副特提斯东部地区Sarmatian期(中-晚中新世)古植物群的演化

摩尔多瓦位于东特提斯地区内,海相,陆相Sarmatian期沉积都很发育,根据软体动物和有孔虫化石,当地Sarmatian期沉积被分为三段,最后从摩尔多瓦各地37口井下和露头700块样品获得的孢粉结果支持Sarmatian期三分,这些孢粉化石资料说明区域性植被响应气候演变,海进,海退等所发生的变化,含有亚热带种类的山毛阔叶林统池了早Sarmatian期,有时暗针叶林增加,在海退期的晚Sarmatian期,含有喜盐植物（Chenopodiaceae,Amaranthus,Artemisia)的草本类增加。已有的资料显示了在东特提斯地区Sarmatian期植被的周期性变化,伴随着亚热带植物不断减少和禾草类不断增加,说明当时气候在朝年均温逐渐降低,干旱化增加,更加大陆性方向变化。     

Trochidae (Gastropoda) from the Sarmatian Basin of the Eastern Paratethys

The gastropod family Trochidae from the Sarmatian deposits of the Eastern Paratethys is described in detail. Detailed faunal characteristics of 22 Sarmatian sections in Volyn–Podolia, Moldova, southern Ukraine, and Crimea, some of which have yielded the material of this study, are provided. Based on the study of an extensive collection of Trochidae, the family system is revised. The taxonomic composition of four Trochidae assemblages from Lower and Middle Sarmatian deposits is provided. These assemblages can be used for stratification of the Lower Sarmatian Kuzhorskie and Zbruchskie beds and Middle Sarmatian Novomoskovskie and Dnepropetrovskie–Vasilevskie beds. The results of the biogeographical study of Trochidae development in the Sarmatian basin of the Paratethys are provided. The data obtained on the evolution of Trochidae can be used for resolution of the paleoecological, biogeographical, and biostratigraphic questions.     

Two new species of seahorses (Syngnathidae, Hippocampus) from the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) Coprolitic Horizon in Tunjice Hills, Slovenia: The oldest fossil record of seahorses

Two new and the only known extinct seahorse species Hippocampus sarmaticus and Hippocampus slovenicus are described from the Middle Miocene beds (Lower Sarmatian) in Slovenia, representing the oldest known fossil record of seahorses. Hippocampus sarmaticus was most similar to the extant seahorse species Hippocampus trimaculatus, while H. slovenicus can be most easily compared to the extant pygmy seahorses H. bargibanti, H. denise, and H. colemani. These Sarmatian seahorses lived among seagrasses and macroalgae in the temperate shallow costal waters of the western part of the Central Paratethys Sea.     

On early Sarmatian fishes from the Eastern Paratethys

Early Sarmatian bony fish assemblages from the Pshekha River (northern Caucasus) and the village of Naslavcea (northern Moldova) are compared. It is proposed that, in the Early Sarmatian, connection between the North Caucasian and Moldavian basins was hampered and the two fish localities were formed under different conditions. The impoverished taxonomic composition of Sarmatian fishes from the Eastern Paratethys is attributable to unfavorable chemical composition (increased alkalinity) rather than to low salinity.     

Sarmatian (Late Middle Miocene) gastropod assemblages of the Central Paratethys

Summary A rather diverse gastropod fauna from Sarmatian deposits of the Austrian/Hungarian Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin was studied. The fauna derives from two layers of clay and silt within a siliciclastic section at St. Margarethen in Burgenland (Austria). These layers are interpreted as littoral mudflats which formed during the Sarmatian (Late Middle Miocene) along the western coast of the Central Paratethys. Strong shifts in the composition of the gastropod fauna, dominated by Potamididae (Cenogastropoda: Cerithioidea), within each layer indicate successions of limnic-fluvial to oligohaline, brackish-littoral, and marine-littoral environments. These shifts in facies are reflected by an alternational of thePotamides hartbergensis assemblage,Granulolabium bicinctum assemblage, and thePotamides disjunctus assemblage. The speciesJujubinus turriculus (Eichwald, 1850),Gibbula buchi (Dubois, 1831), andCylichnina elongata (Eichwald, 1830) are reported for the first time from the Sarmatian of the Paratethys.Mitrella agenta nov. sp. (Neogastropoda: Columbellidae) is introduced as a new species. These species might represent relics of the diverse Badenian fauna but could also prove a minor ingression of marine species from an adjacent bioprovince in the Late SarmatianMactra “Zone”.     

Serpulid-bryozoan-foraminiferal biostromes controlled by temperate climate and reduced salinity: Middle miocene of the Styrian Basin,Austria

Summary Reduced salintiy and a temperate climate prevailed during the Sarmatian in the Styrian Basin, the westernmost embayment of the Central Paratethys. At its northern margin (in the study area) tectonic processes initiated a transgression causing the incision of a cliff into the metamorphic basement and the formation of a carbonate buildup in the latest Sarmatian. The buildup consists of two serpulid-bryozoan-foraminiferal biostromes separated by a microbialite. Serpulids, bryozoa and the encrusting foraminifer Sinzowella caespitosa (Steinmann) as well as microbial mats formed a rigid framework, in which biogenic debris and siliciclastics were baffled. The different biota show complex growth relationships. Stromatolitic crusts and laminated micritic microbial crusts with birdseyes grew in a small sheltered lagoon. The upper biostrome is truncated by a ravinement surface of eustatic orgin and is overlain by ooid grainstone. The buildup drowned during maximum sea-level rise.     

The first known fossil record of pygmy pipehorses (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampinae) from the Miocene Coprolitic Horizon,Tunjice Hills,Slovenia

The first known fossil record of pygmy pipehorses is described. The fossils were collected in the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) beds of the Coprolitic Horizon in the Tunjice Hills, Slovenia. They belong to a new genus and species Hippotropiscis frenki, which was similar to the extant representatives of Acentronura, Amphelikturus, Idiotropiscis, and Kyonemichthys genera. Hippotropiscis frenki lived among seagrasses and macroalgae and probably also on a mud and silt bottom in the temperate shallow coastal waters of the western part of the Central Paratethys Sea. The high coronet on the head, the ridge system and the high angle at which the head is angled ventrad indicate that Hippotropiscis is most related to Idiotropiscis and Hippocampus (seahorses) and probably separated from the main seahorse lineage later than Idiotropiscis.     

First fossil record of early Sarmatian didemnid ascidian spicules (Tunicata) from Moldova

Numerous ascidian spicules are reported for the first time from the lower Sarmatian Darabani-Mitoc Clays of Costeşti, north-western Moldova. The biological interpretation of the studied sclerites allows distinguishing at least three morphospecies (Polysyncraton-like, Trididemnum-like, and Didemnum-like) within the Didemnidae family. Eight other morphological types of spicules are classified as indeterminate didemnids. Most of the studied spicules are morphologically similar to those of Recent shallow-water taxa from the Mediterranean Sea. In contrast, some sclerites resemble those of taxa from the Indo-Pacific region. The greater size of the studied spicules, compared to that of present-day didemnids, suggests favorable physicochemical conditions within the Sarmatian Sea. The presence of these stenohaline tunicates that prefer normal salinity seems to confirm latest hypotheses regarding mixo-mesohaline conditions during the early Sarmatian.     

Morphogenesis of rissoidae in the inland basins of the Eastern Paratethys

Miocene rissoids from the heterochronous low-salinity seas of the Eastern Paratethys (Early Chokrakian, Karaganian, Late Konkian, Early Sarmatian, and Early Maeotian) were revised. The polyphyletic genus Mohrensternia is subdivided into several generic and subgeneric taxa. The new genus Zhgentia and the new subgenera Rissoa (Turboellina), R. (Pseudoturboellina), and R. (Maeotia) are established.     

Depositional environment changes during the early–late Serravallian boundary dated by the Central Paratethys bioevents

The early–late Serravallian boundary (Badenian–Sarmatian) is a key interval for understanding Central Paratethys evolution. Environmental changes resulted in a great regional faunal turnover known as the Badenian-Sarmatian extinction event (BSEE). Here, we present a high-resolution sedimentological and biostratigraphical study from a rare site located on the Vienna and Danube basin junction (Slovakia). Four Middle Miocene depositional cycles/episodes ranked between 13.1 and 12.6 Ma are described in detail: (1) early Serravallian (13.1 Ma or older) shallow-marine episode; (2) early Serravallian (Badenian; Bulimina–Bolivina biozone; ~13.1 Ma or younger) outer shelf cycle; (3) late Serravallian (Sarmatian; large Elphidia biozone; ~12.6 Ma or younger) inner shelf cycle; (4) late Serravallian? A sedimentary episode represented by a scour filled with a reworked Serravallian (Upper Badenian and Sarmatian) material. The middle Miocene strata are overlaying and discordantly separated by Quaternary fluvial (floodplain) sediments (2.58 Ma or younger). These episodes reflect the early–late Serravallian turnover documented in the bioevents and in the sedimentological record.     

Nubecularia-coralline algal-serpulid-microbial bioherms of the Paratethys Sea—Distribution and paleoecological significance (upper Serravallian,upper Sarmatian,Middle Miocene)

Nubecularia bioherms represent unique bioconstructions that are restricted to the upper Serravallian of the Paratethys and have been reported since the 19th century. They occur in the Central Paratethys in the late Sarmatian and the Eastern Paratethys in the Bessarabian both regional stages of the respective Paratethyan areas. In this study, several locations in the Vienna and Styrian basins of the Central Paratethys were studied out of which four localities were documented in detail (Wolfsthal, Maustrenk, St. Margarethen—Zollhaus, Vienna—Ruzickagasse) to reconstruct their sedimentary setting, their internal composition, and their indications of environmental parameters. The detailed studies included logging of outcrop sections, petrographic, facies and biotic analyses of polished slabs and thin sections and also cathodoluminescence analyses. These concluded that these bioconstructions are not only composed of the foraminifer Nubecularia but represent a complex mixture and interrelationships of Nubecularia, serpulids and microbial carbonate. Four boundstone types can be differentiated: Nubecularia boundstone, Nubecularia-coralline algal boundstone, stromatolitic/thrombolitic boundstone and serpulid-nubeculariid-microbial boundstone. The first 3 types are characteristic of specific localities; the fourth type occurs in all studied locations and represents the terminal association on top of the three other types. The three basal boundstones are predominantly of columnar growth form irrespective of dominance of Nubecularia, coralline algae or microbial carbonate, and the terminal boundstone is widely irregularly organized. The general depositional environment is characterized by cross-bedded oolitic grainstones with abundant quartz grains, miliolid foraminifers and mollusks. Intercalated are microbial carbonates mostly stromatolites but also thrombolites. This indicates a general high water energy environment interrupted by more calm periods when the microbial carbonate was built. The 3 basal types of bioconstructions are interpreted to reflect decreasing food supply and/or oxygenation from Nubecularia over Nubecularia-coralline algal to stromatolitic/thrombolitic boundstone. The serpulid-nubeculariid-microbial boundstone reflects an internal succession with a decrease of the same parameters. Water depth is considered very shallow ranging from 0 to a few meters, and salinity was normal marine to hypersaline. The reconstructed paleoenvironment with dominating oolite shoals and seagrass meadows was not restricted to the Central Paratethys but extended over the entire Paratethys and represented the largest oolite facies area of the entire Cenozoic!     

Phylogenetic relationships of Ponto-Caspian gobies and their relationship to the Atlantic—Mediterranean Gobiinae

A phylogenetic analysis for five Ponto-Caspian goby species belonging to the two genera Neogobius and Proterorhinus assigned to the sub-family Gobionellinae was conducted, with five Atlantic—Mediterranean species of sub-family Gobiinae, genera Gobius and Zosterisessor , as outgroup taxa. One hundred and two characters (37 continuous cranial osteological, 50 continuous external morphological, five discrete external morphological, four karyological, two vertebral and four external discrete qualitative characters) were studied. Parsimony analysis revealed that the two zoogeographically distinct groups of goby species comprise distinct phyletic lineages that are sister groups. The relation of neogobiids to the sub-family Gobiinae was reconsidered, due to the sharing of the same state for the diagnostic character. The recently proposed classification for the genera Proterorhinus and Zosterisessor was rejected. The status of several of the lower ranked taxa was also considered [e.g. Gobius bucchichi as a member of the genus Zosterisessor and the sub-generic status of Neogobius (Neogobius) fluviatilis and Neogobius ( Apollonia ) melanostomus ]. The paleohistorical data suggest that those lineages, which may both descend from pre-Oligocene Indo-Pacific ancestors, separated at least 12 million years ago, during the early Miocene, after the formation of the Paratethys Sea, and then evolved independently. The Tethyan gobiine species evolved in the marine environment of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The Ponto-Caspian (i.e. Paratethyan) gobies of the genera Neogobiusa and Proterorhinus diverged in the late Miocene or early Pliocene. They probably evolved in the freshwater refuge in the Daccian Basin of the Paratethys Sea (the recent Black Sea basin).     

Bathyal sponges from the late Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (central Paratethys,Slovakia)

Here we report, for the first time, a very rich and diversified sponge assemblage from late Early Miocene deposits of a central part of the Vienna Basin (Paratethys) in Slovakia. Bodily preserved sponges are described as a new genus and species Paracinachyrella fossilis (Tetiliidae, Demospongiae). Dissociated spicules reveal the presence of the “soft” demosponges that belong to families Tetillidae, Theneidae, Geodiidae, Samidae, Thrombidae, Thoosidae, Agelasidae, Myxillidae, Bubaridae, and Tedaniidae, the lithistid family Pleromidae, and an undetermined rhizoclone-bearing lithistid. Fragments of dictyonal skeleton indicate the presence of hexactinellid sponges that belong to the families Farreidae and Euretidae, and lychniscosan sponges. We estimate that at least 16–19 different species of siliceous sponges inhabited this region of the Central Paratethys during the latest Burdigalian. Most of these sponges are reported for the first time from the Miocene of the Paratethys. This sponge fauna has clear Tethyan affinities and indicates the existence of connection between Paratethys and Tethys during the latest Burdigalian, as well as the presence of open marine, deep-water, bathyal conditions in this part of the Vienna Basin.     

Last evidence of Lates (Perciformes,Latinae) in the latest Miocene of the Eastern Paratethys

An articulated series of centra from latest Miocene deposits of Ukraine is described and identified as a species of Lates. The specimen comes from a locality with an estimated age of 6.04–4.7 Ma, representing the northernmost reach of the Paratethys during the Pontian. The specimen almost certainly represents a distinct species, but because it is incomplete we do not formally name it. The specimen can be differentiated from other species of Lates by features of the centra, including the relative size of the primary lateral fossa of the second centrum, the broadened neural spine of the third centrum, and the relative position of the upper and primary lateral pits on both the fifth and sixth centra. The Ukrainian specimen documents the presence of Lates in the northern Paratethys in the latest Miocene. After this time, species of Lates persisted in freshwaters in the Mediterranean area (Israel and Africa), but are no longer found in the marine waters of the region. We suggest that latines were extirpated from the Mediterranean and Paratethys by the rapidity of the changes in salinity that occurred in the Tethys Mediterranean basin and Paratethys as a result of the Messinian Salinity Crisis.     

The age of the Sarmatian-Pannonian transition in the Transylvanian Basin (Central Paratethys)

A marked paleoenvironmental change took place at the beginning of the late Miocene in the Central Paratethys, with dominantly marine Sarmatian successions grading rapidly into mainly brackish Pannonian deposits. A long and excellently exposed section comprising the Sarmatian-Pannonian transition has been investigated at Oarba de Mure? in the Transylvanian basin (Romania). In this paper, we focus on both radiometric and magnetostratigraphic dating to provide a chronology for the Sarmatian-Pannonian transition in Transylvania. Two volcaniclastic layers, located approximately 40 m below the Sarmatian-Pannonian transition, yield excellent ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages. The weighted mean plateau age for biotite and sanidine separates provided isotopic ages of 11.62 ± 0.12 Ma and 11.65 ± 0.13 Ma. This implies deposition during the magnetic chron C5r.2r, which is in agreement with the magnetostratigraphic results of the Oarba de Mure? composite section. Rock magnetic analyses indicate greigite as the main magnetic carrier, with characteristics very similar to the magnetosomal greigite found in the Carpathian foredeep. The newly obtained chronology at Oarba de Mure? constrains the age of the Sarmatian-Pannonian transition in the Transylvanian basin to 11.3 ± 0.1 Ma, slightly younger than the 11.61 Ma postulated in the Styrian and Vienna Basins.     

Mixed carbonate-clastic facies in the Eocene Kalatar Formation of the southwest Tarim Basin (NW China): tectonic and climatic controls

During the Eocene, the southwest Tarim Basin was a large epicontinental sea as a part of the Turun Sea in the eastern Paratethys. The marine succession of the Kalatar Formation is exposed along the piedmonts of the southern Tian Shan and western Kunlun Shan, and can be subdivided into three members. On the southern side of the Tarim Basin, a non-barrier shore-to-shelf, siliciclastic-dominated system, locally with carbonates and oyster biostromes, developed along the western Kunlun Shan, where river input led to a seaward arrangement of alluvial fan, foreshore, shoreface, and offshore facies. In contrast, on the northern side of the Tarim Basin, a carbonate ramp system formed along the southern Tian Shan, including shallow bioclastic-oolitic grainstone shoals, oyster beds, and red algal rudstones along with a number of evaporite units, which formed under hypersaline tidal-flat and lagoonal conditions. The basin center was a largely moderate deep and low-energy embayment facies. Deposition of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Kalatar Formation was controlled by tectonic activity, in particular the development of the Himalayan orogeny with the closure of Paratethys sea-level fluctuations, and arid-humid climate variations.     

The legacy of a vanished sea: a high level of diversification within a European freshwater amphipod species complex driven by 15 My of Paratethys regression

The formation of continental Europe in the Neogene was due to the regression of the Tethys Ocean and of the Paratethys Sea. The dynamic geology of the area and repetitious transitions between marine and freshwater conditions presented opportunities for the colonization of newly emerging hydrological networks and diversification of aquatic biota. Implementing mitochondrial and nuclear markers in conjunction with a large‐scale sampling strategy, we investigated the impact of this spatiotemporal framework on the evolutionary history of a freshwater crustacean morphospecies. The Gammarus balcanicus species complex is widely distributed in the area previously occupied by the Paratethys Sea. Our results revealed its high diversification and polyphyly in relation to a number of other morphospecies. The distribution of the studied amphipod is generally characterized by very high local endemism and divergence. The Bayesian time‐calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny and geographical distribution of ancestral nodes indicates that this species complex started to diversify in the Early Miocene in the central Balkans, partially in the shallow epicontinental sea. It is possible that there were several episodes of inland water colonization by local brackish water lineages. Subsequent diversification within clades and spread to new areas could have been induced by Alpine orogeny in the Miocene/Pliocene and, finally, by Pleistocene glaciations. The present distribution of clades, in many cases, still reflects Miocene palaeogeography of the area. Our results point out that investigations of the historical aspect of cryptic diversity in other taxa may help in a general understanding of the origins of freshwater invertebrate fauna of Europe.     

A new Paratethyan genus of the ostracod subfamily Loxoconchinae (Podocopida,Cytheroidea)

A new ostracod genus established in a Loxoconchinae fauna from the Eastern Paratethys, with two species known from the Pliocene–post-Pliocene and Recent of the Caspian Sea and Dnieper–Bug estuary of the Black Sea Basin is described. Comparative morphological analysis of four Loxoconchinae genera from a brackish-water fauna of the Paratethyan basins is performed and the trends in morphological evolution of their hinge structures are revealed.     

Evolution of organogenic carbonate buildups in the Middle through Late Miocene of the Euxine-Caspian Basin (Eastern Paratethys)

Two types of organogenic carbonate buildups (bryalgal and algal-microbialite) occurring for approximately 11 Ma from the Middle through to the Late Miocene in the Euxine-Caspian Basin are considered. Four main stages in the formation of these structures are established: Chokrakian-Karaganian, Early-Middle Sarmatian, Maeotian, and a specific Late Sarmatian one. Each of the first three stages began with bryalgal bioherms that, during the growing basins’ isolation, transformed into algal-microbialite buildups. Only bryalgal buildups are found in the Late Sarmatian Basin.     

The Dual Origin of the Black Sea Foraminifera

Evidence is given supporting the possibility of survival in the modern Black Sea of descendents of Miocene Pontic foraminiferal populations. This evidence includes the present existence of Foraminifera in the Aral and Caspian Seas, the existence of pockets of species in the Paratethys area in waters long isolated from any seas, the existence in the Golovitza Lagoon of Foraminifera living at salinities lower than those that are thought to have existed in the Pontic Basin during its lacustrine period, and evidence from zoogeography. It is shown that there are morphological, ecological and physiological modifications in these aboriginal populations as compared to populations of the same species living in the Mediterranean. In addition to these aboriginal populations, evidence is given for three invasions of Foraminifera from the Mediterranean during geological periods when the Black and Mediterranean Seas were merged.