野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G.aggregatumSchenck＆Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium（Nicol.＆Gerd.）Trappe＆Gerd,近明球囊霉G．claroideumSchenck＆Smith,明球囊霉G．clarumNicolson＆Schenck,缩球囊霉G．constrictumTrappe,透光球囊霉G．diaphanumMorton,幼套球囊霉G．etunicatumBecker＆Gerdemann,集球囊霉G．fasciculatum（Thaxter）Gerd．＆Trappe,何氏球囊霉G．hoiBerch＆Trappe,地球囊霉G.geosporum（Nicol．＆Derd.）Warker,根内球囊霉G．intraradicesSchenck＆Smith,摩西球囊霉G．mosseae（Nicol．＆Gerd.）Gerd.＆Trappe,隐球囊霉G.occultumWalker,网状球囊霉G.reticulatumBhattcharjee＆Mukerji,地表球囊霉G.versiforme（Karsten）Berch,台湾球囊霉G．formosanumWu＆Chen,悬钩子球囊霉G．rubiformeGerdemann＆Trappe）Almeida＆Schenck;内养囊霉属1个种,稀有内养囊霉Entrophosporainfrequens（Hall）Ames＆Schenider。其中,网状球囊霉为我国新记录种。     

红壤中VA菌根真菌(球囊霉目)的种类和生态分布

本文报道了发育于第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤中的4属13种VA菌根真菌(球囊霉目):1.细齿无梗囊霉 Acaulospora denticulata Sieverding & Toro;2.丽孢无梗囊霉Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerdemann:3.光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis Gerdeman D & Trappe:4.巨大巨孢囊霉Gigaspora gigantea(Nicol.& Gerd.)Gerdemann & Trappe;5.珍珠巨孢囊霉Gigaspora margarita Becket & Hall;6.聚球囊霉Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith;7.明球囊霉Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck;8.集球囊霉Glomus fasiculatum(Thaxter)Gerdemann & Trappe;9.地球囊霉Glomus geosporum(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker;10.木薯球囊霉Glomus manihot Howeler,Sieverding & Schenck;11.变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Karsten)Berch;12.美丽盾孢囊霉Scutellospora calospora(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker & Sanders;13.异配盾孢囊霉Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker & Sanders。其中细齿无梗囊霉(Acaulospora denticulata)、巨大巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora gigantea)、木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)和异配盾孢囊霉(Scutellospora heterogama)4种为国内新记录种。对这13种VA菌根真菌的形态进行了描述讨论,并对这些种群的出现频度、不同利用方式     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌II.

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G. aggregatumSchenck & Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G. caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerd,近明球囊霉G. claroideum Schenck & Smith,明球囊霉G. clarum Nicolson & Schenck,缩球囊霉G. constrictum Trappe,透光球囊霉G. diaphanum Morton,幼套球囊霉G. etunicatumBecker & Gerdemann,集球囊霉G. fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe,何氏球囊霉G.hoi Berch & Trappe,地球囊霉G. geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Warker,根内球囊霉G.intraradices Schenck & Smith,摩西球囊霉G. mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe,隐球囊霉G. occultum Walker,网状球囊霉G. reticulatum Bhattcharjee & Mukerji,地表球囊霉G. versiforme (Karsten) Berch,台湾球囊霉G. formosanum Wu & Chen,悬钩子球囊霉G. rubiforme Gerdemann & Trappe) Almeida & Schenck;内养囊霉属1个种,稀有内养囊霉Entrophospora infrequens (Hall) Ames & Schenider.其中,网状球囊霉为我国新记录种.     

我国北部的七种VA菌根真菌

从北京和新疆地区某些栽培及野生植物根际分离出7种VA真菌:丽孢无梗囊霉Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerd.,地表球囊霉Glomus versiforme (karsten) Berch,隐球囊霉G.occultum Walker,透光球囊霉G.diaphanum Morton & Walker,摩西球囊霉G.mosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.)Gerd.& Trappe,缩球囊霉G.constrictum Trappe,和苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium(Nicol.& Gerd.)Trappe & Gerd.。其中,地表球囊霉为我国新记录种。本文除描述其形态特征外,还介绍了孢壁组织化学反应及生境条件。     

广西平果铝矿区的三个AM真菌新记录种

在对广西平果铝矿区进行资源调查（张文敏等,2000）时,采集了复垦地中玉米、大豆、木豆、宽叶雀稗、金合欢、银合欢、芒果等宿主根区的八个土样,共鉴定出19个AM真菌已知种：凹坑无梗囊霉Acaulospora excavata Ingleby & Walker, 波兰无梗囊霉A. polonica Blaszkowski, 细凹无梗囊霉A. scrobiculata Trappe, 波状无梗囊霉A. undulata Sieverding, 聚丛球囊霉Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske, 近明球囊霉G. claroideum Schenck & Smith, 缩球囊霉G. constrictum Trappe, 幼套球囊霉G. etunicatum Becker & Gerde…     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ*

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Glomus属的17个种,聚球囊霉G.aggregatumSchenck＆Smith,苏格兰球囊霉G.caledonium（Nicol.＆Gerd.）Trappe＆Gerd,近明球囊霉G．claroideumSchenck＆Smith,明球囊霉G．clarumNicolson＆Schenck,缩球囊霉G．constrictumTrappe,透光球囊霉G．diaphanumMorton,幼套球囊霉G．etunicatumBecker＆Gerdemann,集球囊霉G．Fasciculatum（Thaxter）Gerd．＆Trappe,何氏球囊霉G．hoiBerch＆Trappe,地球囊霉G.geosporum（Nicol．＆Derd.）Warker,根内球囊霉G．intraradicesSchenck＆Smith,摩西球囊霉G．Mosseae（Nicol．＆Gerd.）Gerd.＆Trappe,隐球囊霉G.occultumWalker,网状球囊霉G.reticulatumBhattcharjee＆Mukerji,地表球囊霉G.versiforme（Karsten）Berch,台湾球囊霉G…     

烟草内生菌根真菌的分离鉴定

本文报道了从烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)的根际土壤中分离出内生菌根真菌的孢子,用单孢接种烟苗并在温室内水培条件下培养。选出能在烟草上形成菌根的菌株,经过再次单孢接种确认后,进行种的鉴定。从分离的8个菌株中已鉴定出球囊霉属(Glomus)的3个新记录种:漏斗孢球囊霉[G.mosseae(Nic.& Gerd.)GeM.& Trappe]、根内孢球囊霉(G.intraradics Schenck & Smith)和联结球囊霉(G.constrictum Trappe)。     

云南热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的六种VA菌根真菌

从云南热带地区野生或从野外移栽于温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离得到六种VA菌根真菌：双网无梗囊霉Acaulospora bireticulata Rothwell et Trappe,细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe,瘤状无梗囊霉Acaulospora tuberculata Janos ＆ Trappe,多梗球囊霉 Glomus multicaule Gerdemann ＆ Bakshi,棒孢硬囊霉 Sclerocystis clayisporaTrappe．帚状硬囊霉Sclerocystis coremioides Berk．＆ Broome,其中,瘤状无梗囊霉,多梗球囊霉和帚状硬囊霉为我国的3个新记录种。本文对这六种vA菌根真菌的主要形态学特征进行了描述,并对蕨类植物的VA菌根进行了讨论。     

我国东南沿海的VA菌根真菌——Ⅱ.球囊霉属四个种

从我国东南沿海广东、广西、福建、浙江、山东等省的栽培及野生植物根际分离出VA真菌球囊霉属的四个种:聚丛球囊霉Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend.Koske,微丛球囊霉G.microaggregatum Koske,Gemma & Olexia,小果球囊霉G.micrcarpum Tul.& Tul.,台湾球囊霉G.formosanum Wu & Chen。其中微丛球囊霉为我国新记录种,台湾球囊霉为我国大陆新记录种。本文除种的形态描述外,还列表介绍了其生态分布及土壤环境条件。     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌Ⅲ．无梗囊霉属7个我国新记录种

本文报道了从我国东南沿海七省发现的7种无梗囊霉新记录种：附柄无梗囊霉Aappendicola,膨胀无梗囊霉A.dilatata,毛氏无梗囊霉Amorrowae,多果无梗囊霉Amyriocarpa,皱壁无梗囊霉A.rugosa,疣状无梗囊霉A.tuberculata和孔窝无梗囊霉A.foveata。除种的形态描述外,还列表介绍了它们的生态分布及土壤环境条件。     

Occurrence of some Glomales in Finland

By using trap plants, 17 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belonging to the order Glomales were identified in 266 soil samples collected in the period 1987–1989. Of the identified isolates, 87.1% belonged to the genus Glomus Tulasne & Tulasne, 8.5% to Acaulospora Gerdemann & Trappe, 4.1% to Scutellospora Walker & Sanders and 0.3% to Entrophospora. Of the individual species identified, Glomus hoi Berch & Trappe was the most frequently identified, followed by G. fistulosum Skou & Jakobsen and G. mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe. Only small differences in AMF trapping ability were observed between the four trap plants used, Trifolium pratense L., Zea mays L., Allium cepa L. var. cepa and Fragaria x ananassa Duch. T. pratense was chosen for further study because it had the highest AMF sporulation index in trap cultures and it also performed better than the other plants when grown in soils with different physical and chemical properties. The proportion of soil samples where AMF were identified decreased from close to 100% in the southern and central parts of Finland to about 50% in northern Finland.     

环境因子和AM真菌分布的关系

由我国东、南沿海七省278个土样中的908个AM真菌种次分析了AM真菌属和种的分布和7种环境因子的关系。球囊霉属在各种环境下均占绝对多数,巨囊霉属＋盾巨囊霉属则为最少。球囊霉属在各pH水平土壤中分布较均匀。而其它四属主要出现在pH低于7的土壤中。摩西球囊霉C.mosseae（Nocol．＆Gerd．）Gerdemann＆Trappe在pH低于5的土壤中仍能发现。所有五属AM真菌的出现率都随土壤有机质含量增高而减少,但在有机质含量小于1．5％时出现率均稍低于1．5-3．0％;地球囊霉G．geosporum（Nicolsom＆Gerdemann）Walker的孢子数与属的规律相同,而台湾球囊霉G．formosanumWu＆Chen和弯丝硬囊霉SclerocystissinuosaGerdemann＆Bakshi则在有机质含量小于15％时数量最少。五属在不同速效磷含量土壤中的出现没有明显规律;而不同菌种对土壤含磷量有不同反应。无梗囊霉属随土壤中铁含量增加而减少其出现率;而硬囊霉属在铁含量大于15mg／kg时出现率均较多,摩西球囊霉在高于25mg／kg的土壤中明显减少而台湾球囊霉则多见于25～40mg／kg的土壤中。在15个土类中,无梗囊霉属和硬囊霉属主要分布在赤红壤和砖红壤中,前者在水稻土中也较多;台湾球囊霉主要在红壤和赤红壤中,而细四无梗囊霉A．scrobiculataTrappe则在潮土和棕壤中     

Superoxide dismutase and total peroxidase activities in relation to drought recovery performance of mycorrhizal shrub seedlings grown in an amended semiarid soil

We studied the effect of inoculation with a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and addition of a composted organic residue on plant growth, nutrient uptake, mycorrhizal colonisation and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and total peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7) activities in shoots of Juniperus oxycedrus seedlings after well-watered, drought and recovery periods. The mycorrhizal inoculation and composted residue addition significantly increased the growth, foliar nutrients (N, P, K) and shoot water content of the plants, independent of the water regime. POX activity in control plants increased during drought (about 250% higher than under well-watered conditions) and returned to initial levels after re-watering. The seedlings inoculated with AM fungi showed the highest values of POX activity, followed by the plants grown in the amended soil, which varied little during the drought and recovery periods. Drought decreased the SOD activity in shoots of both J. oxycedrus seedlings inoculated with AM fungi and those grown with composted residue, but did not affect that of control plants. After re-watering, the SOD activity in mycorrhizal or residue-amended plants increased, showing values similar to control plants.     

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 on growth and P uptake of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with cucumber

 The effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 on growth and P uptake of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in symbiosis with cucumber plants was studied in compartmentalised growth systems. Hyphae of Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith (BEG87) or G. caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerdeman (BEG15) grew into lateral root-free compartments. Non-mycorrhizal plants served as control. The soil in half of the growth units of each mycorrhizal treatment was inoculated with P. fluorescens DF57. P. fluorescens DF57 enhanced hyphal length density of one of the AM fungi, G. caledonium, but this was not reflected in a higher hyphal transport of P from the root-free soil to the plant. The total P content was higher in plants grown in symbiosis with G. intraradices than in plants in the other treatments. G. caledonium and P. fluorescens DF57 had a synergistic effect in that total P content in plants inoculated with G. caledonium was higher in the presence than in the absence of P. fluorescens DF57. Accepted: 7 January 1999     

Effectiveness of three Glomus species in protecting pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against verticillium wilt

The objective of this work was to study the influence of three Glomus species—Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith) and Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss, and Menge)—on the development of Verticillium-induced wilt in Capsicum annuum cv. Piquillo. Results showed that the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biocontrol agents varied among different Glomus species. In pepper colonized by G. intraradices the severity of the disease was even higher than that observed in non-mycorrhizal plants in terms of plant growth and pepper yield. On the other hand, the high effectiveness exhibited by G. mosseae in improving plant growth and the early beginning of the reproductive stage in these plants was not associated with great plant protection and high pepper yield in diseased plants. Only plants associated with G. deserticola had greater yield than non-mycorrhizal ones despite the lower P fertilization applied to the mycorrhizal treatment and this fact was observed in both healthy and diseased plants. It is suggested that the higher specific phosphorus uptake in Verticillium-inoculated plants associated with G. deserticola could contribute to diminish the deleterious effect of pathogen on yield. On the other hand, the possible influence of endogenous phenolics in roots on the tolerance or resistance of pepper against wilt induced by Verticillium dahliae remains unclear.     

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Induced Drought Stress on Antioxidant Enzyme and Nitrate Reductase Activities in Juniperus oxycedrus L. Grown in a Composted Sewage Sludge-amended Semi-arid Soil

We studied the influence of inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss. & Menge and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and the addition of composted sewage sludge (SS) on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and total peroxidase (POX) and of shoot and root nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) in Juniperus oxycedrus L. seedlings, an evergreen shrub, grown in a non-sterile soil under well-watered and drought-stress conditions. Both the inoculation with exotic AM fungi and the addition of composted SS stimulated significantly growth and the N and P contents in shoot tissues of J. oxycedrus with respect to the plants neither inoculated nor treated with composted SS that were either well-watered or droughted. Under drought-stress conditions, only inoculation with exotic AM fungi increased shoot and root NR activity (about 188% and 38%, respectively, with respect to the plants neither inoculated nor treated with composted SS). Drought increased the POX and SOD activities in both shoots of J. oxycedrus seedlings inoculated with exotic AM fungi and grown with composted SS, but the increase was less than in the plants neither inoculated nor treated with SS. Both the plants inoculated with exotic AM fungi and the plants grown with composted SS developed additional mechanisms to avoid oxidative damage produced under water-shortage conditions.