天然棕色棉纤维色素光谱学特性及其化学结构初步推断

在纯化棕色棉纤维色素的基础上,测定了天然棕色棉纤维色素的紫外-可见光谱（UV光谱）、红外光谱（IR光谱）以及分析了pH值、浓度、诊断试剂对天然棕色棉纤维色素UV光谱的影响,发现天然棕色棉纤维色素UV光谱随着pH值和浓度不同而变化,诊断试剂对纤维色素UV光谱也有影响,但并不符合黄酮类化合物对诊断试剂的反应规律,红外光谱的主要吸收波数是3554、3477、3414、3289、1638、1618、1386、1073、617、478cm^-1。结合化学性质鉴定,以及和已知的白色棉种皮色素比较。初步推断棕色棉色素的化学结构,认为棕色棉纤维中的色素是由单宁物质氧化形成的醌类化合物。最后解释了棕色棉纤维具有颜色是因为棉纤维发育后期缩合单宁接触空气后氧化的结果。     

天然彩棉棕色素稳定性及其机理研究

测定了阳光、温度、洗衣粉和金属离子等因素对棕色棉纤维稳定性的影响,并分析了不同pH和不同浓度的纯化色素水溶液色彩的特性,观察纯化色素液与金属离子反应,来探索彩棉棕色素的稳定性机理。实验发现棕色棉纤维色调值位于38度,饱和度为29%,亮度为53%,探明了阳光、温度、洗衣粉和金属离子等因素对棕色棉纤维色彩均产生影响以及pH和浓度对纯化色素的色彩产生影响的规律。     

天然棕色棉色素提取、纯化及其UV光谱研究

选用16种溶剂对天然棕色棉色素进行溶解性试验,发现蒸馏水和pH=9的氢氧化钠溶液是最为经济有效的色素提取溶剂(60℃)。在此基础上,对棕色素进行粗提、纯化、UV光谱测定和化学性质初步鉴定,其中5种纯化方法效果显著,分别是：乙醇沉淀法、重结晶法、铅盐法或铜盐法、纸层析法和柱层析法,并设计了几种纯化方法综合应用的工艺流程。对色素进行UV光谱检测,以218nm附近强吸收、264nm附近弱吸收。根据溶解性试验和化学性质鉴定,推断棕色素化学结构含有双键和酚羟基的存在。     

萝卜色素的分离、纯化及其性质研究

“心里美”萝卜酒精提取物,经薄层层析、高压液相层析纯化后可得到天然色素为粉红色针状结晶。该色素性质稳定、耐温、耐光,颜色随pH值的不同而变化。经红外光谱分析和质谱鉴定,初步推导其结构可能为报春花色素。     

新疆棕色棉纤维中花色苷的提取及初步鉴定

以新疆深棕色棉品系‘棕86’的成熟纤维为材料,用甲醇溶液(VMeOH∶VHCl=99∶1)避光冷浸提取15d后,浓缩成浸膏.用适量蒸馏水溶解浸膏,乙酸乙酯萃取除杂,水相用HP-20大孔树脂纯化色素组分;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,并结合高效液相色谱方法,对天然彩色棉纤维色素组分进行鉴定,为彩色棉花新色彩的分子改良提供参考.结果显示,棕色棉纤维提取液中含有花色苷,且至少含有4种不同的花色苷成分.对棕色棉纤维提取液中花色苷的降解分析显示,棕色棉中的色素物质很不稳定.研究表明,花色苷是棕色棉纤维色素中的一种重要组成成分,进一步补充了彩棉色素的物质基础.     

万寿菊食用色素及其稳定性研究

以万寿菊花序为实验材料,从光,热,pH值,还原介质,氧化介质,蔗糖,防腐剂,金属离子等对色素稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果表明：万寿菊色素的耐光,耐热,耐还原性较差;对氧化剂有一定耐受性,适用pH值范围广;蔗糖以及金属离子Na^ ,K^ 对色度基本上无影响,而Fe^2 ,Sn^2 ,Zn^2 对色素溶液颜色的稳定性只有微弱影响;而Fe^3 ,Cu^2 ,Ca^2 的加入则改变了色素溶液的颜色,对色度有一定的影响。     

三角叶黄连内生真菌产物红色色素的稳定性研究

对三角叶黄连内生真菌发酵产物红色色素采用分光光度法,检测不同条件下该色素物吸光值的变化,观察光、温度、金属离子、氧化剂、还原剂、酸度调节剂、维生素、及食品添加剂对红色素稳定性的影响。结果表明:红色色素有较好的光热稳定性,而耐氧化性和抗还原性较差;对Fe3+和Zn2+较为敏感,使色素物变成黄色;维生素具有护色素的作用;苯甲酸钠在低浓度(<0.5%)时具有保护作用,但浓度高于1%时使色素物变成粉红色,且OD值显著下降;酸度调节剂氢氧化钠、柠檬酸、苹果酸对色素影响较为显著。因此,可在一定条件下进行优化,提高该红色素稳定性,作为新型天然色素加以开发利用。     

一串红天然色素及其稳定性研究

以新疆地产一串红（Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl)的花为实验材料,从光、温度、pH值、还原介质、氧化介质、防腐剂、金属离子等影响因子方向对色素的稳定性进行了初步研究。结果表明：该色素属于花青苷类色素;对光、温度等比较稳定;可在偏酸或中性介质中使用;耐还原性和耐氧化性较差;蔗糖、防腐剂以及大多数金属离子对色素的稳定性无不良影响,但Fe^3 、Pb^2＋和Sn^2 对色素的稳定性有一定影响。     

膜分离后的儿茶色素染发性能研究

本文采用聚偏氟乙烯膜提纯天然儿茶色素,结果表明膜分离法具有较好的分离效果.考察了染色温度,时间,pH值及媒染剂浓度等对白色牦牛毛染色效果的影响.结果表明,天然儿茶色素对白色牦牛毛具有直接染色效果,可染成棕色系列.锌离子可使毛发颜色偏向栗子色,铁离子和铜离子可使毛发颜色偏向黑色.其中温度与媒染剂浓度是影响颜色的重要因素.     

棕色棉与白色棉缩合单宁单体儿茶素动态变化的比较

以棕色棉ANL-1’和白色棉‘泗棉3号’为材料,利用HPLc检测棉纤维发育过程中儿茶素的动态变化,结果表明：棉种皮中的儿茶素含量高于棉纤维中的,各种儿茶素单体（EGC、C、EC、EGCG、GCG、ECG、cG）的含量在花后30d迅速下降,其中在白色棉纤维中的下降幅度最大;棕色棉和白色棉发育期棉纤维中儿茶素存在很大差异,如棕色棉纤维中有Ec、CG,但在白色棉纤维中却没有发现。初步推断棕色棉与白色棉纤维中缩合单宁结构有较大不同,可能导致棉纤维颜色发生差异。     

Studies of individual carbon sites of hen egg white lysozyme by natural abundance carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Assignment of the nonprotonated aromatic carbon resonances to specific residues in the sequence.

The resonances of nonprotonated aromatic carbons in natural abundance 13C NMR spectra of hen egg white lysozyme are assigned to specific residues of the amino acid sequence. Chemical shift considerations, the effect of pH, and partially relaxed Fourier transform NMR spectra are used to assign each resonance to one of the seven types of nonprotonated aromatic carbons of amino acid residues. Spectra of chemically modified lysozyme samples yield various assignments to specific residues in the sequence. Line-broadening effects caused by binding of the relaxation probes Gd3+ and 4-N-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylipiperidine-1-oxyl yield specific assignments which are fully consistent with those based on chemical modifications. The effects of paramagnetic shift reagents and amino sugar inhibitors do not yield any obvious specific assignments. The effect of pH on the chemical shift of Cgamma of His-15 yields a pKalpha in agreement with published values, and indicates that the imidazole form of His-15 exists mainly (or entirely) as the Nepsilon3-H tautomer. The effect of pH on the chemical shifts (measured up to pH 8.8, at 38 degrees) of Czeta and Cgamma of the 3 tyrosine residues yields crude pKalpha values of 9.5 and 10 for Tyr-23 and one of the other tyrosines, respectively. The 3rd tyrosine residue does not exhibit titration behavior.     

The accumulation of pigment in fiber related to proanthocyanidins synthesis for brown cotton

Brown cotton is a kind of naturally colored cotton. Because of less processing and little dying, it is more friendlier to environment than white cotton. For brown cotton, pigment accumulation in fiber is one of the most important characteristics. In this study, we selected a brown fiber line and a white fiber cultivar to determine the factor that affects the pigmentation in brown fiber. Accordingly, fibers were collected to verify the presence of PAs by p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) and toluidine blue O (TBO) staining. The PAs content and related genes expressions were determined. As a result, there were obvious differences on the aspect of PAs synthesis in fiber between white cotton and brown cotton. For white fiber, the PAs content reached maximum at 5 DPA, and then gradually decreased to zero. But for brown fiber, the PAs content was increased from 5 to 15 DPA stage, and reached the maximum at the 15 DPA stage, then gradually decreased from 15 to 40 DPA stage. On the contrary, in white cotton, PAs were synthesized in the whole developmental stage from 5 to 40 DPA. And PAs content in brown fiber were far more than that in white fiber, which may be the reason why the brown pigment accumulated in brown fiber.     

Characterization of brown film formed by Lentinula edodes

Lentinula edodes is a widely-produced mushroom in China that forms a brown film via pigment accumulation on mature mycelial surfaces to ensure high-quantity and high-quality fruiting body formation. Here, ultraviolet–visible, infrared spectra, and elemental analyses predicted that the pigment in the brown film was melanin. Electron microscopy revealed the size, morphological characteristics, accumulation, and morphogenesis of electron-dense material, which were similar to those of melanin, as well as subcellular structural changes during brown film formation. The electron-dense material appeared as granules, vesicles, and polymers. The accumulation of electron-dense materials on the cell wall was followed plasmolysis, plasma membrane disruption, electron-dense material accumulation in the interstitial space, and gradual accumulation on the outer cell wall. Dolipore septa degradation and morphogenetic cell death occurred during browning. In the final stage of browning, the dolipore septum disappeared and the cell was nearly empty. This study provides a cytological foundation for evaluating the regulation of brown film formation in L. edodes.     

Synthesis and characterization of melanins from dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and dihydroxyindole.

Several studies have confirmed that a melanocyte-specific enzyme, dopachrome tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.3), catalyzes the isomerization of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) (Pawelek, 1991). Here we report that DHICA, produced either enzymatically with dopachrome tautomerase or through chemical synthesis, spontaneously polymerized to form brown melanin that was soluble in aqueous solutions above pH 5. Under the same reaction conditions, solutions of either DOPA, DOPAchrome, or 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) formed black, insoluble melanin precipitates. When DHICA and DHI were mixed together, with DHICA in molar excess, little or no precipitation of DHI-melanin occurred and the rate and extent of soluble melanin formation was markedly enhanced over that achieved with DHICA alone, suggesting co-polymerization of DHICA and DHI. With or without DHI, DHICA-melanins absorbed throughout the ultraviolet and visible spectra (200-600 nm). The DHICA-melanins precipitated below pH 5, at least in part because of protonation of the carboxyl groups. DHICA-melanins could be passed through 0.22 micron filters but could not be dialyzed through semi-permeable membranes with exclusion limits of 12,000-14,000 daltons. HPLC/molecular sieve analyses revealed apparent molecular weights ranging from 20,000 to 200,000 daltons, corresponding to 100-1,000 DHICA monomers per molecule of melanin. DHICA-melanins were stable to boiling, lyophilization, freezing and thawing, and incubation at room temperature for more than 1 year. The natural occurrence of oligomers of DHICA was first reported by Ito and Nichol (1974) in their studies of the brown tapetal pigment in the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis L.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)