Ricerche Embriologiche sul Genere Thalictrum Embriologia di Thalictrum Angustifolium L. v. flavum L

Abstract

Embriologycals researches in the thalictrum genus. — Embriology of Thalictrum angustifolium L. v. flavum L.

In this research has been studied the development of the female gametophyte of Thalictrum angustifolium L. v. flavum L.; it has been found a tetrasporic bipolarized type: the Pyretrum type, with sixteen nuclei.

The gametophyte is characterized by cellularization of every antipodal nucleus.

Besides this is a new type in the Thalictrum genus, supposing that in others species of this genus, has been recognized the Normal type.

The author supposes another type in this specie, probably a development of the tetrasporic tetrapolarized type, of which he will refer when the necessary elements emerge.

In this specie the microsporogenesis is simultaneous.     

Ricerche Cariologiche e Embriologiche Sul Genere Rudbeckia (Asteraceae)

Summary

The author describes the different modalities of the cellularisation of the adult gametophyte of Rudbeckia laciniata L. The several cases are arranged according to the number and the type of differentiation of the cells of the gametopyte. Of each type it is stated the frequency, calculated in about 500 cases.

The author remarks that the differentiation of the single cells is owing to »an effect of the position«, which exists in the displacement of the nuclei of the gametophyte regarding the proendospermatic cell, to which cell, however, one can attribute a pre-eminent »power of organization«. The displacement of the nuclei is after all the consequente of the stage of the » polarisation «.     

Embriologia e Cariologia di Lochnera Rosea (L.) Rchb. (Apocynaceae)

Riassunto

L'A. stabilisce che in Lochnera rosea lo sviluppo del gametofito è di tipo normale; le microspore si dividono secondo il tipo simultanco; il tappeto è di secrezione. Fenomeni di associazione dei cromosomi del corrcdo aploide potrebbero indicare che il numero aploide S di questa specie sia derivato dal num. t.     

Ricerche Embriologiche su Senecio Vulgaris L. var. Thyrrenus Fiori

Abstract

Embryological researches on SENECIO VULGARIS L. var. THYRRENUS Fiori. — Male gametophyte, development of tapetal cells and female gametophyte have been studied in Senecio vulgaris L. var thyrrenus Fiori.

1) The development of male gametophyte is normal. Divisions of the microspore mother cells are of the simultaneous type. The division of the generative nucleus has never been observed till the pollen grain was in the anther.

2) The tapetal cells follow a very simple development. The nucleus of each cell divides only twice starting at the same time with the meiotic divisions of pollen mother cells but ending much earlier; subsequently, as usually happens with the Asteraceae, the ameboid involution of the tapetum begins. Endomitosis or any other process which leads to a polyploidy not due to nuclear fusion, has never been observed.

3) The female gametophyte is eight nucleate of the normal type (Polygonum). At maturity it shows only three antipodal cells whose nucleus undergoes at first, two or three divisions. Only later these new nuclei, always within the antipodal cell, may fuse in a polyvalent one.     

Ricerche Morfologiche e Anatomiche Su Mimosa Pudica L.

Summary

Firstly, the author describes the anatomical and histological structures of Mimosa pudica L. during the stages of development of the young plant prior to the appearing of cambium. She then discusses, in the light of previous literature on the subject, the three principal features of Mimosa pudica: herbaceous bearing, stable tetrarchy with intercotyledonal bundles along the plumule, and small sized germination.

Finally, the author concludes that Mimosa pudica appears to be an individual with tree-like rather than herbaceous symmetry (stable tetrarchy), in which the size of germination has diminished parallelly to reduction in size of the adult individual.     

Ricerche Sulla Biologia e Le Caratteristiche Zimogene di Saccharomyces Heterogenicus Oster W.

Summary

The Author, in the study of the apple microflora, had the occasion of often isolating Saccharomyces heterogenicus, which had been isolated and formerly described by Osterwalder.

More careful morphological and physiological researches were completed because species worthy of a better illustration was in question, for the importance too it could have in the apple juices fermentation, in consideration of the manifacture of ciders.

The results of the work herein reported, explain some morfo-physiological views of a naturalistic interest and let us infer as to technological views, that Sacch. heterogenicus can find an useful employ for its high zymogen activity, in preparing ciders which are up to these days normally intrusted to the spontaneous fermentation.     

Ricerche sperimentali sulla morfogenesi del cristallino nell'embrione di pollo. Induzione e rigenerazione

Riassunto L'A. ha studiato il destine del territorio lentogeno presuntivo dopo demolizioni piu o meno estese della vescicola ottica primaria di embrioni di polio di 6–12 somiti, e le condizioni necessarie per la rigenerazione del cristallino a spese dei componenti del calice ottico, quando il cristallino non si forma, come di norma, daU'ectoderma. Alcune relazioni di spazio e di tempo fra l'ectoderma lentogeno ed i tessuti che si sviluppano dalla vescicola ottica parzialmente amputata sono indispensabili perché il cristallino si formi secondo le normali modalitá. La rigenerazione del cristallino a spese del tapetum o della retina, che si formano dalla porzione della vescicola ottica rimasta in sito, ha luogo soltanto quando viene conservato almeno il terzo prossimale della vescicola ottica e quando la proliferazione dei componenti del calice ottico e sufficentemente estesa.L'A. sottolinea 1'importanza dei fattori meccanici, i quali agiscono sulla retina e sul tapetum in accrescimento, durante il processo di rimaneggiamento dell'abbozzo delFocchio consecutivo alia lesione della vescicola ottica, rispetto alia realizzazione del processo di rigenerazione del cristallino.

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Zusammenfassung Verfasser untersuchte bei Hühnerembryonen von 6–12 Urwirbeln das Verhalten des präsumptiven lentogenen Gebietes nach mehr oder weniger ausgedehnter Zerstörung des primären Augenbläschens sowie die Bedingungen, die für eineRegeneration der Linse aus den Bestandteilen des Augenbechers erforderlich sind, falls die normale Entwicklung der Linse aus dem Ektoderm unterbleibt. — Einige räumliche und zeitliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem lentogenen Ektoderm und den Geweben, die sich aus dem teilweise entfernten Augenbläschen entwickeln, sind für die normale Entwicklung der Linse unerläßlich. DieRegeneration der Linse aus Tapetum oder Netzhaut, die sich aus dem in situ zurückgelassenen Teil des Augenbläschens bilden, ist nur möglich, wenn mindestens das proximale Drittel des Augenbläschens erhalten bleibt und wenn die Proliferation der Bestandteile des Augenbechers hinreichend ausgedehnt ist. — Verfasser unterstreicht die Bedeutung, die den mechanischen Faktoren für die Entwicklung des Regenerationsvorganges der Linse zukommt, die nach der Verletzung des Augenbläschens auf Retina und Tapetum während des Umbildungsprozesses des Augenkeimes einwirken.

     

Ricerche sul meristema apicale della radice II. II contenuto di coenzimi riboflavinici

Abstract

RESEARCHES ON ROOT APEX MERISTEM. II. RIBOFLAVINE COENZYMES. — FMN and FAD contents have been measured (by the method of BURCH et al.) in the roots of etiolated pea seedlings. It has been found that FMN and FAD content is higher, when referred to fresh weight, in the 2 mm. apical segment than in the next 2–4 mm segment.

On a protein basis, FMN is more abundant in the 2–4 mm segment than in the 0–2 mm apical segment.

The opposite is true for FAD (see table). The apical (meristematic) segment is therefore characterized by a higher FAD/FMN ratio (its value is 1) than the next 2–4 mm segment, where the ratio FAD/FMN is 0.29.     

Ricerche istochimiche e al micro scopio elettronico sui tubi malpighiani di Dacus oleae Gmel.

Summary The Dacus oleae larva possesses four Malpighian tubules, two anterior and two posterior ones, which in pairs enter into a ureter. Before opening into the gut, at the level of the transition zone between the mid- and hindgut, each ureter is dilated into an ampulla.The anterior tubules are divided into four regions: distal, transition, middle and proximal ones: while in the posterior tubules only middle and proximal segments are detectable. The distribution of the enzyme systems is indicated in Fig. 3, while the ultrastructural organization which is typical of the cells composing the different regions is schematically represented in Fig. 1. According to the ultrastructural and enzymatic findings, and the discussion on this subject in the literature, the authors are led to assume that in the distal segment occurs the segregation of uric acid, urates and calcium salts. In the transition segment, and still more in the intermediate one, an indiscriminate transport of water and solutes occurs from the haemocoel into the lumen of the tubule by pinocytosis. A fraction of the catabolites is precipitated as chromolipoidal pigments. The transition stages between cytosomes and pigment are described. Along with secretory phenomena the resorption of useful substances occurs in the proximal region. A similar function is performed by the ureter. In the ampulla, which is characterized by a conspicuous system of deep tubular infoldings both at the apical and basal surfaces of its cells, a massive water resorption is presumed to occur.     

Sul ricambio gassoso della uova di bachi da seta (Bombyx mori L). II

Riassunto Sono stati eseguiti esperimenti col metodo manometrico diwarburg sulla respirazione delle uova annuali (bianco cinese, giallo indigene) e bivoltine 2^o generazione (Awoiko) nel periodo di incubazione dal 14 aprile al 5 maggio.L'intensitá respiratoria delle uova di tutte le tre categorie aumenta continuamente finche raggiunge il suo massimo colla nascita dei bacolini.Ho distinto nello sviluppo delle uova sulla base dell' attivitá respiratoria dalla deposizione delle uova fino alla nascita dei bacolini tre periodi: Nel primo periodo l'intensitá respiratoria aumenta continuamente fino a raggiungere un massimo, questo primo periodo dura 4 o 5 giorni.Nel secondo periodo T intensitá respiratoria si abbassa notevolmente e rimane nei limiti bassi durante alcuni mesi, solo in primavera l'intensitá respiratoria s' inalza e raggiunge in fine il livello della intensitá raggmnta nel primo periodo. Questo periodo e la diapausa.Nel terzo periodo (incubazione) l' intensitá respiratoria cresce coninuamente raggiungendo il massimo colla nascita dei bacolini.Se noi sommiamo i giorni del continuo aumento della intensitá respiratoria ossia quello del primo e del terzo periodo, escluso il secondo periodo, avvremo un totale di 10–11 giorni.Ora la prima generazione delle bivoltinc si sviluppa ininterrotamente senza la diapausa, anche per il suo completo sviluppo sono nescessari circa 11 giorni. Dal punto di vista dell' attivitá del ricambio gassoso sembra ehe nel lungo periodo di diapausa non avvengono fenomeni di accrescimento, bensi avvengono dei processi di natura ignota.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden nach der manometrischen Methode vonWarburg Untersuchungen gemacht über die Atmung von Eiern der Seidenraupe annuali (bianco cinese und giallo indigene), bivoltine 2. Generation (Awoiko). Die Versuche wurden in der Zeit vom 14. April bis 5. Mai, die Zeit der Inkubation, ausgeführt. Die Intensität der Atmung stieg kontinuierlich bei den Eiern aller drei Kategorien, bis sie ihren Höhepunkt mit dem Ausschlüpfen der Raupe erreichte.Bezüglich der Atmungsaktivität wurden in der Entwicklung des Eies von seiner Ablage bis zur Geburt der Raupe drei Perioden unterschieden:In der ersten Periode stieg die Atmungsintensität kontinuierlich an bis zur Erreichung eines Maximum. Diese Periode dauert 4 bis 5 Tage.In der zweiten Periode sinkt die Atmungsintensität allmählich und bleibt auf einer ziemlich niedrigen Stufe konstant. Nur im Frühling steigt sie wieder an, bis sie das Niveau erreicht, das sie bereits in der ersten Periode gehabt hat. Diese Periode sei als Diapausa bezeichnet.In der dritten Periode (Inkubation) steigt die Atmungsintensität kontinuierlich bis zu ihrem Höhepunkt bei dem Ausschlüpfen der Larve.Wenn wir die Summe der Tage mit kontinuierlichem Ansteigen der Atmungsintensität betrachten, d. h. die Summe der Tage in der ersten und dritten Periode unter Ausschließung der zweiten Periode, so erhalten wir eine Summe von 10 bis 11 Tagen. Es ist bemerkenswert, daß die Entwicklung der Eier der ersten Generation der bivoltine, die kontinuierlich ohne Diapausa abläuft, ebenfalls 11 Tage dauert.Vom Standpunkte der Aktivität des Gasstoffwechsels aus scheint es, daß in der langen Periode der Diapausa keine Entwicklungserscheinungen vorhanden sind; man muß vielmehr Prozesse unbekannter Natur annehmen.

     

Osservazioni sul ciclo di sviluppo delle gemme di esemplari mascbili e femminili di Ginkyo biloba L.

Abstract

Observations on the development cycle of the buds of male and female specimens of Ginkyo biloba L. – A study of the buds of long shood and short shoot of male and female Ginkyo biloba L. individuals reveals the following: 1) All the buds of the male individuals are bigger and round in shape while those of the female individuals are smaller and conical. 2) Among individuals of the same sex there are no differences between the buds of long and short shoots except that the latter are always bigger. 3) All the buds, both male and female, show a constant number of buds scales (7–14), embryonic leaves (3–7) and leaf primordia (3–4). 4) The increase in diameters is greater in the male than in the female buds. 5) When opening, the buds of the male short shoots can get as big as 11,5 mm × 11,5 mm and those of the female short shoots 5 mmx4 mm. At this time, the long shoots of both sexes show a less marked differences in size (♂ 5 mm × 5 mm; 9 4 mm × 3,5 mm). 6) The male buds of both long and short shoots are always mixed, that is they are provided with a very small apex and pollen sacs. Only on exceptional cases has sterility been observed. On the other hand female buds are mixed, that is they are provided with a shoot apex and ovules, only in the long shoots of three or more years of age and not always; while the buds of the long shoots are always sterile. 7) Opening of the buds, which in both sexes occurs from the base upwards, takes place at the middle of March in the male and in the first decade of April in the female individuals. 8) The appearence of sex, starting from the base, takes place at an earlier time in male individuals. In fact in the buds of the male short shoots it appears as early as July. In the buds of the female short shoots it appears in October. 9) Pollen cones do not appear at the same time in all the buds of the two types of shoot. They are found in the buds of the short shoots in July, in October in the lateral buds of the long shoots and in November in the terminal buds of the same type of shoots. 10) Ovules appear only in some buds of short shoots three or more year old. They are never present in the long and short shoots one or two year old buds. 11) The dates of appearance of the pollen cones and ovules in our Florentine specimens are exactly the same as those reported by SPRECHER (1907) for the Ginkyo plants growing in Geneva.     

Caratterizzazione citologica e citochimica del nefrone di Cyprinus carpio L.

Ricerche eseguite e pubblicate con il concorso di un contributo del C. N. R.