乌桕种子各部位比率和油脂含量与环境因子的关系

对全国11个省16个市（县）19个鸡爪桕[Sapium sebiferum(L.)Roxb.var.laxicarpum Hu]种子样品进行分析,以探讨乌桕种子的外种皮、内种皮、种仁的比率及皮油、梓油的含量和种子总含油率、百粒重与纬度、经度、年积温和年降水量的相关性,结果表明,乌桕种子外种皮、种仁的比率和皮油含量与纬度、经度、年积温和年降水量呈正相关;梓油的含量与经度、年积温和年降水量呈正相关,内种皮的比率与上述环境因子均呈负相关;种子的百粒重与经度和年积温呈正相关,与纬度和年降水量的相关性不明显;种子的总含油量与经度、年积温及年降水量呈较明显的相相关,而与纬度没有明显的正相关。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia lerchiana</Emphasis> as a producer of essential oil

Abstrac  The composition of essential oil of Artemisia lerchiana Web. plants growing in Volgograd oblast was studied. Sampling was performed from plots contrasting in climatic and soil characteristics. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The content of essential oil in shoot biomass increased gradually during shoot formation, flower bud formation, and flowering beginning and then decreased. The highest content of essential oil varied from 1.1 to 1.5% of plant dry weight at the stage of flower bud formation. More than thirty compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following major components were found: camphor, borneol, bornylacetate, camphene, and 1,8-cineole. Some of compounds (sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids) were identified for the first time. The time-course of accumulation of essential oil components strongly depended on habitat edaphic factors and climatic conditions during the year of sampling. The results permit a conclusion that A. lerchiana is a valuable producer of essential oils. Original Russian Text ? E.B. Kirichenko, Yu.V. Orlova, D.V. Kurilov, 2008, published in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2008, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 934–941.     

野生与栽培茅苍术挥发油成分的比较分析

采用气相色谱法分析茅苍术〔Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕在原产地及引种栽培1年后5个主要挥发油成分的含量变化。结果表明,江苏产茅苍术挥发油成分以苍术酮和苍术素为主;湖北产茅苍术挥发油的主要成分为茅术醇和β-桉叶醇;不同产地野生茅苍术挥发油的主要成分和含量明显不同;引种栽培至同一环境(江苏南京)后,茅苍术挥发油的主要成分及含量差异明显减小,表明产地对茅苍术挥发油有效成分的组成有一定的影响。     

樟树叶油地理变异的研究

对分布在福建省不同地区的樟树〔C innam omum camphora(L.)Presl〕叶油含量和主要化学成分进行分析,结果表明,J3(118°16′~119°29′)和W 1(28°18′~27°30′)交叉区域芳樟叶油含量(1.90%±0.30%)和芳樟醇含量(95.34%±1.10%)较高,可作为优良芳樟选育的重点区域;J2(117°03′~118°16′)和W 3(26°42′~25°54′)交叉区域桉樟叶油含量(1.36%±0.48%)和1,8-桉叶油素含量(10.44%±17.28%)较高,可以作为优良桉樟选育的重点区域。J2和W 2(27°30′~26°42′)交叉区域樟脑叶油含量(1.13%±0.65%)和樟脑含量(4.80%±13.97%)较高,可以作为优良脑樟选育的重点区域;J4(119°29′~120°43′)和W 6(24°18′~23°31′)交叉区域黄樟叶油含量(1.05%±0.34%)和黄樟油素含量(9.01%±16.73%)较高,可以作为优良黄樟选育的重点区域。樟树叶油含量和主成分类型及含量呈明显的地理分布。     

艾纳香油中抗炎成分的筛选及其对炎性因子的影响

为了寻找艾纳香油中的抗炎物质,并研究其对巨噬细胞炎性因子的影响,本文采用动物炎症模型筛选艾纳香油中具有抗炎活性的部分化合物,再检测目标化合物对LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞中相关炎性因子的影响.发现艾纳香油中(-)-芳樟醇、反式-石竹烯抗炎活性最佳,且不同剂量的(-)-芳樟醇、反式-石竹烯均能抑制LTB4、PGE2、N...     

Influence of Meteorological Factors on Oil Content and Major Fatty Acids of Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L. )

1IntroductionOilseedrape(BrassicanapusL.)isthemostimportantsourceofedibleoil,andtheYangtzeRiverlowerbasinisthemaincultivationregioninChina.Duringlastdecade,winterrapeproduc-tionisincreasinginthecereal-growingregionsafterthericeharvest(Zhou,1994).Weathervari-ablessuchassolarradiation,temperature,precipitation,windandhumidityhavepronouncedef-fectsonrapegrowth,developmentandseedyield(Almondetal.1986).itisprobablethatahigh-ertemperatureduringvegetativegrowththanatmainfloweringandseedfillingprod…     

Vetiver oil production correlates with early root growth

To gain insight into essential oil metabolism we analyzed the oil produced in Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) roots during early growth. Planting of Vetiver in the Campania region of southern Italy was performed in the spring using Vetiver culms with short roots and approximately 20 cm leaves. During the first two years of growth Vetiver essential oil was hydrodistilled from root samples collected at intervals of two months starting from transplantation. The production of Vetiver oil was constant during the first six months. Over the next two months there was a twofold increase in production of essential oil, which anticipated a progressive decrease during the cold months (from January to April 2003). The analysis of the Vetiver oil showed the presence of 49 constituents, mainly the tricyclic sesquiterpenes khusimol and zizanoic acid, and the bicyclic sesquiterpenes (E)-isovalencenol, junenol, juniper camphor, nootkatone and α-vetivone. These results suggest that Vetiver essential oil production is closely related to the metabolism of plant roots, which is affected by changes in environmental temperatures.     

A biorefinery model for the production of oil and biomethane using castor plants

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide whose inedible oil is widely used in the industrial, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors. Castor plants show high conversion potential for use as biorefining feedstocks. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two nitrogen fertilization levels (0 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹) on seed and oil yield. From a biorefinery perspective, the residual biomass of seed processing was analyzed in terms of fiber composition and biomethane production carrying out a biological pretreatment using two white-rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Irpex lacteus). Nitrogen fertilization resulted in an increase in seed and oil yields and a difference in capsule husk composition. Fungal pretreatment of capsule husks showed promising effects on anaerobic digestion, increasing the biomethane yield compared to untreated biomass. The highest lignin degradation and the lowest cellulose loss during pretreatment were obtained with I. lacteus, and this fungal pretreatment resulted in the highest biomethane yield (103.2 NmL g⁻¹ volatile solids) for the fertilized biomass.     

环境因子对黄顶菊种子萌发的影响

黄顶菊是一种入侵性极强的外来杂草,其种子对环境的适应是其成功入侵的前提.通过室内条件下黄顶菊种子的物理特性、环境因子对其种子萌发及幼苗生长影响等方面的研究,可为探讨黄顶菊快速蔓延的原因与揭示黄顶菊成功入侵机制提供理论依据.结果表明,黄顶菊种子极多而轻与黄顶菊大面积扩散密切相关,温度、光照和种子埋藏深度是决定黄顶菊种子萌发的关键因素.黄顶菊种子萌发的温度范围为5～40℃,25℃最适于种子的萌发,25～35℃条件下有利于幼苗的生长;黄顶菊种子是光敏感型种子,在土壤表面的萌发率最高(74.44%),大于3cm的深层土壤中则不能萌发;pH 对黄顶菊种子的萌发影响不明显,但其幼苗在酸性条件下生长较好;黄顶菊种子的萌发能忍受一定的盐胁迫和干旱胁迫,但随着胁迫程度的加重,根长和苗长逐渐降低,50%的土壤含水量对黄顶菊种子萌发和幼苗生长比较适宜.     

不同居群山苍子果实精油和柠檬醛含量及其与地理-气候因子的相关性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气相色谱技术对取自浙江富阳、贵州毕节和织金、湖南永州、福建永安和建瓯、云南景东、四川长宁、江西安远和分宜10个居群的山苍子[ Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.]果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量进行测定,并分析了果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量与地理-气候因子的相关性;在此基础上对供试居群进行了聚类分析.测定结果表明:各居群的果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量差异显著,精油含量均值为3.60％,变异系数(CV)为1.54％～10.46％;柠檬醛含量均值为3.52％,CV为24.78％ ～40.54％;云南景东居群精油含量最高(4.56％)、江西分宜居群最低(3.14％);福建永安居群柠檬醛含量最高(7.01％)、贵州毕节居群最低(1.85％),且柠檬醛含量的表型分化系数为57.87％,说明居群间柠檬醛含量的变异幅度大于精油含量,且居群间柠檬醛含量的变异程度大于居群内.相关性分析结果显示:山苍子果实精油含量与经度和7月均温呈极显著负相关,与年降雨量呈显著负相关,与海拔呈极显著正相关;柠檬醛含量与经度和年降雨量分别呈显著和极显著正相关,说明精油含量随经度增大而降低,且受环境水分和温度变化的影响较大;而柠檬醛含量随经度增大而提高,并明显受生境中水分条件的调节.聚类分析结果表明:在欧氏距离15处,供试的10个山苍子居群主要分成3类,根据地理位置大体可划分为西南部和东南部2个种质类型,其中福建永安居群较为特殊.研究结果表明:不同居群山苍子果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量差异与遗传特性、地理分布和生境气候条件均有一定的相关性.     

楮实子油的化学成分及含量分析

楮实子为桑科植物构树[Broussonetia papyrifera(L.)Vent.]的干燥成熟果实,在中国分布广泛[1],具有补肾清肝、明目、利尿的功效,临床上用于治疗腰膝酸软、虚劳骨蒸、头晕目昏、目生膜、水肿胀满,还可以治疗顽癣、神经性皮炎、湿疹等皮肤病,<名医别录>载为上品[2].楮实子不仅具有开发治疗老年性疾病新药的潜力,还可以制成美容保健类的产品[3-5].     

Influence of annually fluctuating seed-cone production and climatic factors on the upper-crown expansion of canopy trees of Abies mariesii Masters (Pinaceae)

To understand the influence of seed-cone production on the upper-crown expansion of canopy trees of Abies mariesii Masters, the influence of the annually fluctuating number of seed cones on the terminal-leader length of the main stem and primary branches was analyzed using seed-cone rachises remaining on the terminal leaders of the primary branches. The influence of climatic factors during the period of vegetative-bud growth and shoot elongation was also analyzed. For the upper-crown expansion, factors influencing the number of horizontally elongating branches on the top of the main stem were also examined. According to model fitting, the terminal-leader length of the main stem was negatively influenced by seed-cone production 1 year before shoot elongation. In contrast, the terminal-leader length of the primary branches was not clearly influenced by seed-cone production, but was positively influenced by the mean temperature in September 1 year before shoot elongation and in July in the year of shoot elongation. The number of horizontally elongating branches on the top was positively influenced by the terminal-leader length of the main stem 1 year before horizontal elongation on the top and negatively influenced by seed-cone production 2 years earlier. Thus, in the upper part of the crown, the allocation of photosynthate to seed cones mainly affects the arrangement of needles and seed cones up to the higher positions. This trade-off between seed-cone production and upper-crown expansion influences the canopy shape and reproductive strategy of A. mariesii .     

茅苍术不同器官挥发油含量及其生长量的动态变化

以来自湖北英山的2年生茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.)为实验材料,研究了茅苍术的根、根茎、叶片、茎和花果在不同发育阶段挥发油的含量变化、分布模式及其与生长量的关系。结果表明,茅苍术的根、根茎、叶片、茎和花果中均含有挥发油,但主要存在于根茎中,占全株挥发油总量的81.79%;苍术酮、茅术醇、β-桉叶醇、芹烷二烯酮及苍术素为根茎挥发油的主要成分,占根茎挥发油总量的94.53%;β-桉叶醇和茅术醇的含量较高,占5种主要挥发油成分总量的74.85%;5种主要挥发油成分在不同器官中的形成及动态变化均不同。根茎挥发油成分在营养生长及生殖生长旺盛期积累缓慢,在营养生长及生殖生长后期积累迅速。根据研究结果确定南京地区茅苍术的最佳采收期为11月中下旬。     

Prevalence of the major pests in transgenic and non-transgenic cotton genotype in response to climatic factors and their impact on yield

Abstract

The incidence of insect pests in cotton crop, such as Bemisia tabaci, Amrasca devastans and Pectinophora gossypiella (PBW) is dependent on climatic factors, such as maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Besides, cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is also a major yield-limiting factor in the cotton crop. The results indicated that non-transgenic genotypes were heavily infested by whitefly, whereas jassid infested all genotypes with little difference. The population of whitefly and jassid acquired peak level in the month of July and August on all the genotypes. The correlation studies indicated the negative correlation of jassid, pink bollworm and CLCuD on yield component, whereas whitefly infestation was found positively correlated with CLCuD. Moreover, multivariate regression analysis (MRA) indicated the maximum and minimum temperature impacted the infestation of whitefly and jassid more than other factors, whereas maximum temperature greatly impacted the infestation of PBW in transgenic genotypes.     

沙棘含油量及影响因子研究综述

为依据工业需要,定向地引种,培育沙棘优良品种,在整理分析国内外重要资料的基础上,对沙棘含油量及影响因子研究进行了综述。各地试验结果表明：（1）从15个产地10个沙棘品种研究看出,中国沙棘亚种种子及果肉含油量均较高（10．37％,8．44％）,且该亚种分布广,适应性强,可作为引种,培养的优质种源,但在环境适宜的地区,可选用俄罗斯培育的沙棘新品种,如布里亚特（果实含油量达11．67－36．4％）;（2）不同产地,不同品种沙棘含油量差异较大;沙棘果在一定的海拔高度下含油量较高,。[过高或过低的海拔 会影响其含油量;温度对沙棘含油量影响不明显,但在同一地区,随着平均气温的降低,沙棘种子含油量呈缓慢下降趋势,果色对果汁,果渣,种子出油率的影响比较中,以果汁最明显,而果渣和种子所受影响不大;立地条件对沙棘含油量有明显影响,水肥条件较好的河滩地有利于油的积累,且种子油积累以阳坡和梁顶坡比阴坡,河滩好;（3）采果时间对沙棘含油量有较大影响。在实际生产中可通过利用化学诱变剂来增加沙棘果油含量,以赤霉素加γ射线处理效果最好;在实际 生产中可通过利用化学诱变剂来增加沙棘果油含量,以赤霉素加γ射线处理效果最好,另外加强水,肥管理也可提高沙棘的含油量,为引种,培育沙棘优良品种,生产实践中采取对有效措施以提高沙棘含油量,为工业生产选择合适的加工原料提供了科学依据,对建立优质沙棘种植园,高效,持续发展沙棘产业具有重要意义。     

NAT对植物生长及生理活性调控作用的初步研究

以新合成的 N- (1-萘乙酰基 ) - N′- (4 -氨替吡啉基 )硫脲 (NAT)配制成不同浓度 (10、2 0、50mg.L-1)的水溶液 ,对大田扬花期小麦进行叶面喷洒和蜀葵叶片扦插基部的浸泡处理 ,并在分别含有 0 .1mg.L-1NAT与 NAA的培养基中对护颖分化期的小麦幼穗进行离体培养。测定了处理后小麦灌浆后期旗叶的生理指标 ,统计测量了扦插生根的效果 ,并观察记录了幼穗培养再分化的情况。结果表明 ,NAT可有效的延缓小麦旗叶的衰老 ,促进蜀葵叶柄的扦插生根和促进小麦幼穗离体培养的再分化作用。其效果比 NAA更为明显。     

Influence of ecological and edaphic factors on biodiversity of soil nematodes

Nematodes are the most diverse and highly significant group of soil-inhabiting microorganisms that play a vital role in organic material decomposition and nutrient recycling.Diverse geographical locations and environmental gradients show a significant impact on the diversity of nematodes. Present study aims to assess the effects of ecological (altitude, temperature, moisture) and edaphic (soil pH, nutrients, soil patches) factors on the soil nematode diversity and structure at five different landscape patches (forests, apple orchards, rice fields, pastures, and alpine zone) from ten different sites of Kashmir valley (India). Differences in the altitudinal gradients results in the shift of generic nematode population. Among the soil patches, highest nematode diversity was observed in forest soil and least in alpine soil; however, bacteriovorous nematodes dominated all the soil patches. The temperature and moisture have a significant effect on nematode diversity, the highest nematode trophic levels were observed above 21°C temperature, and 30% moisture. Nematode abundance decreased from alkaline to acidic pH of the soil. Soil nutrients such as, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have shown a detrimental effect in nematode richness at each site, where nematode diversity and richness of genera were higher at abundant soil N and P but decreased at low soil nutrients. Ecological indices like diversity index (DI), Shannon-Wiener Index (H'), enrichment index (EI), and maturity Index (MI) values demonstrated forest soil more favourable for nematodes and high soil health status than other soil patches. This study suggested that these indices may be helpful as soil monitoring tools and assessing ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity.     

Influence of genotype and gelling agents on in vitro regeneration by organogenesis in sunflower

Fourteen recombinant inbred lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and their parents (PAC-2 and RHA-266) were tested for their organogenesis ability. Seeds were surface sterilized and germinated on hormone free half strength MS basal medium containing 10 g l^-1 sucrose solidified with five different gelling agents: Phytagar (Gibco laboratoires) 3 g l^-1, Phytagel (Sigma) 3 g l^-1, Agarose (Sigma) 5 g l^-1, Arcagel (Sigma) 4 g l^-1 and Agar-Agar (Fisher France) 7 g l^-1. Cotyledons from 2-day-old seedlings were split in half and the four explants of each seed were cultived in 55 mm diameter petri dishes containing 10 ml of MS medium supplemented with 50 μM KNO₃, 1 μM myo-inositol, 5 μM casein hydrolysate, 4.4 μM of BA and 5.4 μM of NAA solidified with the same gelling agents. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. A replicate for each genotype consisted of ten petri dishes containing four explants. The statistical analysis showed significant differences among genotypes and gelling agents. Of the fourteen recombinant inbred lines tested `C93' presented the highest values for all regeneration traits in the five different media and it was better than the best parent. Agarose and Agar-Agar were more better than other gelling agents for shoot induction. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

薰衣草精油和芦荟对痤疮面部主要菌群的影响

目的 体外观察薰衣草精油和芦荟水提物对痤疮患者面部痤疮丙酸杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌的作用,为改善面部痤疮治疗提供理论依据.方法 采用连续梯度稀释法稀释薰衣草精油及芦荟水提物,纸片法观察不同浓度的精油和芦荟水提物对面部正常菌群表皮葡萄球菌和痤疮主要致病菌痤疮丙酸杆菌的作用;通过抑菌环的大小反应抑菌作用强弱,测定生长曲线以观察对细菌生长繁殖的影响.结果 薰衣草精油对痤疮丙酸杆菌的抑菌作用明显强于表皮葡萄球菌(P＜0.05);两种芦荟(库拉索芦荟和木立芦荟)对痤疮丙酸杆菌均无抑菌作用(P＞0.05);库拉索芦荟对表皮葡萄球菌有微弱的抑制作用(P＜0.05);木立芦荟对表皮葡萄球菌生长有促进作用.结论 薰衣草精油和芦荟水提物对痤疮患者面部主要细菌表皮葡萄球菌和痤疮丙酸杆菌的作用效果不同,薰衣草精油和木立芦荟水提物联合应用有可能通过调整面部微生态平衡从而改善痤疮症状.