Phytochemical Analysis and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rhizome,Above‐Ground Vegetative Parts and Flower of Three Iris Species

This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of rhizomes, above‐ground vegetative parts and flowers of three Iris species: Iris humilis Georgi , Iris pumila L. and Iris variegata L. UHPLC‐Orbitrap MS analysis was used for determination of phytochemical profile. Total pigments, phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch content as well as ABTS antioxidant capacity were also determined. In total, 52 phenolics compounds were identified with 9 compounds (derivatives of iriflophenone, apigenin C‐glycosides, luteolin O‐glycoside, isoflavones derivatives of iristectorigenin, dichotomitin, nigracin and irilone) never reported before in Iris spp. Differences in phenolic composition profile, pigments, soluble sugar, starch, total phenolics and flavonoids content and total antioxidant capacity were found among Iris species and different part of plants. Significant correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was determined. The obtained results are comparable with those obtained for medical plants. These findings could be useful for fingerprinting characterization of Iris species and estimation of possible use in pharmaceutical industries.     

The embryogenic competency and morphological changes during somatic embryogenesis in Iris pseudacorus

Embryogenic callus was obtained from bulb segments of Iris pseudacorus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or in combination with kinetin. When early globular somatic embryos were subcultured onto MS medium with 4.52 μM 2,4-D, high frequency of somatic embryogenesis was obtained. Deprivation of 2,4-D was required for maturation. Mature somatic embryos had an elongated scutellum with a notch on the base of scutellum. Separation of embryos from embryo clusters was necessary to enhance the frequency of germination. Germination was stimulated by separation of embryos from embryo clusters and transfer onto fresh half-strength MS medium with 3% sucrose. After acclimation in artificial soil in greenhouse for 2 months, 96.4% of plantlets survived.     

Iris revoluta Colas., natural hybrid origin species: characterization and preservation problems

Abstract

In order to preserve ex situ rare or vulnerable species, it is necessary to characterise their reproductive mechanisms, and to locate the origin of the interference with their development in their natural habitat. Iris revoluta Colas. is a very rare endemic species of the Salento peninsula (Italy), showing scarce sexual reproduction, but good vegetative propagation through rhizomes, as many other Iris species of natural hybrid origin. For many years this Iris has been cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the Di.S.Te.B.A., University of Lecce, where a detailed study has been initiated to investigate the phenomena that may limit its sexual reproduction.     

鸢尾属（Iris）植物叶片表皮微形态特征的研究

对12种鸢尾叶片的表皮特征进行了观察和研究,结果表明野鸢尾、单花鸢尾、北陵鸢尾3种鸢尾各自的上下表皮细胞的形状及气孔密度等有明显区别,而其余9种鸢尾叶片各自上下表皮形态均无明显差异。12种鸢尾的气孔类型均属于横列型,且气孔均是随机分布,气孔保卫细胞的长轴与叶脉平行,叶脉处无气孔分布。不同种鸢尾之间叶片表皮特征具有显著差异,可为鸢尾属植物的分类提供依据。     

德国鸢尾‘常春黄’花芽分化的形态观察及两种代谢产物的动态变化

鸢尾是世界著名观赏花卉,为研究其花芽分化期的形态和生理指标变化情况,我们以德国鸢尾两季花品种‘常春黄’（Iris germanica cv. Lovely Again）为材料,运用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了德国鸢尾‘常春黄’的花芽分化过程。结果表明：整个形态分化过程可分为6个阶段：花序原基分化期、外轮花被分化期、雄蕊分化期、内轮花被分化期、雌蕊分化期、髯毛形成期。结合上述形态分化过程,分别取其二次花花芽分化时期的顶芽、根茎和叶片部位,以蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖,以考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定蛋白质含量。结果表明：可溶性糖在花序原基分化的初始阶段含量最高,且在3个部位的含量大小关系始终是：根茎﹥叶片﹥顶芽;蛋白质含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,蛋白质含量的峰值出现于花序伸展初期。     

Developmental anatomy and ultrastructure of early somatic embryos in European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.)

Summary Embryogenic callus cultures of European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) were established on megagametophytes containing zygotic embryos in early developmental stage. In addition to many elongated cells and disorganized growing clumps they contained early somatic embryos at various stages of development. At all stages of embryogenesis the embryos were organized as bipolar structures. Cell pairs composed of one isodiametric cell with dense cytoplasm and a second large vacuolated cell were the simplest bipolar system. The vacuolated cell underwent senescence. The cytoplasm-rich cell and its derivates divided transversally, resulting in several cytoplasmic cells arranged in row. An early embryonal cylindrical mass was formed by longitudinal division of the cells in a filament. Proximally localized cells in the early embryonal mass became vacuolized and elongated gradually giving rise to the secondary suspensor. Distal cells remained cytoplasmic in character and formed an embryonal mass along the axis of long early somatic embryos. Differences in the proportion of organelles and heterochromatin clumps, thickness of cell walls and number of plasmodesmata between cells at various stages of early somatic embryogenesis were described.     

The Comparative Analysis of Carboxylic Acid Composition of Four Iris Species from Ukraine

The present article reports results of analysis of carboxylic acids in leaves of Iris species from Ukraine using a gas chromatography (GC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (GC/MS). Carboxylic acids play significant roles in contemporary society as evidenced by multiple applications in fields of medicine, agriculture, pharmacy, food, and other industries. Study of natural plant products as a source of organic acids is of particular interest. Carboxylic acid composition of leaves of Iris hungarica Waldst. & Kit., Iris germanica L., Iris pallida Lam., and Iris variegate L. was studied for the first time applying GC/MS method. The mass spectrums of compounds were matched with NIST and WILEY Libraries. The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 26 common acids in the plant raw materials studied. The short-chain carboxylic acids, such as citric (1337.5–12364.4 mg/kg), malic (50.8–4558.0 mg/kg) and oxalic (1199.0–3435.2 mg/kg) acids were contained in significantly high quantity in all samples. Ferulic, p-coumaric and vanillic acids were the most abundant among phenolic acids. α-Linolenic acid was dominant in the leaves of I. germanica (869.5 mg/kg), I. pallida (753.3 mg/kg), and I. variegate (250.3 mg/kg) among polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, linoleic acid prevailed in the plant raw material of I. hungarica (1150.7 mg/kg). Since the leaves of Iris species studied contain carboxylic acids with diverse pharmacological activity, extracts of these raw materials are perspective for development food supplements and medicines.     

Metabolic profiling of rhizomes of native populations of the strictly endemic Croatian species Iris adriatica

Iris adriatica Trinajsti? ex Miti? (Iridaceae L.) is a strictly endemic taxon from Croatia. It is a rhizomatous dwarf plant from the I. pumila complex with a distribution area limited to the Croatian part of the Mediterranean area, mainly central Dalmatia. The genus Iris is known for its richness in isoflavonoids which also play a significant role in chemotaxonomy and biological activity. Hence, in the current study, different plant batches of I. adriatica collected in early spring of 2016 were analysed for their phytochemical profiles and qualitatively compared. UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analyses of methanolic rhizome extracts were performed. Altogether, 36 compounds, representing isoflavonoids (including 6,7-methylendioxy derivatives), benzophenones and xanthones were found as aglycones or in glycosidically bound form to be the main constituent groups of I. adriatica rhizomes. Qualitative results were identical between different batches of plant material from collection sites in central Dalmatia, they differed only in quantity. For some phenolic compounds of I. adriatica, chemotaxonomic relevance was detected.     

Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.)

Ultrastructural changes during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) were quantified using morphometric techniques. The total area per cell profile and the cell volume percentage of the whole cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, nuclei, lipids, plastids, starch grains and vacuoles were measured and comparisons made between three zygotic and three somatic embryo developmental stages. All measurements were taken from scutellar or scutellar-derived cells. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by increases in cell size, lipids, plastids, starch, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and ER. Somatic embryogenesis was characterized by two phases of cell development: (1) the dedifferentiation of scutellar cells involving a reduction in cell and vacuole size and an increase in cell activity during somatic proembryoid formation and (2) the development of somatic embryos in which most cell organelle quantities returned to values found in late coleoptile or mature predesiccation zygotic stages. In summary, although their developmental pathways differed, the scutella of somatic embryos displayed cellular variations which were within the ranges observed for later stages of zygotic embryogenesis.     

Ultrastructural Changes in Cotyledons of Pineapple Guava (Myrtaceae) During Somatic Embryogenesis

Ultrastructural studies (SEM and TEM) were performed on cotyledonsof pineapple guava ( Feijoa sellowiana Berg, Myrtaceae) inducedto form embryos on medium containing 1.0 mg l^-1(4.5µM2,4-D) and 0.3M sucrose. At the time of culture, the cells werefilled with protein and lipid bodies. Microbodies and poorlydifferentiated organelles could also be seen. In contrast togerminating cotyledons, where lipid and protein reserves werequickly metabolized, cells of the embryogenically induced cotyledonsshowed evidence of reserve consumption only after 5 d of culture.Subepidermal cells of the upper cotyledonary surface underwentseveral divisions giving rise to a meristematic layer of severalcells thickness from which somatic embryos developed. Embryoscould also be formed directly by successive divisions of epidermalcells. Cells involved in somatic embryo formation containeda large nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus and dense cytoplasmwhere numerous ribosomes, mitochondria, plastids with starchand short profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum were present.Plasmodesmata were present both in cell walls of the meristematiccells and in few celled embryos whereas in degenerating embryosor in more advanced stages of somatic embryo development noplasmodesmata could be found. Although oil bodies were not observedin the meristematic cells they were identified in very youngembryos, being the first reserve compounds to appear. Cellsnot involved in somatic embryo differentiation were characterizedby the presence of several microbodies containing a crystalloidinclusion and elongated mitochondria. Feijoa sellowiana ; pineapple guava; somatic embryogenesis; ultrastructural studies     

鸢尾属1新变型——白花宽柱鸢尾

描述了鸢尾科鸢尾属宽柱鸢尾(Iris latistyla Y.T.Zhao)的1个新变型——白花宽柱鸢尾(I.latistyla Y.T.Zhao f.albifloraJ.Luo)。原变型的花被为蓝紫色,而新变型花被为白色。并对其潜在的药用研究价值进行了讨论。     

Author and type of the name Iris cengialti (Iridaceae)

Abstract

A. Kerner is correctly the author of the name Iris cengialti previously ascribed to Ambrosi, and consequently the type of the species is here selected, as lectotype, among Kerner's original material kept in WU.     

Histochemical Study of Xylem Cells in In Vitro Culture of Iris sibirica L.

In this study, lignin content data are presented for annual regenerant Iris sibirica plants, comparable to those in six-year-old intact plants. The structure of the shoots of Iris sibirica grown on artificial nutrient media was studied by the histochemical method. Features of the formation of the xylem in Iris sibirica on artificial nutrient media were revealed. Regenerants very quickly developed a complex system consisting of vascular bundles containing sieve tubes, vessels and tracheids, and hydrocyte systems. Hydrocytes of Iris sibirica were tracheids with lignified thickening, but, in contrast to tracheids and vessels of xylem (they are formed based on procambium or cambium—special lateral primary or secondary meristem), hydrocytes differentiated from the cells of permanent tissues (like phellogen), which probably possessed meristematic activity at the time of differentiation. In Iris sibirica hydrocytes covered the vascular bundle by the thick layer and strung along it up to a certain height. High lignin content in young regenerant Iris sibirica plants was due to the formation of the dense tissue from lignified tracheal elements. The study of the differentiation of xylem elements under controlled conditions can serve as a model for our understanding of wood formation processes.

     

马蔺对不同浓度NaHCO3胁迫的生理响应

为探讨不同浓度NaHCO₃胁迫下,马蔺叶片的膜透性、可溶性蛋白及膜脂过氧化物含量的变化规律,以1年生马蔺实生苗为研究对象,通过对细胞膜透性、膜质过氧化产物MDA、SOD、POD和可溶性蛋白等指标进行测定,研究在盆栽控盐条件下,马蔺对NaHCO₃胁迫的适应与响应。结果表明：随着NaHCO₃浓度和胁迫时间的增加,对马蔺叶片可溶性蛋白含量的影响总体是先下降后上升的趋势,在30 d时,0.4%和0.6%盐浓度胁迫下的马蔺的可溶性蛋白含量上升较大,分别比对照高：21.7%,38.6%;在NaHCO₃盐胁迫的10~20 d,马蔺叶片的的膜透性略有降低;在20~30 d时,膜透性迅速上升;NaHCO₃胁迫20 d时,除对照外其他盐浓度胁迫下的马蔺叶片的POD活性都达到了最大值,分别比对照高95%,103%,496%;相同盐浓度胁迫下,随着时间的延长,SOD活性变化趋势是先下降后上升;MDA作为膜脂过氧化作用的主要产物之一,随着盐浓度的增加和盐胁迫时间的延长,在30d时0.6%浓度的马蔺叶片中MDA含量大量积累。综上所述,马蔺有抗盐（NaHCO₃）胁迫的能力,是重要的盐碱地生植物,本研究为马蔺的抗盐碱性研究又提供了一有力证据,同时为今后将马蔺应用于治理盐碱土地增加了理论基础。     

Disease development of Pythium root rot in bulbous Iris and Crocus

Iris bulbs and Crocus corms were planted at two planting dates in sandy soil infested with Pythium spp. At monthly intervals during the growing season root rot infection was assessed over 3 consecutive years and disease development curves were predicted for both crops. The disease development was remarkably different for Iris and Crocus and the curve shape was determined by the crop rather than by the Pythium species. Planting date had a significant effect on disease development in both crops. No correlation was found between disease development and soil temperature.     

中国北方鸢尾属植物叶片解剖结构特征及分类学价值研究

以中国北方生长的鸢尾属9种植物为研究对象,利用光学显微镜对叶表皮细胞形状及大小、气孔大小、气孔分布及气孔密度、气孔指数等叶表皮构造特征进行观察,并探讨了叶表皮特征在鸢尾属内各个亚属、亚组间的分类学价值,结果表明：表皮细胞的形状和大小显示了同亚属或同亚组植物之间较为明显的亲缘关系,在区分鸢尾属下不同亚属或亚组植物上也有一定的分类学价值。气孔密度和气孔指数在鸢尾属内分类学价值不大,但却能很好地反映不同鸢尾属植物与生境之间的密切关系。并从表皮构造特征上证实了野鸢尾与射干有很强的亲缘关系,且近于鸢尾属内的其他植物的结论;此外,通过对鸢尾属植物叶横切解剖结构的观察：从维管束、横切面形状、表皮细胞与角质层、乳突、气孔、气室大小、叶肉细胞的分化这7个较为明显的特征上的相关性和差异性,探讨了由于生境的不同而产生的植物形态结构的差异。     

The symplasmic coupling of L2-cells diminishes in early floral development of Iris

The transition from vegetative to reproductive development involves extensive revisions of cellular collaboration at the apical meristem and results in the production of novel appendages. In Dutch Iris (Iris xiphium) the transition from vegetative apical meristem to inflorescence meristem was morphologically signalled by the appearance of a `spathe leaf '. After enlargement of the inflorescence meristem, a second spathe leaf and a double floral meristem were formed. The then undulated surface corresponded to general topological changes and a beginning of altered cell division patterns. Throughout, all cells produced in the meristem remained in contact via plasmodesmata (Pd), thus maintaining the symplasmic unity of the meristem. Since the symplasm harbours part of the signal network that coordinates the activities of the meristem cells, we investigated if alterations in Pd numbers could underlie meristem transitions. Prior to Pd counting, potentially important borders inside the meristem, representing primary and secondary cell contacts, were identified by the construction of a symplasmetric map. During the transition, significant alterations did take place at some of the borders defined by the map. Within the second tunica layer (L₂), and between the L₂ and adjacent cells, Pd numbers were strongly reduced. Within the first tunica layer (L₁) and within the corpus they remained the same. The reduction was 25% between L₂-cells, and between L₂- and L₁-cells; it was 40% between the L₂ and the outer corpus layer. The reductions appeared to be due to a lowered production of primary and secondary Pd by L₂-cells towards each other and towards adjacent cells. As a result of this the integration of all L₂-cells and, as a consequence, of the L₁ as a whole in the symplasmic network of the meristem was reduced. The implied gain in autonomy of the individual L₂-cells and of the L₁-layer may reflect their new functions in the floral meristem. Received: 29 October 1996 / Accepted: 20 March 1997     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE GUARD CELLS OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS

The guard cells of Helianthus annuus contain elements of endoplasmic reticulum and large numbers of mitochondria and dictyosomes. Each guard cell possesses a complex system of small to large vacuoles which contain small, membrane-bound vesicles; the vacuole may actually be one highly invaginated and dissected vacuole extending throughout the cell. A highly developed grana fretwork within the plastids implies full photosynthetic capability and the capability of producing the osmoticulum required for turgor change. No plasmodesmata occur between the sister guard cells or between the guard and epidermal cells. It is postulated that there is a close relationship between plastid development and the presence or absence of plasmodesmata. No microbodies were positively identified in any of the guard cells. Microtubules appear to lie in two planes, thereby giving support to the “two system” observation for microtubules in the guard cells of Pisum sativum.     

CHANGES IN PLASTID AND MITOCHONDRION CONTENT DURING MATURATION OF GENERATIVE CELLS OF SOLANUM (SOLANACEAE)

A study was made of the number of plastids and mitochondria present in generative cells of Solanum immediately after microspore mitosis, and the fate of these organelles during development of the pollen was determined. Changes were followed via electron microscopy of anthers of S. chacoense and S. tuberosum Group Phureja × S. chacoense. In earliest stages the generative cells were oval and had one surface along the intine and other surfaces in contact with the vegetative cell. As the pollen matured the generative cells elongated, became spindle-shaped, and were completely engulfed in the vegetative cells. At the earliest stages studied, both mitochondria and plastids were present in the generative cell. Plastids of the generative cell were, in contrast to those of the vegetative cells, fewer, smaller, and lacking in starch. Through the maturation stages the content of these organelles in the vegetative cells remained unchanged. While the generative cells retained mitochondria until anthesis, their plastids disappeared completely during maturation. This selective loss during generative cell maturation could lead to transmission of those characteristics encoded in plastid DNA through the pistillate parent only. The mechanism could explain earlier genetic evidence that plastid characters of Solanum were transmitted uniparentally.     

STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SIEVE ELEMENTS IN THE LEAF OF ISOETES MURICATA

Leaf tissue of Isoetes muricata Dur. was fixed in glutaraldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. The very young sieve elements can be distinguished from contiguous parenchyma cells by their distinctive plastids and the presence of crystalline and fibrillar proteinaceous material in dilated cisternae of the rough ER. During differentiation, the portions of ER enclosing this proteinaceous substance become smooth surfaced and migrate to the cell wall. Along the way they apparently form multivesicular bodies which then fuse with the plasmalemma, discharging their contents to the outside. At maturity, the sieve element contains an elongate nucleus, which consists of dense chromatin material, and remnants of the nuclear envelope. In addition, the mature sieve element is lined by a plasmalemma and a parietal, anastomosing network of smooth ER. Both plastids and mitochondria are present. P-protein is lacking at all stages of development. Tonoplasts are. not discernible in mature sieve elements. The end walls of mature sieve elements contain either plasmodesmata or sieve pores or both, but only plasmodesmata occur in the lateral walls.