三叶草体内磷通过菌丝桥向黑麦草的传递研究

应用5室分隔法研究了供体三叶草体内的³²P通过菌丝桥向受体黑麦草的传递作用。结果表明,菌根侵染供体三叶草根系之后,根外菌丝可穿过中室到达受体植株根室而再度侵染受体黑麦草的根系,从而形成三叶草-黑麦草根系之间的菌丝桥;供体三叶草体内的³²P可通过根间菌丝桥传递给受体黑麦草,³²P的传递量随受体植株施磷水平的提高而降低.     

菌丝桥在日本落叶松幼苗间磷传递和植株生长中的作用

 应用四室隔网系统研究了菌丝桥在日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)幼苗间传递磷的作用。结果表明,供体接种卷缘桩菇(Paxillus involutus)和彩色豆马勃（Pisolithus tinctorius）后,其外延菌丝可以穿过隔离层侵染受体落叶松,在供体和受体落叶松间形成了菌丝桥。供体植株接种菌根真菌后生物量明显增加,但是对受体植株没有显著的影响。菌根真菌侵染的供体和受体植株的根、地上部吸磷量均分别显著高于对照,而且供体植株根、地上部吸磷量增加的程度明显高于受体。被卷缘桩菇和彩色豆马勃侵染的受体植株体内32P的放射性强度分别是对照的10倍和6倍,两者形成菌丝桥后传递到受体植株的32P分别为供体植株体内32P的1.10%和0.22%。供体植株吸收的32P可以通过菌丝桥传递给受体,但是绝对数量十分有限,对受体植株磷营养没有产生显著的影响,但P. involutus和P. tinctorius侵染受体植株后,促进了受体落叶松对磷的吸收,这是菌丝桥形成后,真菌帮助受体植株吸收磷引起的。     

丛枝菌根根外菌丝网络形成过程中的时间效应及植物介导作用

以豆科植物紫花苜蓿为试验材料,应用三室(供体室-间隔室-受体室)培养系统,研究在供体和受体紫花苜蓿根系之间菌丝网络形成的时间效应以及间隔室中不同植物对菌丝网络建成的介导作用.第一个试验在供体和受体植物生长8、10、12、14周之后进行收获以检验菌丝网络形成的时间效应;第二个试验则在间隔室分别种植紫花苜蓿、羊草和独行菜,以考察菌根依赖性不同的植物对菌丝网络形成的介导作用.试验结果显示:(1)接种丛枝菌根真菌的供体紫花苜蓿根系能够形成良好的菌根共生,其外延菌丝可穿过尼龙网和间隔室侵染受体植物根系;植物生长8周后,在受体植物根系检测到菌根侵染,证实供体和受体植物间形成了根间菌丝网络;10周后,尽管供体室和受体室植物的侵染率已无差异,但二者的生物量和地上部磷浓度差异却加大,表现出菌丝网络对植物种内竞争影响的不对称性.(2)试验条件下,不同介导植物对受体植物的菌根侵染及生物量均无明显影响,但显著降低了供体植物生物量和地上部磷浓度;间隔室无介导植物或种植独行菜时,受体植物地上部和根系生物量显著低于供体植物,而当介导植物为紫花苜蓿和羊草时,受体和供体植物生物量无显著差异.研究表明,植物根间菌丝网络的形成受时间和介导植物的影响,同时也具有调节植物间资源分配和植物相互作用的功能.     

丛枝菌根菌丝桥介导的番茄植株根系间抗病信号的传递

菌根菌丝桥是植物间在地下进行物质交流的通道, 但它能否作为植物间地下化学通讯的通道来传递抗病信号则缺乏研究. 本文利用丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）摩西球囊霉在供体与受体番茄植株间建立菌丝桥, 对供体植株接种早疫病病原菌茄链格孢菌, 研究供体与受体番茄植株根系间是否存在抗病信号的传递. 荧光定量PCR检测表明, AMF侵染后的供体番茄植株再接种病原菌, 其根系中苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（PAL)、脂氧合酶基因（LOX）和几丁质酶基因（PR₃）的转录水平显著高于仅接种病原菌、未接种病原菌和AMF, 以及只接种AMF的番茄植株. 更重要的是, 与供体有菌丝桥连接的受体番茄根系中PAL、LOX和PR₃的基因的表达量也显著高于无菌丝桥连接、菌丝桥连接被阻断以及有菌丝桥连接但供体植物未接种病原菌的处理,3个基因最高转录水平达到无菌丝桥连接对照受体植物的4.2、4.5和3.5倍. 此外, 供体植株根系启动防御反应的时间（18和65 h）比受体（100和140 h）早. 表明病原菌诱导番茄供体根系产生的抗病信号可以通过菌丝桥传递到受体根系.     

外生菌根菌丝桥在板栗幼苗间传递磷的效应

采用^32P示踪和4室根箱方法研究了外生菌根菌丝桥对板栗磷营养和植株间磷素传递作用的效应。给一株板栗幼苗(供体)接种外生菌根真菌美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、褐环乳牛肝菌(Suillus luteus),菌根真菌在侵染供体植物以后其根外菌丝继续生长并侵染邻近的另外一株板栗植株(受体)。同位素示踪试验表明,供体板栗体内的^32P可通过菌丝桥传递给受体板栗,受体植株不仅根中^32P放射性强度高于对照,而且茎中^32P强度也显著高于对照。说明外生菌根真菌在不同板栗植株间形成了菌丝桥,但是菌丝桥传递的磷的数量很有限,仅占供体植株体内总磷量的5％-8％。美味牛肝菌和褐环乳牛肝菌侵染供体板栗植株以后,使植株含磷量、总吸磷量和生物量较对照明显增加。受体板栗幼苗在菌丝桥建立以后其植株含磷量和总吸磷量显著高于对照,但生物量与对照没有显著差别。     

部分根系供磷对黄瓜根系和幼苗生长及根系酸性磷酸酶活性影响

通过分根处理研究了部分根系供磷对黄瓜幼苗生长、植株体内的含磷量及根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,2 0 %根系缺磷 (1条根缺磷 ,4条根供磷 )可以促进根系及植株地上部的生长 ,其根系及地上部的生物量分别是正常生长植株的 1.39倍和 1.2 1倍。2 0 %根系缺磷 ,还可以促进其它供磷根系对磷的吸收。分根处理后 ,2 0 %根系缺磷不影响植物对磷营养的需要 ,但却表现出了R/S比增大的典型缺磷反应 ,说明植物感应缺磷根系起着比地上部更为重要的作用。分根处理后不供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性 ,并且根系的酸性磷酸酶活性只与根系的含磷量显著相关 ,与地上部的磷营养状况关系不明显。这说明 ,缺磷条件下 ,黄瓜植株根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的增高 ,是黄瓜根系对低磷胁迫的适应性机理 ,而不是地上部改善体内磷营养的调控机理。     

螯合剂对重金属超量积累植物Thlaspicaerulescens的锌,铜,锰？…

由螯合剂ＥＤＴＡ和ＤＴＰＡ对重金属超量积累植物Ｔｈａｓｐｉｃａｅｒｕｌｅｓｃｅｎｓ吸收Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ和Ｐ的影响表明：营养液含Ｚｎ１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ条件下,植株地上部全Ｚｎ含量和根系吸Ｚｎ速率分别达到１６８１ｍｇｋｇ＾－１干重和４４８ｍｇｋｇ＾－１根干重ｄ＾－１;４３．２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＥＤＴＡ或ＤＴＰＡ处理显著抑制植株的生长,也减少植株单位根重吸收的Ｚｎ量,降低地上部和根系全Ｚｎ全Ｃｕ、全Ｍｎ     

部分根系供磷对黄瓜根系和幼苗生长及根系酸性磷酸酶活性影响

通过分根处理研究了部分根系供磷结黄瓜幼苗生长、植株体内的含磷量及根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,２０％根系缺磷（１条根所磷,４条根系地上部的生物量分别是正常生长植株的１．３９倍和１．２１倍。２０％根系缺磷,唯心论促进其它供磷系对磷的吸收。分根处理后,２０％根系缺磷不影响植物对磷营养的需要,但却表现出了Ｒ／Ｓ比增大的典型缺磷反应,说明植物感应缺磷根系起飞丰比地上部更为重要的作用。分根处理后不供磷     

菌丝桥介入枳根系间抗溃疡病的信号物质响应

对两室根箱试验装置中一分室(供体室)定植的枳Poncirus trifoliata实生苗接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Paraglomus occultum,另一分室(受体室)不作任何处理。定植17周后,将溃疡病病菌Xanthomonas axonopodis(Xac)接种于供体植株,研究不同处理受体植株间的信号物质响应差异,揭示菌丝桥的功能。与不接种处理相比,单接种AM真菌、预先接种AM真菌后再接种Xac均显著提高了供体根系一氧化氮(NO)含量,单接种AM真菌只显著提高了受体根系NO含量;单接种Xac显著降低了供体根系脱落酸(ABA)含量,而单接种AM真菌、双接种(AM真菌+Xac)均增加了供体根系ABA含量。双接种处理显著提高了受体ABA含量;与不接种对照相比,接种处理均降低了供体根系玉米素核苷(ZR)含量,同时单接种AM真菌、双接种处理也降低了受体根系ZR含量;AM真菌显著降低了供体和受体根系茉莉酸(JA)含量,但双接种却显著提高了供体和受体根系JA含量;与不接种对照相比,单接种AM真菌或Xac、双接种处理均显著下调供体根系JA合成基因(PtLOX、PtAOS和PtAOC)的表达,单接种Xac显著下调了受体根系PtLOX和Pt AOC的表达,单接种AM真菌显著下调了受体根系PtAOC的表达,而双接种显著上调了受体根系PtAOS基因的表达。表明菌根真菌的菌丝桥传导JA并诱导受体植株中NO、ABA和ZR含量改变以抵御溃疡病菌危害。     

丛枝菌根网络对不同喀斯特适生植物生长及氮摄取的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能够通过菌丝体在不同的植物个体间形成公用菌根网(Common mycorrhizal networks,CMN)。针对喀斯特生境中不同植物个体间通过CMN调控营养分配和生物性状的问题,本研究选择了喀斯特生境3种不同的适生植物作为研究对象,模拟自然环境构建微生态系。试验设置同位素供体室和受体室,供体隔室种植香樟并进行同位素~(15)N标记,受体隔室种植不同生长型植物香樟、构树和鬼针草;利用20μm(M~+)和0.45μm尼龙网(M~-)对受体隔室进行处理,同位素~(15)N标记供体植物香樟根系,测定受体植物幼苗叶片δ~(15)N值、植株氮摄取量、生物量以及生长性状指标。试验结果表明:(1)M~+处理的3种受体植物叶片δ~(15)N值分别显著高于M~-处理;同时M~+处理显著提高了香樟幼苗地上、地下部分及植株总氮摄取量,构树和鬼针草的氮摄取量在不同处理间差异未达到显著水平。(2)M~+处理显著提高了香樟地上、地下和总生物量,但对构树没有显著影响;M~+处理下香樟幼苗株高、地径及叶面积和鬼针草幼苗株高、地径分别显著高于M~-处理,但构树在M~+和M~-处理间没有显著差异。(3)M~+处理的香樟幼苗根系平均直径、根长,根表面积和根体积分别显著高于M~-处理,但M~+处理的构树幼苗则显著降低。研究表明,微生态系中丛枝菌根网CMN非平衡性地影响了不同植物个体的氮摄取及植物生长性状,CMN更有利于提高与供体植株为同一物种的受体香樟叶片δ~(15)N、植株N摄取量以及促进其生物量积累和苗木根系生长。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.