bagasse waste and the effect of the substitution degree

Membranes of blends of polyaniline (PANi) and cellulose acetate (CA) produced from sugarcane bagasse with different degrees of substitution were produced and characterized using various techniques. Results showed that incorporation of PANi into the CA matrices leads to significant alterations of the blend morphologies, with phase separation, and that these differences are less significant for PANi/cellulose triacetate blends. The blends also showed a significant increase in electrical conductivity, with that of PANi/cellulose diacetate demonstrating an almost 200-fold increase.     

可持续的污水处理过程与展望

传统上,污水在处理过程中其所含有的能源和营养物质等也被消耗了。可持续的水处理不仅包括污水无害化处理,还包括能源和营养物的综合回收利用。综合论述了可持续的污水处理概念、理论、方法和污水处理过程中物质回收技术的发展。     

The effect of ozone on tannery wastewater biological treatment at demonstrative scale

This paper reports the results obtained during an investigation aimed at transferring to the demonstrative scale an aerobic granular biomass system (SBBGR – Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor) integrated with ozonation for the efficient treatment of tannery wastewater. The results show that the integrated process was able to achieve high removal efficiencies for COD, TSS, TKN, surfactants and colour with residual concentrations much lower than the current discharge limits. Furthermore, the process was characterised by a very low sludge production (i.e., 0.1 kg dry sludge/m³ of treated wastewater) with interesting repercussions on treatment costs (about 1 € per m³ of wastewater).     

Pistia stratiotes in the phytoremediation and post-treatment of domestic sewage

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the potential of phytoremediation using Pistia stratiotes as a plant for post-treatment of wastewater from domestic sewage. The experiment was conducted at Toledo-PR, Brazil, for 42 days, in a pilot scale model. In order to evaluate the efficiency of Pistia as a post-treatment of domestic sewage, parameters such temperature, pH, turbidity, total solids, COD, N_total and P_total contents were determined in the effluent, as well as the total contents of K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Pb. The bioaccumulation of K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Pb in the living tissues of P. stratiotes have also been detected. The results demonstrate efficiency removal of turbidity, N_total, P_total and COD of 98.5, 100, 100, and 79.18%, respectively. The effluent contents of nutrients and toxic metals fluctuated during the study. This can have occurred due to photosynthetic activities of microorganisms and the plant senescence. The evaluation of some parameters in the effluent, such as temperature, DO, and organic matter, influenced these facts. Low levels of DO were observed, in function to the physical barrier of macrophytes in water surface, preventing the entry of air and light. The use of P. stratiotes proved to be a good complement for post-treatment of wastewater from domestic sewage.