Correlazione Tra Corredo Cromosomico e Dimensioni Delle Microspore Nella Tassonomia Botanica. Spettro Genetico dei Pollini

Resumé

Corrélation entre le nombre des chromosomes et les dimensions des microscopores dans la taxonomie botanique. spectre génétique pollinique.

Le concept de proportion domine dans la nature vivante. L'intéraction du noyau et du cytoplasme détermine sur le volume de ce dernier et en conséquence sur la cellule à l'état jeune, une régulation des dimensions cellulaires.

Non seulement la forme des divers pollens, mais aussi leurs dimensions (en tenant compte des fluctuation possibles), constituent des caractères qui peuvent avoir une importance taxonomique, tant par eux memes que par le fait d'etre mis en rapport avec les nombres des chromosomes.

On a déjà constaté que le numéro diploïde 24 est le plus fréquent, soit dans le règne animal que dans le régne végétal et que les numéros diploïdes compris entre 12 et 32 sont plus fréquents dans les plantes, que les autres numéros. Corrélativement l'A. a constaté que le diamètre équatorial le plus fréquent dans les pollens est celui de 23–25 microns; suivent, avec des fréquences décroissantes, les mesures 16–14–18–32–12 etc. microns.

De même, tandis que les numéros diploïdes éleves (2a = 100–200) sont très rares dans les plantes, les espéces avec des pollens à grains volumineux sont elles aussi en nombre très réduit.

Parmi les Convolvulacées, au nombre chromosomique diploïde 2n = 14 de Cuscuta europaea correspondent des microspores de 18–25 μ à 2n = 50 de Convolvulus arvensis, microspores de 50–70 μ, tandis que les Ipomées ayant un nombre élevé de chromosomes (2n = 60, 2n = 90 ca.) ont des grains de pollen d'un diamètre de 150–210 microns. Parmi les Nyctaginacées, le genre Bougainvillea (2n=20) a des pollens de petites dimensions dont le diamètre equatorial est de 30–40 microns, tandis que le genre Mirabilis (2n = 58) a des graines de pollens de grandes dimensions, de 160–226 microns de diamètre.

Bien d'autres exemples de corrélation semblables, appartenant à plusieurs genres et families de plantes, peuvent être cités, sur la base de l'examen des pollens de plus de 1000 espèces.

Si des espèces de proche parenté et semblables au point de vue de la taxonomie, diffèrent entre elles par le nombre des chromosomes respectifs, elles diffèrent aussi quant aux dimensions des pollens.

Le cardinal diamétrique equatorial des grains de pollens des espèces vraisemblablement élémentaires et de leurs variétés est souvent très proche du cardinal chromosomique diploïde des entités respectives; il est quelquefois un des ses multiples, très rarement un sous-multiple.

Tandis que la proportionalité entre les dimensions des grains de pollen et le nombre des chromosomes est fréquente dans les espèce élémentaires, elle nè se rencontre pas dans beaucoup d'autre cas, à cause de l'interférence de la polyploïdie. Dans les Cucurbitacées, aux pollens avec grains de 20 et 22 μ (Bryonia dioica, Momordica charantia) correspondent 2n = 20 et 2n = 22 respectivement; tandis que dans les espèces à gros grains de pollens (Cucurbita pepo: 170 μ; Cucumis sativus: 72–76 μ) ont a trouvé jusqu'à present: 2n = 40,42 (80) et 2n = 14,28 respectivement.

Une des manifestations de la polyploïdie, est la présence dans les pollens de macro-grains, de grains abortifs, de sillons et de pores aberrants, en somme de grains atypiques par leur forme et parfois aussi par leur coleur, présence qui, outre à indiquer l'origine hybride, peut, dans certains cas, inciter à faire des recherches sur les parents supposés et à tirer un plus grand parti de ces caractères.

Dans bien de cas il est possible de dessiner les spectre des pourcentages selon lesquels les différentes entités on concouru à la constituion de la variété ou de la cultivar.

L'A. propose d'appeler un tel diagramme: spectre génétique pollinique. [Agrave] le définir concourent aussi bien les différences morphologiques et microchimiques, que le pourcentage des grains physiologiquement inactifs (abortifs).

La biométrie est très utile dans l'interprétation des préparations microscopiques hétérogènes des allopolyploïdes.     

Sul Presumibile Antagonismo Tra Sviluppo Vegetativo e Fiorale e Su Un Nuovo Caso di Formazione di Gemme e di Foglie Su Spine di Aurantiaceae

Riassunto

L'A. facendo delle osservazioni comparative tra le caratteristiche di sviluppo vegetativo e fiorale rilevate tanto sui rametti ordinari che nei casi anomali di formazione di gemme su spine di Aurantiaceae mette in rilievo il presumibile antagonismo tra sviluppo vegetativo e fiorale che si verifica in genere tra le due importanti attività fisiologiche della pianta.

Nello stesso tempo dà notizia di nuovi casi di formazione di gemme e di foglie su spine di Citrus limonum L. che, confrontati con quelli descritti in precedenti lavori dell'A. riguardanti lo sviluppo di fiori su spine di Aurantiaceae, confermano che gli abbozzi fogliari contigui alle gemme si evolvono regolarmente quando la gemma sia polarizzata nello sviluppo vegetativo o sia allo stato latente, mentre restano in genere allo stato rudimentale quando la gemma viene a polarizzarsi verso lo sviluppo fiorale. Ciò si verifica in generale negli abbozzi fogliari che si sviluppano sulle rachidi fiorali ed eccezionalmente in quelli che sono in rapporto con la gemma che dà origine ad una rachide fiorale.     

Sporobolus Poibetii (R. et S.) Hitch. e Oenothera Sinuata L. Nella Selva di San Rossore

Summary

The author describes a Sporobolus Poiretii (R. et S.) Hitchc. and Oenothera sinuata L. stand in the «Selva» (forest) of S. Rossore (near Pisa).

Earlier reports of these two adventive and perhaps naturalized species are mentioned.

The author discussues the critical and complex sistematic definition, nomenclature and sinonimy of Sporobolus Poiretii in connection with the nearly related species Sporobolus indicus R. Br.

The author prospects at the end how both Sp. Poiretii and Oe. sinuata can be inserted in the «Nuova Flora Analitica» of Italy, by Adriano Fiori.     

Rapporti Fra Endosperma ed Embrione Nella Germinazione di Pinus Pinea L.

Abstract

Endosperm embryo interrelationships during germination of PINUS PINEA L. (2nd Note). — Experiments have been performed with unripe fresh seeds paralleled with unripe stored seeds (50 days of storage).

The effect of storage is very similar to the effect of further permanence on the tree.

It is confirmed the importance of the endosperm in the germination process already put in evidence in the 1rst note.

The relationships existing between endosperm and embryo during the germination of the seed become more and more strict as the seed ripens, so that in a ripe seed the embryo develops in a normal seedling only in connection of its own endosperm.

In an unripe seed the embryo is uncompletely controlled by its endosperm.

Some remarks have been made about the degree of maturity of the different parts of the embryo.     

Rapporti Tra Assunzione D'acqua,Metabolismo e Sintesi di Enzimi Nell'endosperma Di Semi Germinanti di Ricinus Communis

Abstract

Water uptake, activation of metabolism and enzyme synthesis in germinating castor bean seeds. — During the first days of germination water uptake by the castor bean seed endosperm is accompanied by a rapid rise of respiratory activity and of the « in vitro » detectable activity of a number of enzymes. The finding that the increase of enzyme activity is strongly inibited by protein synthesis inhibitors suggests an « ex novo » synthesis of enzymes in the endosperm of the germinating seed. The present investigation on the relationship between water uptake, metabolic activity and enzyme activity level lead to the following conclusions:

I - The increase of enzyme activity is strictly dependent on the availability of water, and on the rate of water uptake. When water uptake is depressed by incubation of the seed in high osmolarity media, enzyme activation is also severely depressed.

This is also observed when the seeds are germinating in contact with an amount of water consistently lower then the one they would taken up, in a given time (24 h), under conditions of unlimeted water availability.

II - The temperature coefficient of water uptake is close to 1.5 during the first 24 h, higher than 2 in the following 3 days. Low temperature almost completely inhibits the increase of enzyme activities in the endosperm.

III - Anaerobiosis inhibits the rate of water uptake by about 50%, in the first 24 h, and almost completely, in the following 3 days. Also the rise of enzyme activities is severely inhibited by lack of oxygen. The effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on water uptake is somewhat smaller, and the one on enzyme activity is somewhat larger than that of anaerobiosis.

These results are interpreted as indicating that during the early period of germination water uptake becomes more and more dependent on the metabolic activities of the endosperm cells, in as much the latter lead to the appearance of osmotically active substances and, possibly, to changes of the cell wall properties.

On the other hand, the level of hydration of the cytoplasm represents a limiting factor for the development of the mechanism involved in enzyme synthesis and metabolic activation.     

Osservazioni sul ciclo di sviluppo delle gemme di esemplari mascbili e femminili di Ginkyo biloba L.

Abstract

Observations on the development cycle of the buds of male and female specimens of Ginkyo biloba L. – A study of the buds of long shood and short shoot of male and female Ginkyo biloba L. individuals reveals the following: 1) All the buds of the male individuals are bigger and round in shape while those of the female individuals are smaller and conical. 2) Among individuals of the same sex there are no differences between the buds of long and short shoots except that the latter are always bigger. 3) All the buds, both male and female, show a constant number of buds scales (7–14), embryonic leaves (3–7) and leaf primordia (3–4). 4) The increase in diameters is greater in the male than in the female buds. 5) When opening, the buds of the male short shoots can get as big as 11,5 mm × 11,5 mm and those of the female short shoots 5 mmx4 mm. At this time, the long shoots of both sexes show a less marked differences in size (♂ 5 mm × 5 mm; 9 4 mm × 3,5 mm). 6) The male buds of both long and short shoots are always mixed, that is they are provided with a very small apex and pollen sacs. Only on exceptional cases has sterility been observed. On the other hand female buds are mixed, that is they are provided with a shoot apex and ovules, only in the long shoots of three or more years of age and not always; while the buds of the long shoots are always sterile. 7) Opening of the buds, which in both sexes occurs from the base upwards, takes place at the middle of March in the male and in the first decade of April in the female individuals. 8) The appearence of sex, starting from the base, takes place at an earlier time in male individuals. In fact in the buds of the male short shoots it appears as early as July. In the buds of the female short shoots it appears in October. 9) Pollen cones do not appear at the same time in all the buds of the two types of shoot. They are found in the buds of the short shoots in July, in October in the lateral buds of the long shoots and in November in the terminal buds of the same type of shoots. 10) Ovules appear only in some buds of short shoots three or more year old. They are never present in the long and short shoots one or two year old buds. 11) The dates of appearance of the pollen cones and ovules in our Florentine specimens are exactly the same as those reported by SPRECHER (1907) for the Ginkyo plants growing in Geneva.     

Caratterizzazione citologica e citochimica del nefrone di Cyprinus carpio L.

Ricerche eseguite e pubblicate con il concorso di un contributo del C. N. R.     

Azione esercitata dal cianuro sulla crescita e sull'inverdimento di plantule di Picea abies (L.) Karsten e di Larix decidua Miller

Abstract

Action of cyanide on growth and greening of seedlings of Picea abies and Larix decidua.—The effects of cyanide on growth and greening of dark germinated seedlings of Picea abies and Larix decidua are studied. While growth of Picea seedlings is scarcely inhibited, the effect of the inhibitor on Larix seedlings is very drastic. Greening of Picea seedlings is never inhibited while, at stronger concentrations, cyanide weakly inhibits greening of Larix seedlings. When seedlings are treated with cyanide and salicylhydrossamic acid, an inhibitor of mithocondrial respiration cyanide non-sensible, growth is inhibited more strongly than when cyanide only is used and greening too is inhibited. Cyanide is shown to be able to reach megagametophyte and embryo and to be incorporated steadily.