Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

The recent New Zealand species of Triforis (Gastropoda: Triforidae)

Paramendax apicina Powell and Mendax attenuatispira Powell are referred to genus Triforis Deshayes; T. antepallaxa, T. blacki, and T. tui are described as new; and a species close to the South Australian Triforis epallaxa (Verco) is recorded from New Zealand waters. Paramendax Powell is transferred from the Cerithiopsidae to the Triforidae as a subgenus of Triforis. It is suggested that the Recent South African Cerithiella nonnitens Barnard is referable to Triforis.     

Loss of planktotrophy and speciation: geographical fragmentation in the deep-water gastropod genus Bathytoma (Gastropoda,Conoidea) in the western Pacific

Dispersal capabilities are crucial in how speciation patterns are determined in marine invertebrates. Species possessing a long-living planktonic larva apparently have a dispersal advantage over those with non-planktotrophic development, and their distant populations may exchange genetic material, maintaining a broad geographical range for the species. Recent species of the gastropod genus Bathytoma (Conoidea) are all characterized by non-planktotrophic development, having most probably lost a free-swimming larva in the pre-Pliocene, as Miocene fossils have protoconchs indicating planktotrophic larval development. All have a bathyal distribution (100–1500 m), which implies that their capability for direct expansion on the bottom is restricted by both deep-sea basins and shallow-water areas, especially in insular West and South-West Indo-Pacific. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that Bathytoma populations should represent numerous, mostly allopatric taxa restricted to a single or contiguous island groups. We tested this hypothesis using molecular and morphological characters independently. One hundred and thirty-eight specimens from the Philippines, Solomons, Vanuatu, and the Coral Sea were sequenced for one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (ITS2) gene, and 14 operational molecular units were recognized. When these molecular units are overlaid over shell characters, 13 species (11 unnamed) and one form of uncertain status are recognized: three occur in the Philippines, six in the Solomons and one in New Caledonia. Broad distributions (inter-archipelagic) are uncommon (three species). On the whole, the phylogeographic pattern of the diversity in the genus is rather complex and probably also reflects processes of sympatric and fine-scale allopatric speciation, and local extinctions. The eleven new species are described and named.     

Revision of the genus Thetidos Hedley, 1899 (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Raphitomidae) in the Indo-Pacific with descriptions of three new species

The genus Thetidos was established to accommodate a single species Thetidos morsura, a minute turriform conoidean with an unremarkable paucispiral protoconch, but possessing characteristic globose whorls of the teleoconch and three strong denticles on the inside of outer apertural lip. Subsequently, Thetidos was considered synonymous with Lienardia, and has rarely been mentioned in literature until the recent discovery of a remarkably similar species Thetidos tridentata, though it is different in protoconch morphology. Both molecular data and protoconch morphology unequivocally suggested placement of the new species in Raphitomidae. Examination of shells from the Indo-Pacific identified a number of similar forms, all referable to the genus Thetidos. Six species are now recognized within the genus; of them three, Thetidos puillandrei n. sp., Thetidos minutissima n. sp., Thetidos pallida n. sp., are here described as new. Thetidos species are now known from subtidal depths from the Philippines and Sulawesi to French Polynesia. Thetidos morsura is the only species of the genus that possesses a paucispiral protoconch suggestive of a non-planktotrophic development, although it displays a wide geographic range and a high morphological variability.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1F2001CC-6BEA-4B26-AFB8-6B337E101FDB     

On the confusion surrounding Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): endemic radiation in the Southern Ocean

Until recently, all papillated specimens of Pareledone were ascribed to the species Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905), of which P. aurorae (Berry, 1917) was considered a junior synonym. Re-examination of the papillated type material of Pareledone, coupled with extensive fishing over several years off the Antarctic Peninsula, has led to a revision of this position. Seven new species of papillated Pareledone are identified from the Antarctic Peninsula region. They are identified by subtle taxonomic characters, such as the morphology and placement of their papillae, although traditional indices often fail to separate the species. Whilst apparently sympatric, there is some evidence of niche separation of these species with respect to depth. A key is provided for their identification.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 75−108.     

A taxonomic revision of Paradoris sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridina)

Paradoris , traditionally a generic taxon of discodorid sea slugs, is revised for the first time. One hundred and thirty specimens were examined, including all types and most of the nontype specimens available. New records for Paradoris are provided: South Africa, Tanzania, Seychelles, Western Australia, Thailand, Philippines, shallow waters of New Caledonia, southern Japan, and Hawaii. The individual variation of all taxonomic characters is thoroughly evaluated. Prior to the present study, Paradoris included 15 nominal species: 12 valid names and three synonyms. Three additional names, Discodoris erythraeensis , D. lora , and D. cavernae , are re-allocated to Paradoris , based on phylogenetic analysis. A phylogenetic diagnosis is provided for Paradoris : in particular, two new synapomorphies are described. Eight species names are regarded as valid: P. araneosa , P. dubia , P. erythraeensis , P. indecora , P. liturata , P. lopezi , P. mulciber , and P. tsurugensis . However, most of these species are poorly known, i.e. from very few specimens, and their taxonomic status might change when more individuals are available. P. lora is regarded as a nomen dubium . Six new synonymies are proposed, and explained by the fact that: (1) species names were created for one or a few specimens, without considering individual variation; (2) authors have not worked within a phylogenetic framework and have created new species names without considering all the existing species names already available within Paradoris . Three new morphospecies are described, but not formally named because their taxonomic status is still uncertain for several reasons (e.g. lack of knowledge of individual variation for some critical features).  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 147 , 125–238.     

Untangling the Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) species complex: a review of the genus Spurilla Bergh, 1864 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Aeolidiidae)

Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823) was considered to be a species with a broad geographic range and substantial colour variability; however, analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear gene data revealed that it is a complex of five distinct species. Further anatomical and morphological examinations determined that coloration is one of the main diagnostic traits for all five species, although some display substantial colour pattern variation. As a result of this study, S. neapolitana is determined to be restricted to the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. Spurilla sargassicola Bergh, 1871 from the Caribbean is redescribed and confirmed as a valid species. The name Spurilla braziliana MacFarland, 1909 is retained for western Atlantic and Pacific populations. Two new species are described herein. S purilla onubensis sp. nov. occurs in Europe, with a range overlapping that of S. neapolitana. Finally, S purilla dupontae sp. nov. is found in the Bahamas. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

Radula formation in two species of Conoidea (Gastropoda)

The radula is the basic feeding structure in gastropod molluscs and exhibits great morphological diversity that reflects the exceptional anatomical and ecological diversity occurring in these animals. This uniquely molluscan structure is formed in the blind end of the radular sac by specialized cells (membranoblasts and odontoblasts). Secretion type, and the number and shape of the odontoblasts that form each tooth characterize the mode of radula formation. These characteristics vary in different groups of gastropods. Elucidation of this diversity is key to identifying the main patterns of radula formation in Gastropoda. Of particular interest would be a phylogenetically closely related group that is characterized by high variability of the radula. One such group is the large monophyletic superfamily Conoidea, the radula of which is highly variable and may consist of the radular membrane with five teeth per row, or the radular membrane with only two or three teeth per row, or even just two harpoon-like teeth per row without a radular membrane. We studied the radulae of two species of Conoidea (Clavus maestratii Kilburn, Fedosov & Kantor, 2014 [Drilliidae] and, Lophiotoma acuta (Perry, 1811) [Turridae]) using light and electron microscopy. Based on these data and previous studies, we identify the general patterns of the radula formation for all Conoidea: the dorsolateral position of two groups of odontoblasts, uniform size, and shape of odontoblasts, folding of the radula in the radular sac regardless of the radula configuration. The morphology of the subradular epithelium is most likely adaptive to the radula type.     

中国斑织蛾属分类学研究及四新种记述(鳞翅目: 织蛾科)

系统研究报道了中国斑织蛾属Ripeacma 11个种,其中有4个新种：角斑织蛾Ripeacma trigonia Wang et Li, sp. Nov.,叉斑织蛾Ripeacma bicruris Wang et Li, sp. Nov.,疣斑织蛾Ripeacma verruculosa Wang et Li, sp. Nov.和带斑织蛾 Ripeacma latizona Wang et Li, sp. Nov.。提供了该属中国已知种的检索表,绘制了新种的外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学生物学系。     

Integrative taxonomy of the Clavus canalicularis species complex (Drilliidae,Conoidea, Gastropoda) with description of four new species

ABSTRACT

The conoidean family Drilliidae Olsson, 1964 is a species-rich lineage of marine gastropods, showing a high degree of diversification in comparison to other families of Conoidea. Despite intensive molecular phylogenetic studies during the last decade that have led to notable rearrangements of conoidean systematics, the genus- and species-level taxonomy of Drilliidae has not thus far been affected and remains entirely based on shell features. In the current study we revisit species delimitation in a morphological cluster of species from the Indo-Pacific referred to as the Clavus canalicularis complex, using an integrative taxonomy approach. The species in the complex possess robust thick-walled shells typically over 15?mm in height with sculpture of prominent rounded nodules located at the whorl’s shoulder, sometimes sharp and squamiform, or producing long spines. We find that in addition to five known species, the complex comprises four new species. These are described as Clavus brianmayi n. sp. (New Caledonia), Clavus davidgilmouri n. sp. (the Philippines), Clavus andreolbrichi n. sp. (Vanuatu and New Ireland) and Clavus kirkhammetti n. sp. (Madagascar). Clavus exasperatus (Reeve, 1843), which was previously considered widely distributed in Indo-Pacific, is shown to be confined to the western Indian Ocean.     

Smeagolida,a new order of gymnomorph mollusc from New Zealand based on a new genus and species

Abstract

Smeagol manneringi n.gen. & sp. is erected as the only known representative of a new order, Smeagolida, and is compared with existing gymnomorph orders. The relative ranking of Gymnomorpha, Opisthobranchia, and Pulmonata is discussed, and use of the name Systellommatophora is abandoned. The gymnomorph slugs are interpreted as a polyphyletic assemblage of stem euthyneurans, but subclass Gymnomorpha is retained as a convenient grouping.     

The genus Antillophos Woodring, 1928 (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) from the China seas,with description of a new species

The species of genus Antillophos Woodring, 1928 Woodring, W.P. (1928) Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica. 2. Gastropods and Discussion of Results. Contributions to the Geology and Paleontology of the West Indies. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington D.C. [Google Scholar] from the China seas are studied. Six species, Antillophos liui n. sp., Antillophos lucubratonis Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 Fraussen, K. & Poppe, G.T. (2005) Revision of Phos and Antillophos (Buccinidae) from the Central Philippines. Visaya 1, 76–115. [Google Scholar], Antillophos monsecourorum Fraussen & Poppe, 2005 Fraussen, K. & Poppe, G.T. (2005) Revision of Phos and Antillophos (Buccinidae) from the Central Philippines. Visaya 1, 76–115. [Google Scholar], Antillophos pyladeum (Kato, 1995 Kato, S. (1995) Discussion of the genus Phos. Hitaciobi 70, 15–20. [Google Scholar]), Antillophos roseatus (Hinds, 1844 Hinds, R.B. (1844) Mollusca. In: Hinds, R.B. (Ed.) The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur During the years 1836–1842. 2. Smith, Elder and Co., London, pp. 1–72. [Google Scholar]) and Antillophos sp., are described and illustrated.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51481997-A841-4F37-8E15-B753DC99CB4D     

Systematics and evolution of the genus Clathrobaculus Cossmann, 1912 (Gastropoda, Mathildidae)

The morphology and ontogeny of Jurassic gastropods those have been included in the genera Clathrobaculus Cossmann, 1912 and Gordenella Gründel, 1990 are discussed. Based on the ontogenetic research of their shells, several types of ontogeny are established in the species of these genera. The suggestion is made that the genus Gordenella should be considered as a junior synonym of Clathrobaculus within the family Mathildidae. The protoconchs of Clathrobaculus species are studied to reveal their morphological variability and a number of distinguishing characters in which they differ from the protoconchs of other mathildid genera. Four species of Clathrobaculus, of which two are new (C. medidilatatus and C. inconstantiplicatus), are described from the Jurassic deposits of the European part of Russia. The composition of C. fahrenkohli (Rouillier, 1846) and C. krantzi (Rouillier, 1849) is emended, and the protoconchs of these species and of the species C. inconstantiplicatus are described for the first time.     

Notes on some species of Parasmittina Osburn, 1952 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida)

Nine species of the cheilostomate bryozoan genus Parasmittina Osburn, 1952, are described. Neotype specimens are selected for P. parsevalii (Audouin) and P. raigii (Audouin). P. hastingsae Soule and Soule, P. agathae sp. nov., P. parsloeparsloei sp. nov., P. pectinata sp. nov. and P. solenosmilioides sp. nov. are described from Australian localities. P. fistulata (Harmer) is redescribed and P. decorata Soule and Soule is placed in the synonymy of P. delicatula (Busk).     

A new genus and two new species of freshwater Gastropoda from the Ceyhan River Basin in the eastern Mediterranean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)

In a survey of the mollusc fauna of the Ceyhan River Basin, including rivers, natural lakes, dam lakes and springs between June 2008 and September 2014, a total of 20 species of Gastropoda and 8 species of Bivalvia were identified. Two of these species are new to science, and for one of them a new genus is erected: the hydrobiid Hemite ceyhanensis gen. n., sp. n., and the bithyniid Pseudobithynia cocussusica sp. n.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DE5FFC19-13CD-4B81-B74E-80059E781518     

Differentiation of selected species of Belgrandiella and the redefined genus Graziana (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae)

Seven species of the genus Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1928 ( sensu lato ), from Austria and Italy are described in detail. The genus Graziana Radoman, 1975, is redefined on a newly discovered character of the stomach, the shield caecum. This is remarkable, since hydrobiid genera are usually defined by characters of the reproductive system. Two species, B. pelerei sp. nov. and G. klagenfurtensis sp. nov. , are new to science. Allozyme electrophoresis of ten populations of these seven species revealed an unusual lack of variability within each population. This is explained as a consequence of the presumed mode of dispersal of these crenobiontic snails, i.e. aerial transport with insects. Genetic distances between conspecific populations and congeneric species fall within the expected range. The only exception is the genetic identity of G. klagenfurtensis and G. lacheineri Küster, 1853. This identity is probably due to the recent origin of G. klagenfurtensis , whose area was covered with ice during the Wtirm glaciation. The high distance values between Belgrandiella and Graziana justify the generic separation based on a character of the digestive system. This is also confirmed through the comparison with three species of the genus Hydrobia Hartmann, 1821, which differs in all systematically relevant aspects from the other two genera.     

Holoplanktonic gastropoda (Mollusca) from the Miocene of Cyprus: systematics and biostratigraphy

Abstract: Eleven randomly chosen outcrops in the Miocene Pakhna Formation of Cyprus were sampled for holoplanktonic Mollusca. Four species of Heteropoda were found, and 24 of Pteropoda, a substantial increase from the two species recorded until now from the Miocene of Cyprus. One pteropod species, Peracle charlotteae sp. nov. (Gastropoda, Pseudothecosomata), is introduced. Age assignments based on holoplanktonic molluscs for the 11 localities are as follows: Langhian (Alassa 1–4), (Serravallian?) Tortonian to Messinian (Episkopi 1), Tortonian (Agios Tychon, Tokhni and the Maroni Marlstone of Khirokitia 1–2) and Tortonian to Early Messinian (Episkopi 2). These age determinations in some cases are at odds with those from previous publications based on calcareous nannofossils and Foraminifera. The sediments underlying the Amathus Channel outcrop yielded insufficient fauna for definitive dating, but we suggest are younger than Late Serravallian. At some localities, particularly in the Alassa area, pteropod assemblages are strongly variable on a bed‐by‐bed basis, and this offers possibilities for future refined biostratigraphical interpretations. This is the first substantial holoplanktonic mollusc fauna described from the eastern Mediterranean basin and allows correlation with assemblages in the central Mediterranean and elsewhere.