谷子(Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.)作为功能基因组研究模式植物的发展现状及趋势

模式植物对遗传学和分子生物学前沿理论探索和实践研究至关重要。玉米、拟南芥和水稻等主要的模式植物,在植物遗传学发展的不同时期发挥了不可替代的作用,但随着研究的深入和细化,迫切需要更多别具特色的物种成为模式植物。谷子(Setaria italia)及其野生种青狗尾草(S.viridis)因具备C_4光合途径和特殊的抗旱耐逆性备受关注,谷子也因其较小的二倍体基因组、自花授粉、高繁殖系数、较小的株高和易于操作的栽培方法,以及生育周期短、易于快速繁殖等特点,非常适合作为分子遗传学研究的模式植物,近年来作为C4和抗旱耐逆研究的模式系统越来越受到国际植物遗传学界的关注。谷子是起源于中国的古老农作物,我国拥有最丰富的遗传资源,并在遗传育种研究上处于领先。现简述我国谷子的研究基础,综述近年来谷子和青狗尾草作为模式作物的研究进展,讨论相关研究存在的问题,并对谷子遗传研究的发展趋势进行展望。     

Un antico relitto atlantico ai piedi delle Alpi Apuane: Trichomanes speciosum Willd., entità nuova per la flora italiana

Abstract

An Atlantic relict on the Apuan Alps: Trichomanes speciosum Willd., new to Italy.—In Versilia, at the foot of the Apuan Alps, has been found the fern Trichomanes speciosum Willd., new genus for the Italian flora and old relict witness, like Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith, of an Atlantic climate which still persists in deep valleys, dug on paleozoic quartz schists, on the tirrenic coast of the Apuan Alps.     

Alcune specie e varietà nuove per la flora della Sardegna

Abstract

New species for Flora of Sardinia. — The Author remarks the presence of new species for Sardinia with some observations on the distribution and habitat.     

Die vordringlichsten Zuchtziele bei Sanddorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 9 Textabbildungen Hans Lembke zum 75. Geburtstag.     

不同谷子（Setaria italica(L.)Beauv）品种对除草剂的耐药性

试验对34个谷子品种进行盆栽试验,研究两种土壤处理除草剂扑草净、速收对谷子安全性的影响.测定相关的生理和生化指标,通过聚类分析比较不同谷子品种之间的耐药性的差异.试验结果表明:这两种除草剂对大部分谷子的株高、叶面积有一定的抑制作用.不同除草剂对同一种谷子的生理指标影响是有差异的.大部分谷子品种对扑草净(0.07g/m2)有一定的耐药性,扑草净药剂处理后,大部分谷子品种的POD酶活性有所提高,可溶性糖含量提高,蒸腾强度、气孔导度也有一定程度的提高.大多数谷子品种施用速收(0.015g/m2)后其SOD酶活性下降,其蒸腾强度、气孔导度有所提高.同一种除草剂对不同谷子品种的生理指标影响也是不同的,对其进行聚类分析后,聚类结果各为四大类,表明不同谷子品种之间存在耐药性差异.     

Biological flora of Central Europe: Ceratocapnos claviculata (L.) Lidén

The eu-oceanic therophytic woodland herb Ceratocapnos claviculata has been expanding north- and eastwards into north temperate and subcontinental regions during the past decades. The rapid range expansion of the species may be an example of a species which is strongly profiting from global change. Against this background, in the present paper we review the taxonomy, morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, life cycle and biology of the species.     

Zur Kenntnis der Assimilationsorgane vonDanaë racemosa (L.) Mönch

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Dianthus Fritschii L. Keller nov. hybr. (D. speciosus Rchb.×D. barbatus L.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

红花烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)与黄花烟草(N.rustica L.)的种间试管受精

用试管受精方法来克服远缘杂交不亲和性,以获得用常规杂交技术所不能得到的远缘杂种,仅有石竹科和茄科的例子,而且其中也尚缺乏细胞学和生化方面的资料。在栽培红花烟草×栽培黄花烟草中的种间试管受精工作迄今尚未见报道。我们用试管受精方法在上述种间杂交组合中克服了烟草远缘杂交不亲和性并获得了种间杂种,同时对其进行了形态学和细胞学观察以及过氧化物酶同功酶分析。供试材料为栽培红花烟草(Nicotianatabacum L.cv.千斤黄,2n=48)和栽培黄花烟草(M.rustica L.cv.蛤蟆烟、羊耳烟,2n=48)。其杂交组合为:千斤黄×蛤蟆烟和千斤黄×羊耳烟。     

Nematodes (Longidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis loof) in growth and nodulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)

Summary Hippophaë rhamnoides seedlings were grown in sterilized and unsterilized soil from a decliningH. rhamnoides scrub, to which different numbers ofLongidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis were added. In sterilized and unsterilized soil, retardation of growth, content of dry matter in the shoots, and incidence of deformed short lateral roots of test plants were positively correlated with counts of both nematode species. Nitrogen content in the shoots, nodulation on the roots of test plants and increase increase in nematodes were negatively correlated with the initial number of both nematode species in sterilized soil. In unsterilized soil, an unknown biotic factor was present that reduces growth ofH. rhamnoides, nodulation and multiplication of the nematodes. This factor seems to interact with the nematodes in reducing growth ofH. rhamnoides.Deceased.     

基于ISSR数据探讨卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)遗传多样性

卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)是凤尾藓科凤尾藓属植物,该种分布广泛,形态变异强烈。为了解其遗传多样性及种群遗传结构特点,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对采集于浙江、福建、广西、四川、辽宁5个省区的卷叶凤尾藓14个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了评价。结果显示:筛选出的12对引物共扩增出259条清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性位点有248个,多态位点百分率为95.75%;种群总的Nei's基因多样性指数为0.2327,Shannon's信息指数为0.3701,说明卷叶凤尾藓遗传多样性水平较高;14个种群的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.7078,种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.1864,表明大部分遗传变异(72.01%)存在于种群间,27.99%的遗传变异存在于种群内,即卷叶凤尾藓种群间遗传分化明显。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明,在遗传距离50为分组阈值处,14个种群可被分为6组(G1~G6):G1为来自于浙江省不同采集地点的8个种群(JHBS除外);G2由浙江金华北山种群(JHBS)组成;G3包括福建武夷山(WYS)和天宝岩种群(TBY);G4、G5、G6分别由广西龙胜县花坪种群(GX)、四川龙池种群(LC)、辽宁白石砬子保护区种群(BSLZ)组成,表明卷叶凤尾藓种群间的遗传分化主要由地理距离造成,种群内的遗传分化可能与其生境的异质性有关。     

The of gamma-radiation for induction of apomixis in sea-buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)

The results of studying of the induced apomixis in pollen of sea-buckthorn irradiated by the 60Co gamma-Radiation are considered. Was established that the most effective dose for pollination of the experimental plants is 50 k Gy. In total, from 46 seedlings 19 cases of apomictic origin were revealed, 7 individuals were found to be haploid (n = = 12) and 19 ones were diploid (2n = 24) of maternal origin. Was supposed that apomictic plants (19 seedlings) have parthenogenetic origin. The reason for such conclusion is that the irradiated anomalous pollen tubes despite not having spermia, are entering embryo sac and stimulate the development of apomictic embryo from non-fertilized female gametes. Apparently, pollen tubes cause the induction of DNA replication in the ovules and the development of parthenogenetic plants. Consequently, the described method can be used for the regulation of parthenogenesis in sea-buckthorn to change natural ratio (1 : 1) of male to female plants in desirable quantity.     

Étude de l'effet de groupe sur la ponte dans la société polygyne dePolistes gallicus L. (Hymen. Vesp.)

Conclusions Sur le plan de l'observation, on note un parallélisme certain entre les phénomènes observés chez les Vertébrés et dans le guêpier de Poliste. Les relations de dominance s'accompagnent, dans les deux cas, d'une régulation sociale tendant à attribuer à l'individu α une part prépondérante de l'activité reproductrice exercée dans la société. Les mécanismes — pour l'heure mal connus — mettraient en jeu des acquisitions de types voisins; les différences tiendraient avant tout aux caractères propres du comportement chez l'Insecte. Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organisés.     

Eine Zwillingsblüte beiGymnadenia conopea (L.) R. Br.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Versuche zur Heterosiszüchtung bei Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.gongylodes L.)

Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung der Frühzeitigkeit der Sorte Prager weißer Treib durch Selektion war nicht möglich.Durch langjährige Selbstung konnten morphologisch einheitliche, z. T. inzuchtgeschädigte Stämme entwickelt werden.Durch Kreuzung dieser Stämme untereinander konnten Heterosiseffekte erzielt werden, die signifikant über der Leistung der Vergleichssorte lagen.Die Kreuzungen mit Sorten ergaben Heterosiseffekte, die die Leistungen der Stammeskreuzungen signifikant übertrafen.Eine Steigerung der Frühzeitigkeit unter Ausnutzung des Heterosiseffektes konnte nachgewiesen werden.Für die sorgfältige Betreuung und Auswertung der Versuche möchte ich an dieser Stelle der technischen Assistentin Frl. M. Nowak besonders danken.Mit 4 AbbildungenQuedlinburger Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung Nr. 51.     

Changes in behaviour associated with pair formation in the polychaete Harmothoë imbricata (L.)

Spacing between individuals in populations of Harmothoë imbricata has been investigated both on the shore and in the laboratory. Males tend to occur closer together than females, and the mean male‐male individual distance measured was less than the mean distance between females; male—female distances for immature worms were intermediate. When worms mature they pair: the male mounts the female and lies across her dorsal surface. There is evidence that after spawning the members of a pair separate. Contact responses between worms have been investigated in the laboratory. Most encounters between immature worms lead to separation, as a result of one or both worms moving rapidly away from the other or fighting; females show more marked avoidance behaviour than males. The majority of male‐male and female‐female encounters between mature worms also lead to separation but in male‐female encounters the male usually mounts the female. A male which has mounted a female becomes highly aggressive and will attack intruding males but not females.     

ПРИСПОСОБЛЕНИЯ К ПЛАНИРОВАНИЮ ПЕРЕДНИХ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ У ЛЕТЯГИ(Pteromys volans L.)

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