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1.
Relationship between the chemical constituents of tobacco leaves and the gaseous constituents of cigarette smoke from which K value1) was computed was discussed and the following presuppositions were demonstrated to be correct.

  1. Fibrous substances in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, methylethylketone, diacetyl, methanol, furan, an unknown compound, No. 6 and an unknown compound, No. 16 in cigarette smoke.

  2. Sugars in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethyl- furan in cigarette smoke.

  3. Resinous substances in tobacco leaves are the main precursors of isoprene and an unknown compound, No. 2 in cigarette smoke.

  相似文献   

2.
Summary

The Author studies the action of the presence of the ear and its parts in the growth of the stem and in the value of the water of traspiration and of assimilation in the higher leaf. The stet shows:

  1. A removed ear, not yet mature, exerts a depressing effect upon the development of the stem and ucon the leaf's functions.

  2. The threads and the pistils removed inhibit the enlongament of the stem and alter the functions of leaves.

  3. Maturing seeds removed cause trubles on the function of the vegetative organ.

This phenomen is due to the presence of an hormonical substances elaborated in the riproduction's orgas, which are considerated the centre of functional correlation.  相似文献   

3.
4.
The following procedure for staining Negri bodies in sections is based on methods previously described by MacNeal, by Haynes, and by Richter:

Fixation:
  1. 1. Zenker's solution 4 hours at 37°C or Dominici's 3 hours.

  2. 2. 70% alcohol, 12 to 18 hours at room temperature.

  3. 3. 80% alcohol, about 5 to 6 hours.

  4. 4. 90% alcohol, about 4 to 6 hours.

  5. 5. Absolute alcohol about 16 hours.

  6. 6. Ether and absolute alcohol aa, about 8 hours.

  7. 7. 16 to 24 hours in the following mixture: celloidin 1 g., methyl salycilate 25 cc., abs. alcohol 25 cc., ether 25 cc.

  8. 8. Chloroform and paraffin, 2 to 3 hours.

  9. 10. Paraffin, 1 to 1 1/2 hours.

  10. 11. Embed.

staining:
  1. 1. Cut sections 4 to 5 μ.

  2. 2. Bring section to water and cover with Lugol's iodine for 10 minutes.

  3. 3. Decolorize with a 2% sodium thiosulfate (hypo).

  4. 4. Wash thoroly with water.

  5. 5. Cover with a mixture of equal parts of 0.5% phloxine and 1% eosin Y (National Aniline brand) and leave for 15 minutes.

  6. 6. Wash with water and stain 2 to 5 minutes in 0.1% azure B (National Aniline).

  7. 7. Wash with 96% alcohol and decolorize in a mixture of 2 parts absolute alcohol with 1 part clove oil, ordinarily for not more than 1/2 to 1 minute.

  8. 8. Dehydrate rapidly, clear, and mount in Yucatan Elemi.

  相似文献   

5.
Luca Borghesio  Renato Massa 《Ostrich》2013,84(1-2):355-358
Borghesio, L. & Massa, R. 2000. Status and conservation of Prince Ruspoli's Turaco Tauraco tuspolii. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 355–358.

Prince Ruspoli's Turaco is an Ethiopian endemic, distributed in a small region at the southern border of the Abyssinian Plateau. Owing to the difficulty of visiting its secluded range, little information is available on its current conservation status. Based on the available data, it is currently considered endangered in the IUCN criteria. In order to evaluate the conservation status of T. ruspolii, field work was carried out during spring 1995. The results of the survey were as follows:

  1. the species was found in 26 localities, including all of those previously reported by other authors, and had an area of occurrence about 6 500 km2

  2. the population of T. ruspolii was censused by means of linear transects, giving an estimate of about 10 000 individuals.

  3. T ruspolii frequents mostly forest margins and relatively dry Acacia woodlands. These habitats are less severely threatened by human activity than true forests in present day Ethiopia.

  4. since T. ruspolii and the related T. leucotis usually occur in different habitats (the latter preferring wetter forest) competition is not likely to be a severe threat for T. tuspolii.

  5. the species is subject to some egg collecting by local people, but probably not to a severe extent. Other direct human persecution was not recorded.

  6. although there is no hint of numerical decrease in the past, this is likely to occur in the future, as consequence of the increasing human pressure in the region.

These results are evaluated and discussed. It is consequently proposed that Prince Ruspolii's Turaco should be considered as a Vulnerable species instead of Endangered in the IUCN criteria.  相似文献   

6.
  1. Research into the visual shape discrimination abilities of compound‐eyed animals has almost exclusively been limited to insects, the crustaceans having been virtually ignored. The two groups have many dissimilarities, having primarily adapted in different habitats to different lifestyles. Differences may exist in visual systems and visually mediated behavior.

  2. Fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator), without training, differentially approached dissimilar silhouettes presented simultaneously, demonstrating visual discrimination between stationary, geometric shapes of equal‐area. The strength of response was ordered hierarchically: vertical rectangle, horizontal rectangle, triangle, square, circle.

  3. Basic geometric shapes were used to facilitate replication and comparison with research findings from other species.

  相似文献   

7.
The concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water, determine its quality for irrigation. Quality of water is important consideration in any appraisal of salinity or alkali conditions in an irrigated area. The characteristics of an irrigation water that appear to be most important in determining its quality are:
  1. Total concentration of soluble salts.

  2. Relative proportion of sodium to other cations.

  3. Concentration of boron or other toxic elements.

  4. Under certain conditions, the bicarbonate concentration as related to the concentration of calcium plus magnesium.

The total concentration of soluble salts in irrigation waters can be adequately expressed for purposes of diagnosis and classification in terms of electrical conductivity. Irrigation waters that have been used successfully for a considerable time have conductivity values less than 2,250 micro mhos/cm. Waters of higher conductivity are used occasionally, but crop production, except in unusual situations, has not been satisfactory.  相似文献   

8.
Inmunoglobulin isolated from human sera, be it by the cryo-alcohol, rivanol, multi membrane electrodecantation or polyethylene glycol process, alvays contains denatured material. This may result from the influence either singly or in combination, of acme of the follwing factors:
  1. inefficiency of the purification procedure;

  2. surface denaturation;

  3. imperfect freeze-drying of the final product; and

  4. factors yet unknown vhich cause alteration in the immoglobulins or other protein components not ellminated by the purification procedures.

  相似文献   

9.
  1. The catalase activity of Candida tropicalis pK 233 was induced by hydrocarbons but not by glucose, galactose, ethanol, acetate or lauryl alcohol.

  2. The induction of the catalase activity depending upon hydrocarbons was sensitive to cycloheximide but not to chloramphenicol.

  3. Glucose repressed strongly the induction of the catalase activity by hydrocarbons but galactose did not affect seriously.

  4. When C. tropicalis was incubated with hydrocarbons, the appearance of microbodies was observed electronmicroscopicaliy.

  相似文献   

10.
  1. l-Aspartate was found to replace l-asparagine in the protective action from acid inactivation of l-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) produced by Escherichia coli A–1–3 and at the same time to inhibit the proteolytic inactivation by α-chymotrypsin.

  2. l-Asparaginase changed in its chromatographic properties in the presence of l-aspartate and became to be absorbed on the CM Sephadex column.

  3. The sedimentation patterns of l-asparaginase at pH 3.5 were identical either in the presence or absence of l-aspartate, showing partial dissociation. But the reversibility to the active state was observed only in the enzyme dissolved in the solution containing l-aspartate.

  4. l-Aspartate did not prevent the enzyme either from the dissociation into subunits or from decrease in the activity by urea.

  5. High concentration of l-aspartate was shown to inhibit the l-asparagine hydrolysis reaction.

  6. l-Aspartate was suggested from ORD measurements to cause changes in the higher structure as well as the ionic properties or proteolytic inactivation.

  相似文献   

11.
12.
Ecological risk actually refers to two separate things. First, risk to the environment as a result of human activity. Contaminated sites are an example. Second, risk to the biota—flora, fauna, and people—as a result of environmental hazards. Geophysical risk arising from natural hazards is an example. Risk is a combination of likelihoods and consequences. This article examines methods used to quantify the consequences. At the general level, such methods are linked to the methods used to quantify the likelihoods and thus to quantify the risks. It is possible to use the existing frameworks of risk management, health risk assessment, and ecological risk analysis to develop a risk management framework that is suitable for ecological risk assessment. The framework consists of the following steps:
  1. Determine concernsby using risk assessment techniques for various scenarios.

  2. Identify the consequences by systematically identifying hazards.

  3. Undertake calculations by using relevant models.

  4. Evaluate certainties, uncertainties, and probabilities involved in the calculations of the vulnerability and of the exposure.

  5. Compare with criteriato assess the need for further action.

  6. Determine and act on options to control, mitigate, and adapt to the risk.

  7. Communicatethe results to those who need to know.

  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Inactivation and riactivation of enzymes in endosperms of castor bean seeds. — On the basis of previous results, the possibility has been investigated of the reversible interconversion of active and inactive form of enzymes in castor bean seeds, during their development.

The results described here indicate that:

  1. the activity of some glycolytic enzymes increases greatly (81% and 400% increase of, respectively, Gl-6-P-dehydrogenase and aldolase) upon incubation of dry seeds for few hours at 4 °C.

  2. The decrease of enzyme activity upon dehydration of seeds and the increase during the subsequent imbibition can be shown reproducibly.

  3. This same observation is made for oxygen uptake.

These results are interpreted to indicate the reversible inactivation of enzymes caused by dehydration of seeds.  相似文献   

14.
Riassunto

L'A. ha studiato l'embriogia della Vinea difformis Pourr. ed ha potuto stabilire che:

  1. l'archisporio è pluricellulare e possono svilupparis talvolta pi[ugrave] cellule madri;

  2. normalmente solo una cellula madre arriva a maturità;

  3. delle quattro megaspore solo una è fertile e precisamente la pi[ugrave] calazale;

  4. lo sviluppo del gametofito è del tipo Normale cioè Monomegasporiale con oangio emisporiale.

Ha inoltre risontrato una anomalia di sviluppo constituita da un gametofito binucleato abnorme per ritardo delle divisioni nucleari cispetto all'acerescimento che è quello di un gametofito ottonucleato.  相似文献   

15.
In Fortführung seiner Untersuchungen über neotropische Acanthocinini veröffentlicht der Verfasser hiermit Beschreibungen von folgenden neuen Gattungen:
  • Nyssodrysilla nov. gen. mit N. irrorata (Melzer) aus Brasilien als Generotype, N. viliata (Melzer), comb, nov., aus Brasilien und N. lineata nov. spec, aus Peru.

  • Nyssodrysola nov. gen. mit N. stictica nov. spec. aus Peru als Generotype.

  • Sciadosurus nov. gen. mit S. albobrunneus nov. spec. aus Peru als Generotype.

  • Acarinozineus nov. gen. mit A. striatus nov. spec. aus Peru als Generotype und A. spinicornis nov. spec, aus Mexiko.

  • Alcathousites nov. gen. mit A. chaclacayoi nov. spec. aus Peru als Generotype.

  • Xylergatina nov. gen. mit X. pulcher (Lane) aus Peru als Generotype.

  • Xylergatoides nov. gen. mit X. asper (Bates) aus Brasilien und Argentinien als Generotype.

Ferner werden revidiert die Gattungen:
  • Xylergates Bates, Generotype X. lacteus (Bates), mit Beschreibung der beiden neuen Arten X. elaineae aus Peru und X. dorotheae aus Britisch‐Guayana.

  • Chaetanes Bates, Generotype C. setiger (Bates), mit Beschreibung der drei neuen Arten C. costulatus aus Peru, C. nigrobasalis aus Brasilien und C. apicalis aus Französisch‐Guayana.

  • Wo es erforderlich ist, sind Bestimmungstabellen gebracht und die Arten abgebildet.

  相似文献   

16.
Using a total of 43 craneological data obtained from any of 73 vicugna and 25 alpaca skulls, three problems were analyzed:
  • Identification of skulls

  • Taxonomic situation of the vicugna

  • Origin of the alpaca.

For rapid identification of New World cameloid skulls it is recommended to use the condilobasal length, the length to heigth ratio and the presence of the Fissura nasolacrimalis.

Some characteristics of the skulls considered essential for the evaluation of domestication processes exclude the vicugna from the alpaca's ancestors.  相似文献   

17.
References to certain biological molecules as energy sources frequently lead to the mistaken idea that energy is released when bonds are broken in these molecules. The misconception is reinforced by the widespread use of the term ‘high-energy bond’.

A group of university science majors were asked to give a molecular interpretation of the statement, ‘fats supply energy to the body’. Their responses clearly reflect the confusion of bond-energy with the energy associated with a chemical reaction.

It is suggested that energy changes in biological processes should rest on the following ideas:
  • Single interactions in chemical systems involve formation or breaking of bonds.

  • Formation of a bond is always accompanied by a release of energy, and breaking a bond always requires energy.

  • Energy changes in chemical processes are the net result of the breaking and formation of bonds.

In the interests of a sound understanding of energy transformations, the high-energy bond idea should be treated cautiously. The Nuffield A-level Chemistry treatment of ATP in intermediary metabolism has even entirely avoided the concept of a high-energy bond.  相似文献   

18.
During the course of studies on the oxidative metabolism of d-sorbitol by acetic acid bacteria, it was found that d-sorbitol was almost quantitatively converted to 5-keto-d-fructose via l-sorbose by a certain strain of Gluconobacter suboxydans. In addition to 5-keto-d-fructose, three γ-pyrone compounds, kojic acid, 5-oxymaltol, and 3-oxykojic acid, 2-keto-l-gulonate, and several organic acids such as succinic, glycolic, and glyceric acids were confirmed in the culture filtrate of this bacterium.
  • The most suitable carbon source for 5-ketofructose fermentation by Gluconobacter suboxydans Strain 1 was confirmed to be d-sorbitol or l-sorbose using growing and resting cells. d-Fructose had little effect on the formation of this dicarbonylhexose.

  • The optimal pH for the formation from l-sorbose by intact cells was found to be at 4.2.

  • The activity of the pentose phosphate cycle in the resting cells was calculated as 13~17 μatoms/hr/mg of dry cells by the use of the manometric techniques.

  • There was no strain tested so far which could accumulate a large amount of 5- keto-d-fructose from d-sorbitol except this bacterium.

  • The experimental results shown in this paper makes the prediction that a certain dehydrogenating system of l-sorbose is functional in the organism, and the metabolic pathways of d-sorbitol via l-sorbose and 5-keto-d-fructose is proposed.

  相似文献   

19.
  1. The egg white, thick and thin fractions, was solubilized in 1.0% SDS solution by vigorous mixing and subjected to gel filtration on a Sepharose 4B column, eluted with 1.0% SDS. The isolated thick and thin ovomucins were found by analytical disc electrophoresis to be free from contamination with lysozyme.

  2. In the velocity sedimentation the two ovomucin fractions behave similarly, both comprising at least two components with sedimentation coefficients 35 S and 30 S.

  3. The chemical compositions of the two ovomucin fractions showed only notable difference in that the carbohydrate content of the thick white ovomucin was somewhat higher than that of the thin white ovomucin. The amino acid profiles of the two fractions were similar.

  相似文献   

20.
  1. L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) from Escherichia coli A–l–3 was acetylated using acetic anhydride as a modifying chemical. The fully acetylated L-asparaginase retained 60% of the activity of the unmodified L-asparaginase.

  2. The acetylated L-asparaginase hydrolyzed D-asparagine and L-glutamine as well as L-asparagine in the same ratio as the unmodified L-asparaginase did.

  3. However, the effects of pH on the activity of the acetylated L-asparaginase showed very interesting differences from that of L-asparaginase. On the other hand, both L-asparaginase and the acetylated L-asparaginase exhibited similar pH activity curves on L-glutamine hydrolysis.

  4. The acetylated L-asparaginase was found to become more stable against acid or heat in the presence of L-aspartate than in its absence in the same manner as L-asparaginase was.

  相似文献   

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