Contributo Alla Flora Dell'alto Adige

In order to obtain a high ethanol yield from the Jerusalem artichoke raw extract and reduce the fermentation cost, we have engineered a new recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that could produce ex-inulinase. The response surface methodology based on Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the medium for the ethanol production from the Jerusalem artichoke raw extracts by the recombinant strain. In the first optimization step, Plackett–Burman design was employed to select significant factors, including concentrations of yeast extract, inoculum, and MgSO₄·7H₂O. In the second step, the steepest ascent experiment was carried out to determine the center point with the three significant factors; the selected combinations were further optimized using the Box–Behnken design. The maximum ethanol production rate was predicted at 91.1 g/l, which was based on a medium consisting of yeast extract 9.24 g/l, inoculum 39.8 ml/l, and MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.45 g/l. In the validating experiment, the ethanol fermentation rate reached 102.1 g/l, closely matching the predicted rate.     

Contributo alla flora del valdarno superiore

Summary

Considering variously aged individui of the short-day plants Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Rein, and Perilla ocymoides Lour. var. nanckinensis Voss., researches were carried out concerning differences in photoperiodic behaviour due to ontogenetical progress and other conditions.

Experiments showed that plants behave photoperiodically in a quantitative different manner in relation to age degree. In connection with ontogenetic progress there is a lowering in the minimal anto-inductive number of fotocicli (short day); if a series of fotocicli is given, the minimal duration of the photophase, as well as the need of light intensity, are also lowered. Chenopodium plants, cultivated during 14 weeks in long days, shows — as an extreme manifestation — the ability to form inflorescence primordia even only after one photoinductive ciclus treatment. (i. e. one 16-hours nictophase). Perilla plants cultivated during 16 weeks in long days (more aged plants were not taken into consideration) are able to form inflorescence primordia after 3 photo-inductive cicli (12-hours nictophases). Also these plants, nevertheless, form infl. primordia by means of the action of one nictophase solely, provided this nictophase is cospicuosly prolonged beyond the critical duration; the nictophase shows, in this case, a florigenic action (of particular character: see below) that goes further quantitatively in connection with the exceeding prolongation of conditions of darkness beyond the critical point. The samething may be said for Chenopodium 10-weeks old plants (that do not form infl. primordia with one nictophase of 16 hours). All these tests are able to form infl. primordia in continuous darkness and, always in dark conditions, form possibly flower and liable seeds. Young individui do not behave as aged ones. The age is not the only requisite that grants to the plants this behaviour; such characteristics depends also on the general conditions of nutrition, etc.; therefore, according to the conditions of culture, plants will have the same prerogatives at differents ages.

As to the problem of mechanism under which the infl. primordia formation and flowering is afforded in continuous darkness, and in general in connection with the causes determining the variations in photoperiodical behaviour with aging, many possibilities are discussed. Special importance has been granted to the fact that the individuus, with aging, becomes by and by anto-autonomous (at various degrees) owing to the slow accumulation of eu-florigenic materials formed in long-day conditions.

The anto-autonomous plants are able to form infl. primordia, in darkness, even leaveless (plants deprived of leaves before the treatment): storage occurs expecially in the stem or stock; the storage eu-florigenic substances may be considered simply trophic substances, but of a certain composition and quantity.

The anto-autonomous plant, even at a high degree, do not flower in long-day condition owing to a mechanism of pure photoperiodic anto-inhybition. In continuous darkness it flowers essentially owing to the euflorigenes reserves (a positive factor) and — at the same time — owing to the inability of leaves and stem parenchims to actualise any antiflorigenic process (negative factor).

Many problems are object of discussion and will be bound to further experimental work. Thus the behaviour of leaves in continuous darkness or in a dark-period prolonged beyond the critical point. The leaves of aged plants do not seem to remain, in this case, merely actionless in as much as it concerns the developmental processes.     

Contributo alla conoscenza della Flora dei pascoli erbosi e boschivi di Monterotondo (Roma)

Summary

After having summarly described the ecological conditions of the area of the Roman Province which are studied by the author, he lists the plants collected and adds some critical remarks on the taxonomy. He gives a list of a few taxa, which must be regarded as having been found for the first time in Lazio, or are infrequent in this Province.

The author describes the vegetation of some pastures and woods by means of statistical investigations. Finaly he takes into consideration the reciprocal influence exerted by the various plant-communities.     

Contributo alla conoscenza del contingente nervoso corneale

Riassunto Nella cornea del ratto, in tutta quella parte del parenchima che è al margine con la sclerotica, esistono due cospicue formazioni a plesso, una vascolare e l'altra nervosa, in stretto reciproco rapporto topografico e verosimilmente anche funzionale.Il plesso nervoso è formato da fibre di varia provenienza, mieliniche ed amieliniche, fra loro mescolate ed anastomizzate, soprattutto mediante la rete diffusa alla quale danno origine.È molto probabile che a queste due formazioni, vascolare e nervosa, non sia riservato il solo compito di assicurare la nutrizione della cornea; ma penso che esse non siano estranee al meccanismo regolatore dell'umore acqueo.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser hat mit der Bielschowsky-Grosschen Methode und vor allem mit der Schwarzreaktion von Golgi in Epymis norv. die angehäufte Zahl von Nerven studiert, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Hornhautrand stehen und von denen weder die Topographie noch ihre Bedeutung sonderlich bekannt war. Indem der Verfasser diese Methoden mit der Injektion des Blutgefäßsystems verband, hat er festgestellt, daß der plexiforme Nervenapparat enge topographische und funktionelle Beziehungen zu dem sich ringförmig in der gleichen Zone erstreckenden Gefäßplexus hat.Der Verfasser legt außerdem klar, daß dieser vasculonervöse Plexus zur Hornhaut und nicht zu anderen Bildungen gehört. Er schließt ferner, daß diesem angesichts seiner großen Entwicklung eine bemerkenswertere Aufgabe zukommt als jene, lediglich die Ernährung der Hornhaut zu sichern und daß er ein Teil des sinnreichen Regulationsmechanismus des Kammerwassers sei.

     

Contributo Alla Flora Mixomicetologica Italiana

Abstract

Contribution to the Myxomycetes flora of Italy. — In this work 52 species, 20 of which new to Italy, are named. The specimens were collected in northern and central Italy.     

Contributo alla sistematica degli attinomiceti: XVIII actinomycesgriseus(Krainsky)Waksman

Riassunto Gli Autori studiano 98 ceppi di isolamento da suolo agrario diA griseus e effettuano un esame critico delle specie precisandone le caratteristiche diagnostiche e morfoculturali anche in relazione ad una non esatta corrispondenza fra la nomenclatura di questa specie e il colore del micelio aereo. La percentuale di ceppi attivi su batteri gram-positivi è del 77,4% e quello dei ceppi attivi su batteri gram-negativi è del 19,35%.

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Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser studieren 98 Stämme vonA. griseus isoliert aus bebautem Boden und unterziehen die Art einer kritischen Untersuchung. Sie stellen die diagnostischen und morphologisch-kulturellen Merkmale fest, auch im Bezug auf eine nicht exakte Uebereinstimmung der Benennung dieser Art mit der Farbe des Luftmycels. Der Prozentsatz der Gram-positiven Bakterien, aktiven Stämme ist 77,4%, und derjenige der Gram-negativen Bakterien, aktiven Stämme ist 19,35%.

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I precedenti Contributi sono stati integralmente pubblicati sugli atti dell'Istituto Botanico di Pavia e, in riassunto, su questa Rivista.     

Contributo preliminare alla sistematica di Chamaecytisus hirsutus e Chamaecytisus supinus

Abstract

Chamaecytisus hirsutus and C. supinus: a preliminary report. – Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link and C. supinus (L.) Link have been described as twostrictly related species, which differ mainly in the form of inflorescence: C. hirsutus has lateral flowers, C. supinus has terminal flowers. Besides, most Floras provide a set of additional differential characters that should permit to di-C. hirsutus and C. supinus.

The author analyses such differential characters and demonstrates that all of them are inconsistent: therefore the inflorescence seems to be the only difference between C. hirsutus and C. supinus.

The inflorescence itself, however, is not a constant character: indeed, it is known that C. supinus may develop vernal latera flowers besides the normal aestival terminal ones.

The geographic distributions of the two inflorescence types are accurately examined (a report of the distributions is given, a list of herbarium specimens is presented in appendix, a point distribution map of the two types is given in figs. 1 and 2); the only differences are the following ones: plants with flowers in leafy racemes (usually identified as C. hirsutus) seem to be absent from Spain and from Southern Poland, and to be unfrequent in Central and Western France; instead, plants with flowers in heads (usually identified as C. supinus) are very unfrequent in the Southern Balcan Peninsula, and are absent from Southern Greece and the Italian Peninsula.

After a discussion of the biological significance of the capitate and lateral inflorescence, and on the basis of in vivo observations, the author argues that probably the same taxonomic unit is present in the whole area, showing some differences in its flowering behaviour; in the largest part of the areal – including the center of distribution of the species – most individuals flower twice, and therefore have been recorded as two different species; a trend toward the capitate inflorescence is remarkable in the North and in the West; instead, in the South and the East the trend is toward lateral flowers (fig. 3).

Further biometrical and biochemical studies on the species are now in progress; more observations in field in different parts of Europe are necessary in order to get conclusive evidence of the identity of these two so-called «species».     

Contributo alla sistematica degli attinomiceti: XVII actinomices scabies (Thaxter) Waksman

Riassunto Gli autori studiano un ceppo di attinomicete che essi identificano comeA. scabies. Con l'occasione essi precisano le caratteristiche diagnostiche di questa specie secondo quanto risulta da un esame critico della bibliografia in argomento, mettendo in evidenza che i ceppi collezionati sotto questo nome nelle varie micoteche hanno spesso caratteristiche differenti. La base di questo equivoco è, nelle considerazioni degli autori, da trovare nel riferimento patogenetico, cioè, in altri termini, nel voler considerare la malattia dei tuberi scabbiosi come provocata da un'unica specie.Dopo aver dato le caratteristiche delle specie presentano il seguente quadro tassonomico: Actinomyces scabies (Thaxter 1890)Gussov (1914) emendamentoWaksman (1919)=Oospora scabies Thaxter (1890)Diagnosi: vedi pag. 273.Habitat: frequente nel Nord America; isolato per la prima volta in Europa daSpalla eComaschi da tuberi scabbiosi provenienti dalla Germania. Actinomyces scabies varietàanglica Baldacci eBoncompagni =Actinomyces scabies Thaxter emendamentoMillard eBurr.Differisce dalla specie per il micelio vegetativo grigio, il micelio aereo spiccatamente grigio e per il pigmento giallo diffuso nel substrato.Habitat: isole inglesi.

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Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser studieren einen Stamm von Actinomyceten, den sie alsActinomyces Scabies identifizieren. In diesem Zusammenhang stellen sie die diagnostischen Merkmale dieser Art fest, bei kritischer Berücksichtigung der Literatur. Sie stellen fest, dass die unter diesem Namen gesammelten Stämme in den verschiedenen Mycoteken oft verschiedene Merkmale besitzen.Der Grund dieses Missverständnisses liegt, nach den Verfassern, in der pathogenischen Beziehung, i.c., dass man die in den vom Schorf befallenen Knollen die Krankheit als von einer einzigen Art verursacht annehmen will.Nachdem sie die Merkmale der Art festgelegt haben, geben sie die folgende Classification: Actinomyces scabies (Thaxter 1890)Gussov (1914), verbessert von Waksman (1919)=Oospora scabies Thaxter (1890).Diagnose: sieh Seite 273.Habitat: in Nord America ziemlich verbreitet und in Europa das erste Mal vonSpalla undComaschi aus schorfigen Knollen aus Deutschland isoliert. Actinomyces scabies Varietätanglica Baldacci eBoncompagni=Actinomyces scabies Thaxter verbessert vonMillard undBurr.Er unterscheidet sich von der Art durch ein graues vegetatives Mycel, durch ein sehr deutliches graues Luftmycel und durch ein gelbes im Substrat verbreitetes Pigment.Habitat: in England.

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I precedenti Contributi sono stati integralmente pubblicati sugli Atti dell'Istituto Botanico di Pavia e, in riassunto, su questa Rivista.     

Contributo alla conoscenza dell'ecologia delle biocenosi sulle cascade travertinose nella regione Carstica Jugoslava

Riassunto Il nostro lavoro di molti anni sulle cascade travertinose dei fiumi carstici jugoslavi era diretto verso le esplorazioni delle condizioni di vita su questi specifici biotopi. A causa di questa specificità loro erano potuti popolati solo da determinati specie di piante e di animali, i queli sono adattati su queste condizioni speciali. Esse creano le associazioni, ai queli fa la base la vigorosa vegetazione di muschi e di alghe, e un po'di meno anche di altri piante. Questa vegetazione e accompagnata da numerosi rappresentanti dai diversi gruppi di animali, come queli di Turbellaria, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Amphipoda, Insecta ed a.Dai fattori ecologici erano esplorati le condizioni di vita fisicochimiche e biologiche. In estate la temperatura dell'aqua era sempre oltre la temperatura-limite di deposizione (oltre 14° C), e durante l'inverno generalmente erano le condizioni inconvenienti per i processi di deposizione.Nella parte superficiale delle cascade abiamo constatato due specie di abitazione in relazione della luce. Forte illuminate cascade erano popolate dalle associazioni della luce, ed a causa di meno calcificata vegetazione erano molto più. ricche di animali. Meno illuminate cascade avevano più favorevoli condizioni per il sviluppo della vegetazione travertinosa, la quale era molto calcificata, the cosa non porgeva favorevoli condizioni per il sviluppo del mondo animale.Abiamo constatato the la più favorevole velocità dell'aqua per lo sviluppo dei organismi, i quali popolano i posti delle cascade travertinose, è tra 0,5 e l,5 m/sec., sebbene sui singoli abitazioni la velocita dell'aqua era fra 0,5–3,5 m/sec.A causa di una favorevole alcalità, la quale nelle aque esplorate ammonta tra 2,8 e 5,2, i processi di deposizione sono molto attivi. E costattato un graduale abassamento dell'alcalità in direzione scendente del flume, the cosa si mette in relazione colla perdita del carbonato durante il processo di deposizione.La quantità del ossigeno ammontava da 3,5–9 ccm/l. e perciò generalmente tutte queste aque si possono considerare come poliossitipiche.Per le biocenosi delle cascade travertinose e caratteristica una grande dinamica nel Toro sviluppo. Le più primitive forme delle associazioni sono composte principalmente dai idrofiti. Con un avanzato sviluppo delle formazioni travertinose appariscono nuove stazioni con nuove associazioni. Il climax presenta la vegetazione fanerogama, la quala crew stazioni ombreggiate, dove si sviluppa speciale vegetazione travertinosa dell' ombra. Questi cambiamenti di vegetazione vengono accompagnati da numerose specie di animali dei gruppi Amphipoda, Ephemerida, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera ed a.In fine sono dimostrate le principali caratteristiche di vita in relazione colle condizioni fisico-chimiche e biologiche.

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Summary For a number of years, our work on travertine cascades of Yugoslav Karstic rivers has been directed towards the study of living conditions in these specific biotypes. Owing to their specificity, they could have been inhabited only by certain plant and animal species which have been adapted to these specific conditions. Their communities have been created on a rich moss and seaweed vegetation basis and, to a somewhat smaller extent, also on that of other plants. This vegetation is accompanied by numerous representatives of various animal groups such as: turbellaria, gastropods, oligochaeta, hirudinoids, amphipods, insects et al.As far as ecologic factors are concerned, physical, chemical and biological living conditions have been studied. In summer, water temperature is always above the deposition boundary (above 14°C), while in winter, conditions are generally unfavourable for deposition processes.In connection with light, two habitats were observed on the surface parts of the cascades. The strongly lighted cascades were inhabited by light communities which were considerably richer in animal population, owing to poorly calcified vegetation. As to the development of travertine vegetation, poorly lighted cascades which had been amply calcified, were in a much more favourable position and thus provided unfavourable conditions for the development of animal life.The water speed most favourable for the development of organisms inhabiting travertine cascades has been found to lie between 0.5 and 1.5 meters per second, although in individual habitats water speed amounted to between 0.5 and 3.5 meters per second.Owing to favourable alkalinity, amounting, in the waters investigated, to between 2.8 and 5.2, depositing processes have been very intense. The gradual lowering of alkalinity in the downstream course of rivers, which is brought into connection with the losing of carbonates during the deposition process, has also been established.As the quantity of oxygen amounted to between 3.5–9 ccm/l, these waters can be considered to be polyoxitypical.The biocenosis on travertine cascades are characterized by their very dynamic development. The most primitive forms of communities are mainly composed of hydrophytes. The further development of travertine forms brings about new habitats with new communities. The climax is represented by phanerogamic vegetation, creating rocky habitats where special travertine shade vegetation develops. These changes in vegetation have been accompanied by numerous animal species of the afore-mentioned groups.Finaly, the main characteristics of life in terms of physical, chemical and biological conditions have been presented.

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Zusammenfassung Die mehrjärige Arbeit der Autoren auf den Kalktuffbildenden Wasserfällen der jugoslawischen Karstgewässer war den Erforschungen der Lebensbedingungen auf diesen spezifischen Biotopen gewidmet. Wegen ihrer Eigentümlichkeit konnten die Kalktuffwasserfälle nur von bestimmten Pflanzen- und Tierarten besiedelt werden, die an these besonderen Bedingungen angepasst sind. Sie bilden Gemeinschaften auf eine üppige Moos- und Algenvegetation und etwas weniger auch auf anderen Pflanzen. Diese Vegetation wird von zahlreichen Vertretern verschiedener Tiergruppen begleitet, wie Turbellaria, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Amphipoda, Insecta u.a.Von ökologischen Faktoren wurden die physikalisch-chemischen und biologischen Bedingungen untersucht. Im Sommer war die Wassertemperatuur immer über der Grenztemperatur der Ablagerung (über 14°C), während die Ablagerungsbedingungen im Winter im allgemeinen ungünstig waren.In den oberflächenlichen Teilen der Wässer\:falle wurden, im Verhältnis zu dem Licht, zwei Arten von Standorten festgestellt. Die stark belichteten Wasserfälle sind von Lichtgerneinschaften besiedelt, die wegen der weniger kalzifizierten Vegetation viel mehr Tiere enthalten. Weniger belichtete Wasserfälle zeigen günstigere Bedingungen für eine Entwicklung der Kalktuffvegetation. Diese Vegetation wird sehr kalzifiziert und ist für der Entwicklung der Tierwelt ungünstig.Es wurde festgestellt, dass die günstige Wassergeschwindigkeit für die Entwicklung von Organismen, die die Standorte der Kalktuffwasserfälle besiedeln, zwischen 0,5 and 1,5 m-Sek ist, wiewohl die Wassergeschwindigkeit an einzelnen Standorten zwischen 0,5 and 3,5 m-Sek betrug.Wegen der günstigen Alkalität (2,8–5,2) sind die Ablagerungsvorgänge sehr aktiv. Flussabwärts wurde ein allmählicher Fall der Alkalitätwerte festgestellt, was auf den Verlust des Karbonates während der Ablagerungsvorgänge zurückgeführt wird.Die Sauerstoffmenge beträgt zwischen 3,5–9 ccm/l; im allgemeinen können wir deshalb all these Gewässer als polyoxytypisch betrachten.Für die Gemeinschaften der Kalktuffwasserfälle ist eine grosse Dynamik in ihrer Entwicklung charakteristisch. Die primitivsten Formen der Lebensgemeinschaften sind hauptsächlich aus Hydrophyten zusammengesetzt. Mit der weiteren Entwicklung der Kalktufformen erscheinen neue Standorte mit neuen Gemeinschaften. Das Klimax stellt die Vegetation der höheren Pflanzen tar, die Schattenstandorte macht, wo sich eine besondere Schattenkalktuf-vegetation entwickelt. Diese Vegetationsänderungen werden von zahlreichen Tierarten der genanten Gruppen begleitet.Zum Schluss wird die Hauptcharakteristik des Lebens in Bezug auf die physikalisch-chemischen und biologischen Bedingungen dargestellt.

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Botaniki institut Univerziteta Zagreb

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Bioloki institut Univerziteta Zagreb     

Contributo alla conoscenza sistematica del genere Genista in Sardegna: I. Genista acanthoclada DC.

Abstract

Contribution to the systematic knowledge of the genus Genista in Sardinia: I. Genista acanthoclada DC. – The author takes into consideration the problems concerning some species of the genus Genista in Sardinia. Full details are furthermore given on the ecology, distribution, floristic composition and taxonomic position of Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa.