Flora e Vegetazione Dell'Isola Di Pianosa (Isole Tremiti)

Abstract

Flora and vegetation of the Isle of Pianosa (Isles Tremiti). – The flora and vegetation of the Isle of Pianosa are here described. The flora is composed of common mediterranean species with some adriatic endemics. The vegetation has a halophilous-nitrophilous character. The plant formations identified on this isle are shown in the map (fig. 1).     

Licheni Nuovi O Interessanti Delle Coste Italiane

Abstract

New or interesting Lichens of italian coasts. — The autor describes a lichen new to Italy, Acarospora microcarpa (Nyl) Wedd, a mediterranean species, found in southern France only hitherto. The lichen was gathered on the tufs rocks of the Isle of Procida; so the species is classed among the cryptogamic flora of phlegrean tufs.

The presence of Acarospora trachytica Jatta on the isle of Procida is therefore indicated, a species that is somewhat rare and known so far only on the Island of Ischia and Vesuvius.

Some new places for the marine lichen, Verrucaria symbalana Nyl. are reported, and the particular ecological interest of the species and its full geographical placement considered.

Finally, new places for Lichina confinis Ag., in Italy are given. This is a marine species of considerable ecological interest.     

The status of the Hen Harrier,Circus cyaneus,in the UK and Isle of Man in 2010

Capsule The fourth national survey of Hen Harrier showed that the population in the UK and the Isle of Man declined significantly between 2004 and 2010.

Aim To estimate the size of the breeding Hen Harrier population (with associated 95% confidence intervals) in the UK and Isle of Man, constituent countries and Scottish regions, in 2010 and calculate population change since previous surveys in 1998 and 2004.

Methods Complete surveys were made of 10-km squares likely to be occupied by breeding Hen Harriers in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, using standard methods developed for previous national surveys. In Scotland, a ‘census’ area was non-randomly selected for survey by volunteers, and randomly selected squares were surveyed in two strata covering the rest of the known range.

Results The UK and Isle of Man Hen Harrier population was estimated at 662 territorial pairs (95% confidence interval (CI): 576–770), a significant decline of 18% since 2004. Scotland holds the bulk (76%) of the population (505 territorial pairs; 95% CI: 417–612), with smaller numbers in Northern Ireland (59 pairs), Wales (57 pairs), the Isle of Man (29 pairs) and England (12 pairs). Declines of 49% and 20% were observed in the Isle of Man and in Scotland, respectively, whereas the Welsh population increased by 33%. A significant decrease was recorded in numbers of pairs using young and mature plantation forest in Scotland.

Conclusion The breeding population of Hen Harriers in the UK and Isle of Man declined between 2004 and 2010. Notable decreases in Scotland and the Isle of Man may be related to habitat change and illegal persecution. Illegal persecution continues to limit the population size of harriers in England to very low levels.     

The Genetics of Bryophytes

Abstract

Sanionia orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske (Drepanocladus orthothecioides (Lindb.) Roth) is reported from three Scottish islands, Hirta (St Kilda), Mainland of Shetland and Fair Isle, new to the British Isles. It is described and illustrated and the differences with the closely related S. uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske discussed.     

A survey of the genus Festuca L. (Poaceae) in Italy. Festuca gamisansii Kerguélen subsp. aethaliae,subsp. nova

ABSTRACT

Festuca gamisansii subsp. aethaliae, endemic to the Isle of Elba (Tuscan Archipelago) is described. The morphological, anatomical, karyological, ecological and chorological characteristics of the species are given. The main characteristics distinguishing F. gamisansii subsp. aethaliae from F. gamisansii subsp. gamisansii occurring in Corsica are also summarized.     

Status of the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus in the UK and Isle of Man in 2016

Capsule: The fifth UK and the Isle of Man survey of Hen Harrier in 2016 showed varying trends by country and region.

Aim: To estimate the size of the breeding Hen Harrier population (with associated 95% confidence intervals) in the UK and Isle of Man, constituent countries and Scottish regions, in 2016 and calculate population change over the five surveys to date.

Methods: Complete surveys were made of all 10-km squares likely to be occupied by breeding Hen Harriers in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, using standard methods developed for previous national surveys. In Scotland, self-selected 10-km squares were surveyed by volunteers and a stratified random selection of the remaining 10-km squares within the known breeding range was surveyed.

Results: The UK and Isle of Man Hen Harrier population was estimated at 575 territorial pairs (95% confidence limits, 477–694), a non-significant decline of 13% since 2010 but a significant decline of 24% since 2004. Scotland held the majority (80%) of the population with 460 (359–573) territorial pairs. Elsewhere, 46 territorial pairs were recorded in Northern Ireland, 35 in Wales, 30 in the Isle of Man and four in England. Significant decreases were recorded in the number of pairs in Scotland using grouse moor (?57%) and young forest (?54%).

Conclusion: The combined breeding population of Hen Harriers in the UK and Isle of Man has shown a non-significant decline between 2010 and 2016. There were notable decreases in England, Northern Ireland and Wales since 2010.     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对C57BL/6小鼠肺部菌群的扰动

【背景】肺部菌群与宿主健康和呼吸道疾病密切相关,耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistantKlebsiella pneumonia,CRKP)是临床常见的条件致病菌,感染后对肺部菌群的影响尚不清楚。【目的】探究耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯杆菌CRKP2对C57BL/6小鼠肺部菌群的扰动。【方法】将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组,分别用CRKP2、碳青霉烯类敏感肺炎克雷伯菌KP2044和无菌PBS溶液滴鼻,利用16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术分析肺部菌群结构。【结果】与健康小鼠相比,菌株KP2044和CRKP2感染后小鼠肺部菌群α多样性和β多样性均显著改变,变形菌门相对丰度显著增加,乳酸杆菌属相对丰度明显下降。与KP2044相比,CRKP2生物膜形成能力较弱,感染后小鼠死亡率较低,对肺部菌群的扰动较小。【结论】虽然肺炎克雷伯菌是条件致病菌,但高剂量耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌CRKP2仍对健康小鼠肺部菌群造成显著影响;尽管菌株CRKP2具有多重耐药性,但与菌株KP2044相比对肺部菌群的扰动较小,因此推测KP菌株感染对肺部菌群的扰动程度可能与菌株毒力有关。     

不同地区人初乳中细菌多样性研究

初乳中的微生物在婴儿生长发育过程中具有多种有益作用。【目的】本研究分析了影响初乳微生物组成的多个因素,为后续探讨人初乳菌群的相关研究提供新思路。【方法】通过PacBio SMRT测序技术对37份采集自湖北恩施地区人初乳样本中细菌16S rRNA基因序列进行测序,并结合公共数据库中已公布的来自内蒙古、海南、广西、河北、黑龙江和江苏等地区的62份人初乳中微生物组数据,探究不同地区人初乳中菌群组成与结构特点。【结果】99份人初乳样本共注释到345个属,937个种,其中乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcuslactis)、Ralstoniainsidiosa、溶血孪生球菌(Gemella haemolysans)等是人初乳中的优势菌种。基于jaccard距离的主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)显示,不同地区之间的人初乳菌群呈现显著分离趋势。同时比较影响初乳微生物组成因素的R2大小发现：地区>婴儿喂养方式>妊娠期健康状态>分娩方式>胎次。【结论】本研究通过比较多个因素对人初乳中细菌菌群的影响,发现不同地区是影响人初乳微生物组成...     

饲料类型对茶尺蠖幼虫肠道细菌多样性及幼虫存活率的影响

【目的】茶尺蠖是茶园中的重要害虫。研究茶尺蠖寄主食物-肠道菌群-茶尺蠖生长发育三者之间的关系对于茶尺蠖的防治具有重要的理论指导价值。【方法】分析不添加茶叶因子的纯人工饲料和茶树鲜叶对茶尺蠖幼虫的存活影响;用高通量测序技术分析不同饲料饲喂的茶尺蠖幼虫的肠道菌群异同。【结果】取食人工饲料的幼虫死亡率远远高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;取食人工饲料的幼虫肠道细菌多样性和丰富度高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;茶尺蠖幼虫肠道中存在很多促进宿主生长的细菌。【结论】饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫的存活;饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫肠道菌群结构。     

人工辅助投食对滇金丝猴肠道微生物群落的影响

【背景】肠道菌群与宿主的消化吸收、免疫抵抗和行为等息息相关,并受宿主的饮食、生活环境等因素影响。【目的】人工辅助投食能增加野生动物的营养摄入,但对其肠道菌群影响的研究较少。【方法】以云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区内的野生和人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群的新鲜粪便为材料,通过高通量测序探究人工辅助投食对猴群肠道菌群的影响。【结果】人工辅助投食的猴群肠道菌群丰富度、均匀度及谱系多样性更高,并且个体间群落组成差异更小。通过多级物种差异判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)分析发现,人工辅助投食对20种不同分类水平的细菌相对丰度有影响,包括提升了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)等8种类群的相对丰度,降低了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等12种类群的相对丰度。通过构建微生物相关网络发现,野生猴群肠道菌群网络结构更加复杂,鲁棒性更高。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)功能预测结果表明,人工辅助投食降低了猴群肠...     

Sea urchin coelomocytes as a novel cellular biosensor of environmental stress: a field study in the Tremiti Island Marine Protected Area,Southern Adriatic Sea,Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate on the suitability of the sea urchin as a sentinel organism for the assessment of the macro-zoobenthos health state in bio-monitoring programmes. A field study was carried out during two oceanographic campaigns using immuno-competent cells, the coelomocytes, from sea urchins living in a marine protected area. In particular, coelomocytes subpopulations ratio and heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) levels were measured in specimens of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) collected in two sampling sites, namely Pianosa and Caprara Islands, both belonging to the Tremiti Island Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy. By density gradients separation performed on board the Astrea boat, we found an evident increase in red amoebocytes, a subpopulation increasing upon stress, in those specimens collected around Pianosa (strictly protected area with no human activities allowed), unlike those collected around Caprara (low restrictions for human activities). Likewise, we found higher HSC70 protein levels in the low impacted site (Pianosa) by Western blots on total coelomocyte lysates. The apparent paradox could be explained by the presence in the Pianosa sampling area of contaminating remains from Second World War conventional ammunitions and a merchant boat wreck. Metal determination performed using sea urchin gonads by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) revealed higher Fe and lower Zn levels around Pianosa with respect to Caprara, in accordance with the persistent contaminating metal sources, and thus calling for remediation measures. Taken all together, our results confirm the feasibility of using sea urchin coelomocytes as biosensors of environmental stress.     

西方蜜蜂工蜂肠道菌群定殖起始点和定殖稳态点的结构比较分析

【目的】目前,针对昆虫肠道细菌定殖规律的研究还未见报道。探索西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)肠道菌群定殖过程两个重要时间节点(起始0日龄和稳态7日龄)间肠道细菌群落(菌群)结构组成的差异,加深对蜜蜂及昆虫肠道菌群定殖规律的认识。【方法】分别采集两个化蛹后工蜂发育阶段的个体各5只,分别解剖并提取其肠道菌群DNA。使用Illumina技术对肠道菌群16S rD NA高变区进行高通量测序。通过生物信息学的分析方法对肠道菌群进行多样性分析,并对两个时间点相对丰度最高的肠道菌群进行统计分析,比较肠道菌群相对丰度和组成的差异。【结果】共获得515156条高质量序列,长度为227904953bp,平均长度为442bp。基于OTUs的分类表明,工蜂肠道细菌分别隶属于34个门82个纲221个目405个科799个属。此外,工蜂肠道菌群定殖起点和终点间的Alpha多样性指数存在显著差异(ACE,P=0.0014;Chao,P=0.0013;Shannon,P=0.0003;Simpson,P=0.0028,Student’s t检验)。此外,相较0日龄工蜂,7日龄工蜂肠道中的乳酸杆菌Lactobacillus、Gilliamella、双歧杆菌Bifidobacterium、Snodgrassella4个属的相对丰度显著增加;相反,不动杆菌Acinetobacter、大肠杆菌志贺氏菌Escherichia-Shigella、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas、类杆菌Bacteroides、涅斯捷连科氏菌Nesterenkonia、栖热菌Thermus6个属的细菌相对丰度显著降低(P0.05)。【结论】出房(0日龄)成年工蜂的肠道菌群多样性显著高于菌群定殖完成(7日龄)工蜂的肠道菌群多样性,且成年工蜂肠道菌群定殖完成前后部分类群的相对丰度显著改变。本研究的结果不仅可增加我们对蜜蜂肠道菌群定殖规律的认识,也能够为研究其他昆虫肠道菌群的定殖规律提供重要的参考信息。     

Control of Histidine Biosynthesis in Streptomyces Coelicolor

Abstract

Some data on the benthic flora of Pantelleria Harbour (Channel of Sicily, Mediterranean).—The benthic flora of the harbour of Pantelleria includes: 10 Myxophyceae, 56 Rhodophyceae, 44 Diatomeae, 19 Phaeophyceae, 18 Chlorophyceae and 2 Angiospermae. The Rh/Ph value (2.9) is in agreement with the values found from the open-sea. A chorological examination shows a dominance of Atlantic-Mediterranean species (54.36%).     

Note Sistematiche ed Osservazioni Fitosociologiche Sulle Laminariales del Mediterraneo Occidentale

Abstract

Laminariales from western Mediterranean Sea: taxonomical and phytosociological study. — Laminariales found in the Mediterranean Sea are: Laminaria rodriguezii Bornet, L. ochroleuca De la Pylaie, Saccorhiza polyschides Batters, Phyllaria reniformis Rostafinski, Ph. purpurascens Rostafinski. By diving technique L. rodriguezii and Ph. reniformis was collected off isles Ustica, Stromboli, Pianosa and Montecristo (Thyrrenean Sea) from 50 to 90 mts depth in the coralligenous biocoenose; L. ochroleuca and Ph. purpurascens between Scilla and Ganzirri in the straits of Messina from 45 to 85 mts depth in facies of deep rheophilous biocoenoses; S. polyschides and Ph. reniformis near Villa S. Giovanni and Messina in the facies with Ulva-Corallina-Dictyopteris of photophilous algae biocoenose. Algal vegetation associated with these species of Laminariales in the straits of Messina is characterized by Atlantic-temperate elements (Ulva olivascens, Halurus equisetifolius, Cryptopleura ramosa, Giffordia hincksiae, etc…).     

基于PacBio SMRT测序技术评估妊娠期糖尿病人的肠道菌群

[目的]肠道菌群是位于人体肠道内的微生物菌群,其组成与人类多种疾病相关。例如,已有研究表明肠道菌群的变化与妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的发病密切相关。因此本研究基于PacBio SMRT测序技术评估及比较了不同民族（汉族和蒙古族）及是否患GDM的孕妇的肠道菌群。[方法]本研究利用PacBio SMRT测序技术对97例患有GDM及健康的汉族和蒙古族孕妇粪便样本进行了全长16S rRNA测序及分析。[结果]总体来说,处于相同孕期的4组孕妇肠道菌群的组成相似,不同核心菌群展现出不同强弱的相关性。本研究在种的水平上共鉴定到了44个种。在汉族人中,患有妊娠期糖尿病的孕妇肠道菌群中Akkermansia muciniphila菌的相对丰度要显著低于健康孕妇;而在蒙古族人中,健康孕妇与GDM孕妇间差异并不明显。在健康对照中发现汉族孕妇肠道菌群中Bacteroides uniformis菌的相对丰度显著高于蒙古族孕妇;但在患有GDM组中未找到不同民族分组间的差异。另外,功能预测结果发现四组样本菌群功能组成高度相似,大多数功能基因都与能量代谢有关。汉族GDM患者与健康对照组间没有发现显著差异,但在蒙古族GDM患者中发现无机离子运输等功能相对丰度显著高于与蒙古族正常孕妇。[结论]在相同的孕期,妊娠期孕妇的核心肠道菌群结构与功能是相对稳定的,而民族差异也不会对妊娠期菌群产生显著性影响。但在四组间可以检测到一些低丰度的差异菌群,如Akkermansia muciniphila,其丰度的变化可能导致了肠道中一些与肠道营养吸收等有关的代谢发生变化,而这些变化可能与妊娠期糖尿病的发生密切相关。本研究将有助于探究肠道菌群在GDM发病机制中的作用。     

探讨不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎大鼠肠道菌群的影响

【目的】观察不同浓度的清郁和降汤对反流性食管炎（reflux esophagitis，RE）的治疗效果，并探讨其对肠道菌群的影响。【方法】将36只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组，其中1组为假手术组，剩余5组大鼠采用“前胃结扎+外置幽门部分结扎术”手术造模方法建立反流性食管炎模型。造模2周后将术后全部存活的30只大鼠随机分成对照组、中药高剂量组（予高剂量清郁和降汤）、中药中剂量组（予中剂量清郁和降汤）、中药低剂量组（予低剂量清郁和降汤）、西药组（予泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊+枸橼酸莫沙比利分散片+复方嗜酸乳杆菌片），每组6只。于术后第15天开始灌胃，其中假手术组及对照组予蒸馏水灌胃，其他组分别给予相应的药物灌胃，持续灌胃14 d后将所有大鼠处死后进行取材。以苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin，HE）染色观察大鼠食管组织的病理学改变；采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序检测其肠道黏膜的菌群构成。【结果】反流性食管炎大鼠存在着较为明显的肠道菌群结构变化及肠道菌群多样性较低的情况，B组（对照组）中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门占比减少，变形菌门占比增多，且假单胞菌属、青枯菌属等细菌增多。低、中、高3种浓度的清郁和降汤均能够提升RE大鼠的肠道菌群多样性，增加拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门，降低变形菌门的占比，从属水平上看，清郁和降汤能够提升大鼠肠道中拟杆菌属、乳杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、颤螺旋菌属、双歧杆菌属和狄氏副拟杆菌属等益生菌占比。以D组（中剂量组）对大鼠肠道菌群多样性提升最为明显，其效果最接近假手术组。特征微生物方面，B组以变形菌门为特征性微生物，D、E两组出现了放线菌门及拟杆菌门下属细菌为特征微生物的情况，在门水平与F组相同。【结论】清郁和降汤能够有效地治疗反流性食管炎，其机制可能与改变RE大鼠的肠道菌群结构、减少有害菌、提升益生菌的占比和改善肠道菌群多样性有关。     

Status of the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus in the UK and Isle of Man in 2004, and a comparison with the 1988/89 and 1998 surveys

Capsule The population of breeding Hen Harriers in the UK and Isle of Man increased between 1998 and 2004, although country and regional trends differed.

Aims To estimate the size of the UK and Isle of Man Hen Harrier breeding population in 2004, and to compare this with previous estimates made in 1988/89 and 1998.

Methods Surveys were carried out in core and a stratified random sample of 10-km squares throughout the known range, using the same methods as in the 1988/89 and 1998 national surveys.

Results There were an estimated 806 territorial pairs in the UK and Isle of Man in 2004, a significant 41% increase from the 1998 estimate of 570 pairs. Increases were found throughout, with the exception of south and east Scotland and England, where numbers decreased. Scotland held 79% of the UK and Isle of Man breeding population in 2004, and 10% of Scottish pairs were associated with non-moorland habitats, such as mature conifer plantations and scrub/brash.

Conclusions There was a substantial increase in the breeding population in most regions of the UK and Isle of Man between 1998 and 2004, possibly aided by increased use of non-moorland habitats. However, populations declined in upland areas of southern and eastern Scotland and northern England. Continuing illegal persecution arising from perceived conflicts between breeding Hen Harriers and driven grouse shooting may be a major cause of these regional declines.     

Enquêtes sur l'archipel de la Maddalena (Sardaigne NE): la flore et le paysage végétal de l'[icaron]le des Bisce

Abstract

Presented herevin are the results of research on the flora and vegetable landscape of the isola delle Bisce (NE Sardinia). The flora was found to be composed of 230 entities (1 Gymnospermae, 229 Angiospermae) belonging to 47 families and included in 156 genera. Failure to find numerous species is underscored and an overview of the vegetation landscape based on aerial photography is presented, with the identification of the vegetation formations and sites on the islands most sensitive to anthropic impact.     

Plants and People in the Isle of Man,AD 800–1800

Summary

Aspects of the relationship between plants and people on the Isle of Man are discussed. They include the gradual felling of Man's woodlands, and the survival of pockets of the original woodland flora; plants with magical and ritual uses, especially those with calendar associations such as the ‘herbs of St John’ and plants associated with Tynwald Day and Lammas; herbs brought to Man by early Celtic monks; the secular herbal medicine tradition, particularly the activities of the Teare family of Ballawhane; and the herbal remedy revival which resulted from the influence of Methodism in the late 1770s. Details of herbs used to flavour beer are given as well as information on insular and imported dyestuffs.     

Recent Bryological Literature, 62

Abstract

Fissidens gymnogynus Besch., F. mangarevensis Mont. and F. obscurirete Broth. et Par. are reported new to the Philippine moss flora. Their discoveries greatly strengthen the continental Asiatic affinity of the local moss flora.