Immature stages and the systematic position of Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea)

The larva and pupa of Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg, 1794), the type species of the genus Orthotelia Stephens, 1829, are redescribed and some notes are given on the adult morphology. The nomenclature, distribution and biology of the species are reviewed. The systematic position of Orthotelia is discussed and the genus is transferred from the Yponomeutidae sensu lato to the Glyphipterigidae, as a separate, monogeneric subfamily, the Orthoteliinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1857.     

A review of the moth tribe Palyadini with the description of a new genus (Geometridae: Ennominae)

The tribe Palyadini Guenée is revised at the generic level. It includes about 115 described species, and occurs in tropical America with representatives from Florida to Argentina. There are six genera: Palyas Guenée, Phrygionis Hübner, Pityeja Herrich-Schäffer, Argyrotome Warren, Opisthoxia Hübner, and a new genus Ophthalmoblysis. Ophthalmophora Guenée and Argyroplutodes Warren are treated as junior synonyms of Opisthoxia. Checklists of the species-group names in each genus are included.     

A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Stigmella (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)

Abstract. A revision of the fifty-one species of the genus Stigmella from North America is presented. Thirty-one species are recorded only from the U.S.A., seventeen species and one subspecies from the U.S.A. and Canada and three species and one subspecies are known only from Canada. Five species are new: Stigmella inconspicuella (U.S.A., California); S.heteromelis (California); S.sclerostylota (Arkansas); S.longisacca (California) and S.plumosetaeella (Arizona). Life histories, mine characteristics and larval habits are given where known. These are collated from field study, material examined, breeding records and the literature. A list of host plants is also provided.
A neotype is designated for Nepticula prunifoliella Clemens, previously considered to be possibly dipterous.
Although most Stigmella species have different genital morphology, some pairs of species do not. In these pairs, however, external features and characteristics of the mine often differ – some pairs also differ in distribution or season. The taxonomic implications are discussed in the individual treatments – not all the problems, however, can be resolved without further rearing studies and collection. Species-groups have been designated on the basis of morphology. Some species are, however, structurally intermediate between species-groups and others may resemble Ectoedemia Busck in aspects of the male genitalia while their female genitalia, external features and venation are typical of Stigmella.     

Taxonomic study on the Phytosciara genus group (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea,including the description of a new species

The Phytosciara genus group (Diptera, Sciaridae: Phytosciara Frey, Dolichosciara Tuomikoski, and Prosciara Frey) are studied in the Korean peninsula. Dolichosciara koreaensis Shin & Menzel sp. n. is described and illustrated as new to science. Additionally, four species are reported as new to Korea: Dolichosciara orcina (Tuomikoski, 1960), Dolichosciara semiferruginea (Menzel, 1995), Prosciara producta (Tuomikoski, 1960), and Prosciara ussuriensis (Antonova, 1977). Identification keys are given for the genera of the Phytosciara genus group and for the Korean species of the genera Dolichosciara Tuomikoski and Prosciara Frey. The COI barcode for the new species is studied.     

Patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city: microlepidoptera in St Peterburg, Russia

Short-scale distribution patterns of eight species and one species-group of forest moths with low migratory abilities were studied within the city of St Peterburg, Russia. For species of native fauna which have either completely ( Micropterix calthella L.) or partly ( Eriocrania spp., Stigmella spp.) vanished, at least in downtown, the city is considered as a lacuna within the primary distribution range. The opposite pattern (city as an island outside the primary area) was recorded for two invaders, Caloptilia syringella F. and Coleophora sibiricella Flkv. The distribution of Parornix scoticella Stt. was not altered by the city. Habitat fragmentation affected survival of populations of small moths by decreasing colonization rate more than by decreasing patch size. For eurytopic species limited mostly by host plant range (like Eriocrania ), lacunae can disappear if host plants are planted over the city; extinction of stenotopic species (like Micropterix ) or species with very limited dispersal (like Stigmella ) is practically irreversible. Changes in moth distribution in the city have a strong historical background; they can be both reconstructed and predicted.     

The lichen genera Lasallia and Umbilicaria in East Africa

Three species of Lasallia Mérat and nine species of Umbilicaria Hoffmann are reported from the East African mountains, their vegetative propagules, chemistry, ecology, and distribution are discussed and keys to them are provided. The new combinations Umbilicaria africana (Jatta) Krog & Swinscow, U. soralifera (Frey) Krog & Swinscow, and U. umbilicarioides (B. Stein) Krog & Swinscow are made. Umbilicaria bolusiana Frey, U. haumaniana Frey and U. propagulifera (Vainio) Llano are reduced to synonymy with U. umbilicarioides , and U. glauca var. ruwenzoriensis Frey to synonymy with Lasallia papulosa (Ach.) Llano.     

Monophagous leaf-mining larvae of Stigmella (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) on birch: patterns and differentiation in exploitation of the host

Patterns of larval coexistence, density and mortality of six birch feeding Stigmella leaf-miners were analysed in four field sites in the Netherlands. Larval feeding was further characterized by quantitative records on phenology, oviposition (per host, per tree and per leaf), larval growth rate and relative use of different mesenchyme layers. As the Stigmella guild on birch in western Europe is known to consist of three phylogenetically distinct species-groups, the specific feeding syndromes were primarily interpreted in this context. Ecological segregation among species groups tended to be larger than that within these groups. Among group segregation mainly involved differences in phenology, types of birch trees, mesenchyme layers used for feeding and larval body size and growth rate. Within group differentiation primarily concerned the distribution and clumping of eggs and the use of differently sized trees. A preliminary analysis of the frequency of mines per infested leaf produced a rather aggregated pattern, suggesting that only a limited number of the available birch leaves are considered as suitable by ovipositing females.     

Systematics of Crumomyia Macquart and Alloborborus Duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)

ABSTRACT. The phylogenetic relationships of two sphaerocerid genera, Alloborborus Duda (1923) and Crumomyia Macquart (1835), are analysed, and their taxonomic status within the tribe Copromyzini (= Copromyza Fallén s.lat.) is clarified. Accepted here are a monotypic Alloborborus , which includes A.pallifrons (FalléAn) from northern and central Europe, and twenty-six species of the Holarctic Crumomyia. Within Crumomyia , five species-groups are recognized: pedestris group: pedestris (Meigen); annulus group: immensa (Spuler), maculipennis (Spuler), annulus (Walker), nipponica (Richards), pruinosa (Richards); notabilis group: glabifrons (Meigen), glacialis (Meigen), absoloni (Bezzi), notabilis (Collin), rohaceki sp.n., zuskai (Roháček); nitida group: nitida (Meigen); setitibialis group: setitibialis (Spuler), pilosa sp.n., nigra (Meigen), parentela (Séguy), deemingi (Hackman), pollinodorsata (Papp), subaptera (Malloch), gelida (Hackman), fimetaria (Meigen), roserii (Rondani); unplaced species: hentscheli (Duda), hungarica (Duda), promethei (Nartshuk). Apterina Macquart, Fungobia Lioy and Speomyia Bezzi are synonymized with Crumomyia , and the following nominal species are synonymized: tuxeni Collin with nigra, freyi Hackman with setitibialis , and annulipes Duda with annulus. C. pruinosa is considered distinct from annulus, and Copromyza subaptera is placed in Crumomyia. The identity of C.glacialis , the type species of Crumomyia , is clarified, and lectotypes are designated for five nominal species: rufoannulata Duda, annulipes, annulus, flavipennis Haliday and pallifrons. The cladistic relationships of the species of Crumomyia and Alloborborus are established and their phylogeny and biogeography are discussed. Keys to the species of Crumomyia and to the Holarctic genera of the Copromyzinae are provided.     

Revision of the genus Chalcasthenes Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctoderini) from the Solomon Islands

The genus Chalcasthenes Arrow (Dynastinae: Oryctoderini), a scarab beetle genus endemic to the Solomon Islands, is reviewed. Based on examination of type specimens, the genus Strehlia Frey (Rutelinae: Rutelini: Parastasiina) is a new junior synonym of Chalcasthenes . The historical classification of these genera (either in the subfamily Dynastinae or Rutelinae) and character-based criteria for assigning the taxa to the Dynastinae are provided. We discuss character states that support the monophyly of members of the genus Chalcasthenes, comment on the distribution and biogeography of species in the genus and provide a key to species. The genus includes four species: Chalcasthenes divinus Endrödi, Chalcasthenes pulcher Arrow, Chalcasthenes squamigerus Frey new combination and Chalcasthenes styracoceros Jameson and Ratcliffe n. sp. Species hypotheses are corroborated based on evidence from Pleistocene geological reconstructions of the Solomon Islands, geographic variation of bird species in the region and development in scarab beetles.     

Some Filamentous Fungi on Grassland Vegetation from Kenya

Herbaceous plants endemic to native Kenyan grassland on the Marula Estate were assessed for their phylloplane fungal occurrence using leaf cultures on tap water agar. From 26 sampled plants, 261 fungal isolates representative of 58 genera and 92 taxa were identified. The principal filamentous fungi were of the genera: Alternaria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Periconia, Phoma and Pithomyces. The fungal species that occurred most frequently were: Alternaria alternata aggreate (73%), Pithomyces chartarum (73%) Nigrospora sphaerica (42%), Torula herbarum (30%) and Microsphaeropsis olivacea (27%). Fungi of limited occurrence were: Didymosphaeria oblitescens, Doliomyces mysoriensis, Endophragmiella dimorphospora, Parapericonia angusii, Podospora minicaudata, Spegazzinia tessarthra, Sporormiella minima, Stagonospora vitensis, Stigmella effigurata and Truncatella conorum-piceae. It is postulated that the phylloplane of these endemic plants provides a niche for endemic fungi. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Life tables of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) at local and regional scales

A major ongoing debate in population ecology has surrounded the causative factors underlying the abundance of phytophagous insects and whether or not these factors limit or regulate herbivore populations. However, it is often difficult to identify mortality agents in census data, and their distribution and relative importance across large spatial scales are rarely understood. Here, we present life tables for egg batches and larval cohorts of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schäffer, using intensive local sampling combined with extensive regional monitoring to ascertain the relative importance of different mortality factors at different localities. Extinction of entire cohorts (representing the entire reproductive output of one female) at natural localities was high, with 82% of the initial 492 cohorts going extinct. Mortality was highest in the egg and early instar stages due to predation from dermestid beetles, and while different mortality factors (e.g. hatching failure, egg parasitism and failure to establish on the host) were present at many localities, dermestid predation, either directly observed or inferred from indirect evidence, was the dominant mortality factor at 89% of localities surveyed. Predation was significantly higher in plantations than in natural habitats. The second most important mortality factor was resource depletion, with 14 cohorts defoliating their hosts. Egg and larval parasitism were not major mortality agents. A combination of predation and resource depletion consistently accounted for the majority of mortality across localities, suggesting that both factors are important in limiting population abundance. This evidence shows that O. lunifer is not regulated by natural enemies alone, but that resource patches ( Acacia trees) ultimately, and frequently, act together to limit population growth.     

中国四川平舞虻亚属Planempis三新种(双翅目:舞虻科:舞虻属)

平舞虻亚属Planempis Frey,1953为舞虻属Empis一个中等大小的类群,全世界已知46种,仅局限分布于古北区和东洋区,我国已知8种.本文发现平舞虻亚属Planempis在我国四川有分布,记述3新种:黄足平舞虻Empis(Planempis)flavipedalis sp.nov.,黑足平舞虻Empis(P...     

中国西藏棘虫兆科两物种的重新记述及中国已知种检索表（弹尾纲）

首次报道中国西藏棘科两物种:符氏直棘Orthonychiurus folsomi(Schffer,1900)和喜马拉雅直棘Orthonychiurus himalayensis(Choudhuri,1958),附详细描述及特征图;编制了中国棘科已知种类分种检索表。研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

云南食用菌眼蕈蚊分类及优势种分析

本文报道了云南省各食用菌栽培地眼蕈蚊科（Sciaridae）害虫共6属11种, 其中异迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia difformis Frey为中国新纪录种, 独刺普眼蕈蚊Cosmosciara perniciosa Edwards为中国新记录属和种, 并提供了云南省食用菌眼蕈蚊种类检索表。研究标本均保存于云南农业大学昆虫系标本室。根据各地标本采集数据对不同食用菌上眼蕈蚊种类优势度进行了分析, 结果表明平菇厉眼蕈蚊Lycoriella pleuroti Yang et Zhang和异迟眼蕈蚊B. difformis Frey为云南省食用菌上眼蕈蚊的主要优势种类。     

Multienzyme Complexes and Hydrogen Transfer: the Work of Perry Frey

Quaternary Structure of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex from Esherichia coli(Yang, H. C., Hainfeld, J. F., Wall, J. S., and Frey, P. A. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 16049–16051)Lysine 2,3-Aminomutase. Support for a Mechanism of Hydrogen Transfer Involving S-Adenosylmethionine(Baraniak, J., Moss, M. L., and Frey, P. A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1357–1360)Perry A. Frey was born in 1935 in Plain City, Ohio, a small town about 18 miles northwest of Columbus. Prior to attending college he served in the military for 2 years. He then enrolled at Ohio State University where he received his B.S. in chemistry in 1959. After graduating, Frey worked for the United States Public Health Service as an analytical chemist, studying the properties of saxitoxin, a paralytic shellfish poison. He also attended night classes in chemistry at the University of Cincinnati.Open in a separate windowPerry FreyIn 1964, based on the recommendation of a mentor at the Public Health Service, Frey decided to go to graduate school at the University of Michigan to work with Robert H. Abeles. After a short time, Abeles moved his laboratory to Brandeis University and Frey went with him. Frey spent 3 years studying catalysis by cobalamin-dependent enzymes and earned his Ph.D in biochemistry in 1968. He then began a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University with enzymologist Frank H. Westheimer.In 1969, Frey accepted an offer to join the chemistry department at Ohio State University. He remained there for several years, rising through the ranks to eventually become Professor of Biochemistry and Academic Vice Chair of Chemistry. During his time at Ohio State, Frey started investigating the mechanism of enzyme and coenzyme action in several molecules, including UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and adenylate kinase.In 1981, Frey left Ohio State to join the faculty of the Institute for Enzyme Research at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. There he continued to study enzyme mechanisms but also expanded his research to include the structure and function of multienzyme complexes. In the first Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) Classic reprinted here, Frey reports the results of his quaternary structural analysis of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy and radial mass analysis, Frey and his colleagues were able to confirm a model in which six dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E₃) dimers are integrated into the six faces of a cubic dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E₂) core and 12 pyruvate dehydrogenase (E₁) dimers are associated along the 12 edges of the core enzyme.Frey also began to work on lysine 2,3-aminomutase, the enzyme that catalyzed the conversion of l-lysine to l-β-lysine. The reaction involved the interchange of the 2-amino group of lysine with a hydrogen at carbon 3 to form β-lysine and was analogous to adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements in which hydrogen transfer is mediated by the adenosyl moiety of the coenzyme. However, lysine 2,3-aminomutase did not appear to contain adenosylcobalamin, and it wasn''t activated by the coenzyme. To explain this phenomenon, Frey suggested that S-adenosylmethionine was involved in the hydrogen transfer reaction and proposed a mechanism in which the adenosyl-C-5′ moiety of S-adenosylmethionine functioned in the same way as the adenosyl group of adenosylcobalamin in facilitating hydrogen transfer and generating an intermediate free radical that could undergo the amino group migration (1).In the second JBC Classic reprinted here, Frey and his colleagues further tested his proposed mechanism and, by carrying out the lysine 2,3-aminomutase reaction with S-[5′-³H]adenosylmethionine, showed that both hydrogens at adenosyl-C-5′ participate in the hydrogen transfer process. Mass spectral analysis of the β-lysine for monodeutero and dideutero species also demonstrated that the hydrogen transfer is both intramolecular and intermolecular. The results of this paper confirmed that the activation of lysine 2,3-aminomutase involved a transformation of S-adenosylmethionine into a form that promotes the generation of a 5′-adenosyl free radical which abstracts hydrogen from lysine to form 5′-deoxyadenosine as an intermediate.Frey retired in 2008 and is currently an emeritus professor in the biochemistry department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. In recognition of his contributions to science, he has received many honors and awards including the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1995), the American Chemical Society Division of Biological Chemistry''s Repligen Award (2000), and the Hilldale Award (2007). Frey is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2003) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003) and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (1998). He also served on the editorial board for the Journal Biological Chemistry from 1983 to 1988.     

Stigmella epicosma (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): first distribution records from Chile and first host plant record

The presence of Stigmella epicosma (Meyrick) is reported for the first time from two coastal valleys from northern Chile: Azapa and Chaca. Adults examined were reared from leafminer larvae on Trixis cacalioides (Asteraceae), the first host plant known for S. epicosma.     

Phylogenetic relationships within Pyrenodesmia sensu lato and the role of pigments in its taxonomic interpretation

Most lichens of the family Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota) produce yellow-orange-red anthraquinone pigments. However, the genus Pyrenodesmia encompasses species in which anthraquinones are absent and replaced by a gray pigment Sedifolia-gray. It was shown recently that these species are related to taxa with both anthraquinones and Sedifolia-gray (Caloplaca xerica group, C. haematites group, and C. cretensis) and to species with a brown pigment instead of both anthraquinones and Sedifolia-gray (C. demissa, C. obscurella, and C. reptans). Nevertheless, relationships between mentioned anthraquinone-containing and anthraquinone-lacking species remained unclear. In total, 8 DNA loci from 41 species were used here to resolve these uncertainties. We concluded that C. demissa, C. obscurella, and C. reptans are rather distant from the core of Pyrenodesmia, and we place them outside of Pyrenodesmia sensu lato. Within Pyrenodesmia sensu lato, three lineages were revealed and recognized on a generic level: the genus Pyrenodesmia sensu stricto (21 species), the genus Kuettlingeria (14 species), which is resurrected here, and the genus Sanguineodiscus (4 species), which is newly described here. The genus Pyrenodesmia includes taxa that never contain anthraquinones, but Sedifolia-gray. It matches with the former C. variabilis group. Taxa of the genera Kuettlingeria and Sanguineodiscus have anthraquinones in their apothecia and Sedifolia-gray in their thalli. The genus Kuettlingeria includes the former C. xerica group plus C. cretensis and C. diphyodes. The genus Sanguineodiscus includes the former C. haematites group and C. bicolor. The identity of Kuettlingeria (Caloplaca) diphyodes was clarified and the name Pyrenodesmia helygeoides was resurrected. Twenty-four new combinations were proposed.     

Taxonomic review of the genus Eupoecilia Stephens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) in Korea with descriptions of two new species

Eupoecilia Stephens (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea: Tortricidae) comprises 39 described species worldwide. Eight species of the genus are recognized from Korea, two of which, Eupoecilia curvifasciata sp. nov. and E. koreana sp. nov., are described as new. Also, Eupoecilia sanguisorbana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856) is reported for the first time from Korea. All the known species are described or redescribed, and the adults and genitalic structures are illustrated. In addition, a key to the Korean species is also provided.     

Three Unrecorded Species of Family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from South Korea

Here, we report three previously unrecorded species of Nepticulidae, Stigmella aladina Puplesis, S. fumida Kemperman et Wilkinson, and Bohemannia nubila Puplesis from South Korea. The external characteristics of adults and genitalia are briefly redescribed with illustrations.