Effect of melanostatin on the central nervous system

The effect of melanostatin (MIF), L-DOPA and morphine on the behaviour and electrical activity in the neocortex and lymbic structures in rats has been strudied. All substances were administered intraventricularly. There was a recorded increase of the energy of the delta and theta slow waves in the hypothalamus, amygdala and neocortex and also of the energy of the alfa waves in the amygdala and neocortex. In addition the administration of L-DOPA and morphine facilitated the effect of MIF while preliminary administration of MIF blocked the effect of morphine given in threshold doses.     

Effect of succinyldicholine on central nervous system]

Succinyldicholine injected to unanaesthetized mice and rats has a convulsant action, distinct from its curarelike effect on muscle.     

α—干扰素对中枢神经系统的作用

本文综述了免疫调节因子α－干扰素对中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ）的作用。ＩＦＮα的中枢作用不仅改变了神经系统是免疫特免性的认识,而且打破了对ＩＦＮα功能的传统认识,同时提出了ＩＦＮα作用新的机制。     

Effect of peripheral ethanol metabolism on the central nervous system.

The main symptoms of ethanol intoxication, tolerance, and physical dependence presumably, derive from the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system. It is not known clearly how and to what extent these effects are caused by ethanol itself or by its metabolic derivatives, chiefly acetaldehyde, formed in the liver, and transported into the brain through the blood stream. Since the concentrations of acetaldehyde found in the blood and brain of human subjects and experimental animals are approximately 44 times lower than the lowest effective concentrations found in in vitro experiments, it remains to be established whether acetaldehyde derived under in vivo conditions from the oxidation of ethanol in the liver plays any significant role in suppressing the respiratory metabolism or other metabolic pathways in the brain. It is concluded that the site of ethanol effects on the central nervous system is probably associated with that part of the metabolic system that is dependent on normal functioning of the neuronal cell membrane and probably has little relation to the peripheral or central metabolism of ethanol.     

Effect of caponization on central nervous system monoamines in the Japanese quail

Depletion of brain regional norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) after alpha methyl-paratyrosine (AMT), and serotonin (5HT) were measured in intact and caponized adult male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Telencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebellum DA was depleted by AMT treatment, but brain stem was not affected. AMT-induced depletion of NE was greatest in telencephalon, diencephalon, and brain stem of capons. Neither caponization nor AMT affected brain regional 5HT. The results from this work indicate that caponization will affect catecholamine dynamics in brain regions other than the hypothalamus.     

Some remarks on the central nervous system

It is pointed out that the successes obtained in the mathematical biology of the central nervous system are based mostly on a number of more or less complicated neuronic circuit models, each inventedad hoc for the purpose of explaining a given phenomenon. The individual models remain disconnected from each other, however, and the unity of the CNS is not apparent. (Rashevsky,Mathematical Biophysics, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, 1960. New York, Dover Publications, Inc.) Some “field theories” of the CNS, as for example that of Griffith (Bull. Math. Biophysics,25, 111–120, 1963;27, 187–195, 1965), give more expression to this unity but lose in the explanation of specific phenomena. The present paper starts with the picture thatevery neuron in the brain isdirectly or indirectly affected to some extent byevery other neuron. This leads to a system of equations with a very large number of variables. Such a system can be replaced in the limiting case by an integral equation of the first kind. At least two specific results can be obtained with this approach and suggestions for further improvement are made.     

Serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the central nervous system

The 5-HT₃ receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel activated by serotonin (5-HT). Although originally identified in the peripheral nervous system, the 5-HT₃ receptor is also ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system. Sites of expression include several brain stem nuclei and higher cortical areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and cortex. On the subcellular level, both presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT₃ receptors can be found. Presynaptic 5-HT₃ receptors are involved in mediating or modulating neurotransmitter release. Postsynaptic 5-HT₃ receptors are preferentially expressed on interneurons. In view of this specific expression pattern and of the well-established role of 5-HT as a neurotransmitter shaping development, we speculate that 5-HT₃ receptors play a role in the formation and function of cortical circuits.     

Effects of interferon-gamma on the central nervous system

Pleotropic cytokine IFN-gamma is synthesized not only by activated immunocompetent cells but also by elements of CNS (endothelial cells of brain, glial cells, neurons). Primary structure of neuronal and immune IFN-gamma are similar. The molecular identity of this cytokine receptors on neuronal and immune cells is found. These facts testify of interrelation of two physiological systems. The central effects of IFN-gamma are realized in modulation both immune and controle-regulation processes. One of important immunomodulation properties of IFN-gamma is its ability to induce expression of antigenes of MHC class II on neuronal cells, which is characteristic only for this cytokine. The participation of IFN-gamma in immune reactions of CNS also is carried out at the expense of amplification under its influence of superoxide production, NO and prostaglandine synthesis, expression in astrocytes and microglial cells of ICAM adgesive molecule. Control-regulation function of cytokine is realized at level of cell elements of brain, nerve/endocrine system. Auto/parakrine activity of neuronal IFN-gamma is directed on maintenance homeostasis in CNS. It participates in regulation of processes connected to the daily allowance biorhythmes, it is revealed in work of "internal clocks". The cytokine participation in immunogenesis processes [symbol: see text] and control-regulation reactions has a number of common mechanisms. IFN-gamma is immunomodulator and from an other hand it is neuromodulator.