泽兰叶上的三种真菌

本文报道采自北京、安徽和云南泽兰属(Eupatorium spp.)叶上的三种真菌,其中有一个新种:泽兰齿梗孢(Scolecobasidium eupatorii Guo,sp.nov.)和一个新组合:藿香蓟假尾孢[Pseudocercospora ageratoides(Ell.& Ev.)Guo,comb.nov.]。新种与Sco-lecobasidium anelii和S.arenarium之区别在于S.anelii分生孢子梗短(35.0μm),分生孢子有纵隔膜,常在隔膜处缢缩;S.arenarium分生孢子的隔膜色泽深,在孢子的一端或两端具黑点。研究的标本收藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

中国团黑粉菌属和团散黑粉菌属

本文报道我国团黑粉菌属10种,团散黑粉菌属22种。其中新组合8种,即:水蔗草团散黑粉[Sporisorium apludae (H. Sydow & Sydow) L. Guo]、营大孢团散黑粉[Sporisorium benguetensis (Zundel) L. Guo]、细柄草团散黑粉[Sporisorium capillipedii (Ling) L. Guo]、营小孢团散黑粉[Sporisorium exsertum (McAlp.) L. Guo]、芒粒团散黑粉[Sporisorium miscanthi (Yen) L. Guo]、黄茅粒团散黑粉[Sporisorium moniliferum (Ell. & Ev.) L. Guo]、光高粱团散黑粉[Sporisorium taianum (Syd.) L. Guo]和鸭嘴草团散黑粉[Sporisorium tanglinensis (Tracy&Earle) L. Guo]。     

Occurrence and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species in Banana Fruits

Banana fruits were studied over a six-month period in order to determine the incidence of species of the Fusarium genus and assess their potential pathogenicity. The 72 samples studied were commercially available in Italy and Spain, where they were brought from Panama, Ecuador and Canary Islands. Among the species detected in the fruits, Fusarium semitectum var. majus Wollenw. was predominant, followed by F. moniliforme Sheld., F. solani (Mart.) Appel & WoUenw., F. oxysporum Schlecht., F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg, F. graminearum Schw., F. camptoceras WoUenw. &C Reinking, F. subglutinans (WoUenw. & Reinking) Nelson et al., F. dimerum Penzig in Sacc, F. acuminatum EU. & Ev., and F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc. Fusarium proliferatum had never been reported to occur as contaminating fungi in banana fruits to date. Fusarium subglutinans, F. acuminatum and F. graminearum were found to be the most markedly pathogenic of all. The lack of noticeable differences in relation to the incidence of the different species isolated from the samples indicates that the mycoflora found is typical of this fruit and does not depend on its origin.     

Ueber die AscomycetengattungenCeratostomella Sacc.,Ophiostoma Syd. undRostrella Zimmermann

Summary Ceratostomella Sacc. is a member of theDiaporthaceae (sensuMiller 1949) and is closely related toPhomatospora Sacc., ifCeratostomella vestita Sacc. [=C. cirrhosa (Pers.) Sacc.] is regarded as type of the genus. This species has perithecia with a rather thick membrane, consisting of several layers of slightly compressed, dark cells. The neck is long cylindrical, lined with periphyses. The asci are cylindrical, with an refractive ring in the thickened tip. When young, the spores are continuous, hyaline, with two or four oildrops, when old they often develop one or three pseudosepta. A list of synonyms of this species is given. Some species, which have been described asCeratostomella belong toOphiostoma Sydow (1919); this genus belongs to thePlectascales (Nannfeldt 1932, 1934).Rostrella coffeae Zimmerm. is also anOphiostoma and must be namedO. coffeae (Zimmerm.) comb. nov. The nameRostrella Zimmermann (1900) is older thanOphiostoma, but must be rejected, as an ascomycetous genusRostrella Fabre exists, described in 1878. Several other species, described asCeratostomella, Endoconidiophora andGrosmannia are transferred toOphiostoma. A list of synonyms of the genus is given.      

Taxonomy of an anamorphic xylariaceous fungus from a termite nest found together with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylaria angulosa</Emphasis>

Two xylariaceous fungi were isolated from a nest of a termite, Odontotermes formosanus, that was incubated in a laboratory after collecting from Iriomote Is., Okinawa Pref., in Japan. One of the two fungi was identified as Xylaria angulosa on the basis of the morphology of branched stroma produced on medium, tiny asci, and ascospores having a germ slit. Another fungus is an anamorphic fungus that produces synnemata up to 50 mm long from which dendritic conidiophores branch out. Unicellular conidia are holoblastically produced on a sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cell. Such morphological characters resemble those of the genus Geniculosporium. However, its distinctive synnema formation and dendritic conidiophores do not assign the fungus to Geniculosporium or other known genera and warrant establishment of a new genus. The phylogenetic tree based on the ITS regions of rDNA shows that the fungus is nested in the cluster of the genus Nemania (Xylariaceae), whose species have mainly Geniculosporium-like anamorphs. We describe here the present anamorphic fungus as Geniculisynnema termiticola gen. et sp. nov., and discuss its phylogenetic and ecological relationships to xylariaceous fungi, especially termiticolous species.     

一个分离自冬虫夏草的金孢霉新种

从采自四川理县米亚洛的冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis(Serk.)Sacc.)内菌核中分离得一金孢霉新种,中国金孢霉(Chrysosporium sinense Liang)。此菌与本属已知种的鉴别特征是:形成较多孢梗束,生长最适温低于20℃且大量形成壁光滑的间生分生孢子。本文还对虫草无性型的确定作了扼要地讨论。     

A tribute to Dr Royce E. Longton

Abstract

The relationships within the Bryaceae, with emphasis on the genus Bryum, were studied based on morphological and anatomical characters and using cladistic methods. The analysis was performed with thirty-six species representing the different parts of the family, and with Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Mnium hornum (Dicks.) Lindb., and Tayloria lingulata Hedw. as outgroups. The Bryaceae, and the subfamilies Bryoideae, Mielichhoferioideae, and Pohlioideae, as defined by several earlier authors appear to be paraphyletic. The genus Bryum seems to be paraphyletic, because Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils., Osculatia columbica De Not., and Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Paris, appear as ingroups within this genus when the tree is rooted with Funaria. Mnium hornum came out as the sister taxon of a clade including Pohlia cruda (Hedw.) Lindb. and P. longicollis (Hedw.) Lindb., whereas P. drummondii (Müll. Hall.) A.L. Andrews, appears not to be closely related to the other two Pohlia species studied here, making this genus paraphyletic. Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana (Funck.) Loeske, appears as the sister taxon of Schizymenium bryoides Harv., suggesting that both these genera are paraphyletic. Overall, the stabilities of the clades are low and it is suggested that combined analyses of morphological, anatomical, and molecular data are needed to get better resolved and more stable trees.     

A NEW FUNGUS ON CYPERUS IRIA

Thind , K. S., and G. S. Rawla . (Panjab U., Chandigarh, India.) A new fungus on Cyperus iria. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(10): 859–862. Illus. 1961—Duosporium cyperi gen. et sp. nov., collected on Cyperus iria Linn., is characterized by the production of 2 types of conidia, macroconidia and microconidia. The macroconidia are straight, cylindrical, triseptate, with their middle cells dark brown, long, thick-walled, and end cells much paler or subhyaline, short, thin-walled, the middle and the end cells being equally wide. The microconidia are nonseptate, spherical, dark brown, prominently verrucose, and produced apically on the conidiophores like the macroconidia; occasionally also formed as secondary conidia on germinating 3-septate macroconidia in culture. The formation of 2 distinct types of conidia in Duosporium and the features of its macroconidia characteristically differentiate it from its close relative Helminthosporium, although Duosporium. cyperi is not unique among fungi in producing 2 types of conidia.     

Materials for the fungus flora of Japan (54).Stenella persicae, a new species from peach

A new species,Stenella persicae, isolated from peach is described and illustrated. The fungus, pathogenic to peach fruits, is distinguished from other known species in the genus by its morphological characteristics. A stroma is absent, and conidia, verruculose and usually catenate in appearance, are produced blastically on simple and smooth conidiophores.     

Studies on the ‘frog eye’ disease of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum L.) in Nigeria

A survey of diseases of cultivated tobacco in South Western Nigeria during two growing seasons in 1967 and 1968 showed over ten diseases of the crop caused by microorganisms. However, the frog eye spot was the most severe; the causal organism of the disease isCercospora nicotianae Ell. &Ev., and over eighty percent of mature plants were affected. Cultural and pathogenicity experiments have been conducted with an isolate of the fungus under controlled conditions. Abundant production of conidia is achieved by subjecting cultures on a tobacco decoction agar medium to darkness and high relative humidity.     

A new hyphomycete genus and species with pectinate conidia from a rainforest in Panama—a living fungal fossil?

A species of hyphomycetes, characterized by hyaline cells and asymmetric, pectinate (comblike) conidia, was collected on a dead fern rachis and on old conidiophores of the dematiaceous hyphomycete Dischloridium sp. in a rainforest in Western Panama. The structure of the conidia of the new species was previously known only for species of the fossil genus Ctenosporites. A new genus and species are proposed for the fungus from Panama.     

Phialophora cyanescens sp. nov. with Phaeosclera-like synanamorph,causing white-grain mycetoma in man

The human-pathogenic fungus, Phialophora cyanescens sp. nov. is characterized by the abundant production of chlamydospore-like cell aggregates resembling the form-genus Phaeosclera Sigler et al., and by elongate phialides with ellipsoidal conidia. A brown pigment and a blue, acid-labile pigment may be present.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pezicula cinnamomea</Emphasis> from cherry tree: pathogenicity tests and photomorphogenesis in culture

Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.: Fr.) Sacc. was frequently isolated from dead twigs of flowering cherry (Prunus × yedoensis Matsum.) in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Inoculations of flowering cherry tree twigs with the fungus resulted in longitudinal browning of heartwood tissues 3–4cm long after 7 months, showing no apparent symptoms on the bark. The fungus were reisolated at high rates from the affected tissues. Apothecia were formed on cut affected twigs when they were placed in a moist Petri dish and kept under near-UV (Black Light Blue; BL-B) light irradiation. On potato sucrose agar (PSA) plates, the fungus failed to form apothecia in the dark, while many apothecia were formed under BL-B and, to a lesser extent, under white light. In nature, the light, especially near-UV, might be an important factor in apothecium formation. Under near-UV from BL-B conidiomata with conidia formed after 5–6 days and mature apothecia after about 14 days. The developmental processes of the apothecium were histologically studied under light and electron microscopes. Pezicula cinnamomea, which is homothallic and fruits easily in culture, may be very useful for life cycle studies and the elucidation of ecological role of this group of fungi.     

中国的小煤炱科Ⅲ.

本文报告小煤炱属29个分类单位。元江小煤炱Meliola yuanliangensis Jiang;槠小煤炱圆枝胞变种M. cyolobalanopsina Yama. var. globopodia Jiang和柯小煤炱勐养变种M. lithocarpina Yama. var. mengyangensis Jiang为新变种。平截小煤炱,萝摩小煤炱,三角小煤炱,棍棒小煤炱甘薯变种,崖豆藤小煤炱,西米里马小煤炱和钩豆小煤炱为我国新记录。     

Bambusicolous fungi in Japan (7): a new coelomycetous genus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Versicolorisporium</Emphasis>

A new genus, Versicolorisporium, is established for the coelomycetous fungus collected in Japan on dead culms of the bamboos Pleioblastus chino and Sasamorpha borealis. The type species of the genus, V. triseptatum, is characterized by the production of holoblastic, 3-septate, obovoid, versicolored conidia. Versicolorisporium is similar to Toxosporiella, Neohendersonia, Toxosporiopsis, and Scolicosporium in having versicolored conidia, but differs from these genera by the uniloculate pycnidial conidiomata with a periphysate ostiole, lacking paraphyses, and the conidia without black-banded septa. A BLAST search using LSU nrDNA sequence indicates that the new genus is a member of Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.     

CHROMOSOME COUNTS AND TAXONOMIC NOTES FOR COMPOSITAE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO

Chromosome counts are reported for 167 taxa representing 160 species and 76 genera of Compositae. First reports for 27 species and 2 infraspecific taxa are included. New chromosome numbers are reported for 9 additional taxa. The genus Carminatia DC. is merged with Brickellia Ell. resulting in two new combinations: Brickellia tenuiflora (DC.) Keil & Pinkava and Brickellia recondita (McVaugh) Keil & Pinkava.     

Colletotrichum gigasporum sp. nov., a new species of Colletotrichum producing long straight conidia

A new species of Colletotrichum was described, based on morphology and phylogeny. The fungus was isolated in Madagascar from healthy leaves of Centella asiatica, in Mexico from wild native of Stylosanthes guianensis and in Colombia from Coffea arabica. The fungus differed from the currently related species in the genus by its longer and wider size of conidia. In potato dextrose agar medium supplemented with sterilized leaf powder of Ce. asiatica, the fungus produced fertile perithecia containing asci and unusual long ascospores measuring up to 90 μm. In addition to these morphological characteristics, the maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS region and β-tubulin gene placed the fungus in a distinct clade far from the currently valid Colletotrichum species. Based on the morphological and molecular characterization, Colletotrichum gigasporum sp. nov. was proposed as a new species in the genus Colletotrichum Corda.     

The influence of sucrose and wheat root exudates on the germination and growth of conidia ofFusarium culmorum (W.G.S.M.) Sacc

Summary It is shown in these studies that the germination of the conidia ofFusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. is influenced by both constitutive and exogenous factors. In a dense suspension, selfinhibited spores are induced to germinate by dilution with distilled water and by suspending in either sucrose solution or wheat root exudates. The exudates not only stimulate conidial germination but also promote subsequent growth of the fungus. The significance of this in pathogenesis is discussed.