有机、无公害和普通茶园蜘蛛群落组成及动态差异

2002-2003年,每1～2星期1次,对皖南麻姑山区25年生山林间的有机茶园、植被贫乏的无公害茶园和普通茶园的茶丛及地表蜘蛛进行了系统的调查。查得普通茶园蜘蛛6224个体,分属于8科14种;无公害茶园蜘蛛7430个体,分属于8科16种;有机茶园蜘蛛8005个体,分属于12科29种。3类茶园中,3～5月、10～11月蜘蛛的物种数和个体数较多,7月、12月种数和个体数较少。本研究中的普通茶园植被较少,茶园管理稍粗放,滥施化学农药,蜘蛛种数和个体数均为最少。无公害茶园周围植被虽较少,但管理精细,一般根据防治指标施药,蜘蛛种数和个体数多于普通茶园。有机茶园植物相对繁盛,不施药,蜘蛛种数和个体数最多。茶园环境和管理措施对蜘蛛群落的组成有较大影响。     

不同生境条件与管理方式对茶园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性的影响

蜘蛛在茶园的生态控制和生物防治中起到重要的作用,为了解不同生境条件和管理方式的茶园蜘蛛群落结构差异和多样性变化,于2011年3月份—2011年10月份,运用振落承接和过筛法对3种不同类型茶园的蜘蛛群落组成与多样性进行了调查。结果表明:(1)3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落组成:3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落在科、属、种的组成及个体数量上,均表现为有机茶园高,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园低,且在物种数和个体数存在显著差异。管巢蛛科和狼蛛科是3种类型茶园的优势类群,球蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、皿蛛科的物种优势度大于10%。(2)蜘蛛群落物种多样性的多重分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落的个体数、物种数、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于无公害茶园和普通茶园,普通茶园最低,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)多元数据分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落组成与普通茶园差异较大,无公害茶园与普通茶园蜘蛛群落组成差异较小;3种类型茶园的茶丛蜘蛛群落个体数、物种数及物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于地表,且表现为机茶园多,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园最少。蜘蛛的功能群采集发现,在3种茶园中结网蜘蛛少,而主要是游猎蜘蛛。(4)不使用化学农药的茶园,因其周边生境结构复杂(竹林、小灌木及杂草),植被丰富,形成植被缓冲带,改善了茶园小气候环境,增加了茶园土表覆盖度,可明显提高茶丛和地表游猎蜘蛛的物种数和个体数量。综合研究结果表明,在生态条件好、干扰少的有机茶园中的蜘蛛物种数量、群落多样性明显高于受损生态系统和人为干扰强的普通茶园。     

浙江省茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查初报

通过几年来对浙江主要茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查,初步明确浙江省茶园蜘蛛达２０科９８种,其中八斑鞘腹蛛,草间小黑蛛,花腹盖蛛,鳞纹肖蛸,王冠园蛛等１０余种及茶园主要蛛种。     

周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛群落及叶蝉种群时空结构的影响

为利用天敌实施害虫生态控制,田间调查了周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉种群结构的影响。结果表明:小乔木生境茶园(Ⅰ)和相思树生境茶园(Ⅲ)影响下茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉聚集程度较强,茶园Ⅰ叶蝉聚集数最多,为692头,但与其他生境茶园间差异不显著(P0.05);茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛聚集数量最多,为1155头,并与稻田生境茶园(Ⅱ)、生活区生境茶园(Ⅳ)的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);从蜘蛛功能群聚集情况来看,结网型蜘蛛相对较少,为295头;游猎型蜘蛛最多,为2957头;其中,茶园Ⅰ与茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛多样性指数和丰富度数值较大,对叶蝉的跟随效应明显,并与Ⅱ、Ⅳ茶园有显著差异(P0.05)。多元数据分析结果显示,茶园Ⅰ和茶园Ⅲ均能够明显提高蜘蛛群落聚集的时空分布水平;蜘蛛群落的聚集密度时空分布大小表现为:茶园Ⅰ茶园Ⅲ茶园Ⅳ茶园Ⅱ。由此可知周边生境结构植物丰富和相对稳定的茶园能通过和谐的生态过程影响蜘蛛和叶蝉的时空格局,提高蜘蛛对害虫叶蝉的自然控制能力。     

茶园异质性栖境对狼蛛科蜘蛛群落结构的影响

茶园生态系统中蜘蛛既是重要的天敌类群, 又是改善生态系统服务的指示标志。为更好地保护与利用天敌蜘蛛进行生态防治, 对亚热带丘陵地区不同栖境茶园的狼蛛科蜘蛛进行调查, 并对其种类、年龄结构、性别比例等进行分析。结果表明：复杂栖境茶园(JZ)与简单栖境茶园(CK)间狼蛛科蜘蛛数量特征组成存在显著差异 (P＜0.001); 狼蛛科蜘蛛优势种JZ茶园有3种, CK茶园有4种; JZ茶园雌蛛、雄蛛和幼蛛个体数分别是CK茶园的4.36倍、3.63倍和7.91倍。JZ茶园狼蛛科的年龄结构、性别比例等数量特征影响较大,总个体数量发生动态显著高于CK茶园(P＜0.05)。主成分分析表明, JZ茶园明显向家福穴狼蛛(Houa jiafui)、幼豹蛛(Pardosa pusiola)和旋囊脉水狼蛛(Venonia spirocysta)等群落数量分布较多的方向偏移, 而CK茶园则向数量减少方向偏移。研究表明, 基于茶园异质性栖境管理, 采用多样性种植方式来保持生态平衡, 对保护和利用狼蛛科蜘蛛来增强害虫自然控制能力有深远意义, 还有利于成为一种可持续改善茶园生态系统的管理方式。     

茶园蜘蛛调查和保护研究概述

我国茶园蜘蛛初步统计达28科289种,茶园蜘蛛发生数量占捕食性天敌的65～97.8%.茶园蜘蛛对茶园害虫有明显的防治效果.影响茶园蜘蛛数量的因子有化学农药施用、害虫的发生数量、气候和生境.茶园蜘蛛的保护、利用措施有:加强蛛虫测报、采用配套的农业措施、应用物理机械防治和科学合理使用农药.     

茶园蜘蛛、昆虫群落动态的研究

该文研究报道了皖南地区茶园蜘蛛、昆虫的种类和群落结构,结果如下:1.茶园中昆虫、蜘蛛种类有28个,其中5、6月群落中动物种类多,多样性指数大。调查期内,品种园内动物优势种是天敌。2.主成分分析(PCA)表明:在无人为干扰的品种园内,节肢动物群落结构稳定;进行化学防治的采摘茶园群落结构不稳定。此研究对于在茶园内合理使用农药、繁荣生物群落,提高茶叶品质有重要意义。     

茶园间作柑桔杨梅或吊瓜对叶蝉及蜘蛛类群数量和空间格局的影响

为评价茶园间作几种常见经济作物对重要害虫假眼小绿叶蝉及其主要天敌蜘蛛类群数量和空间格局的影响,遂选乌牛早品种纯茶园、乌牛早分别与柑桔、杨梅和吊瓜的间作茶园、以及安吉白茶与吊瓜间作茶园,2007年9月上旬—2008年12月下旬,每旬1次调查茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉和各种蜘蛛的数量。结果表明:(1)与纯茶园相比,间作茶园叶蝉种群数量和蜘蛛类群个体数量显著地增加,间作茶园蜘蛛种数显著地增加;(2)间作茶园茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉、蜘蛛个体数量分布明显区别于纯茶园茶丛上、中、下层叶蝉、蜘蛛个体数量分布;(3)茶丛上层的嫩梢是制作高档茶的原料,而纯茶园茶丛上层叶蝉虫口百分率为54.16%,间作茶园茶丛上层叶蝉虫口百分率皆减小,并且叶蝉高峰期间蜘蛛的跟随效应增强;(4)间作增加了经济收入并减少了防治次数。认为:(1)间作可在一定程度上调控叶蝉种群、蜘蛛类群的数量和空间格局;(2)间作可减轻叶蝉为害造成的产值损失,增强了茶园群落对于叶蝉的自然控制潜能。     

茶园蜘蛛、昆虫群落动态的研究

该文研究报道了皖南地区茶园蜘蛛、昆虫的种类和群落结构,结果如下:1.茶园中昆虫、蜘蛛种类有28个,其中5、6月群落中动物种类多,多样性指数大。调查期内,品种园内动物优势种是天敌。2.主成分分析(PCA)表明:在无人为干扰的品种园内,节肢动物群落结构稳定;进行化学防治的采摘茶园群落结构不稳定。此研究对于在茶园内合理使用农药、繁荣生物群落,提高茶叶品质有重要意义。     

滇西南茶园蜘蛛名录

报道云南西南地区茶园蜘蛛的部分种类,有14科61属117种。     

Butterfly,spider, and plant communities in different land-use types in Sardinia,Italy

Butterfly, spider, and plant species richness and diversity were investigated in five different land-use types in Sardinia. In 16 one-hectare plots we measured a set of 15 environmental variables to detect the most important factors determining patterns of variation in species richness, particularly endemicity. The studied land-use types encompassed homogeneous and heterogeneous shrublands, shrublands with tree-overstorey, Quercus forest and agricultural land. A total of 30 butterfly species, among which 10 endemics, and 50 spider (morpho)species, were recorded. Butterfly and spider community composition differed according to land-use type. The main environmental factors determining diversity patterns in butterflies were the presence of flowers and trees. Spiders reacted mainly to habitat heterogeneity and land-use type. Traditional land-use did not have adverse effects on the diversity of butterflies, spiders, or plants. The number of endemic butterfly species per treatment increased with total species richness and altitude. Butterfly and spider richness did not co-vary across the five land-use types. Butterflies were, however, positively associated with plant species richness and elevation, whereas spiders were not. Conclusively, butterflies did not appear to be good indicators for spider diversity and species richness at the studied sites.     

武汉天河机场地区蜘蛛群落及多样性研究

１９９９年７月－１０月对天河机场地区４种生境的蜘蛛资源进行了调查,蜘蛛群落有１２科３４属５２种。研究结果表明：群落的优势种为三突花蛛、锥腹肖蛸、茶色新园蛛、斜纹猫蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、纵条蝇狮;不同生境、不同季节,群落结构组成不同;丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度不同;４种生境中的蜘蛛群落相似性很小。这主要与植被类型、密度等直接有关,另外也受农事活动的影响。     

湖北九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛群落的初步调查

1999年7－8月对湖北省九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛资源进行了调查,共采集到蜘蛛15科14属68种。结果表明：群落优势种为肩斑银鳞蛛、斜纹猫蛛和银锥腹蛛。群落多样性指数（H‘）为3．2367,均匀性指数（E）为0．7671,优势集中性指数（C）为0．0720。4种蜘蛛为湖北省分布新记录。     

鲁中山地侧柏林区蜘蛛群落的研究

于1992～1994年对鲁中山地侧柏林蜘蛛群落进行了定时、定点和定量采集观测。对蜘蛛群落的种类、个体数量、多样性、优势度及稳定性等进行了分析。从季节变化看,蜘蛛群落组成的种类、个体数量、多样性8月份最高,1月最低。从垂直结构上看,灌草从蜘蛛亚群落各指标较高。另外还利用统计学的变异系数对蜘蛛群落的稳定性进行了讨论。     

Diversity of grass-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in calcareous fens of the Coastal Lowland,Latvia

Calcareous fens have a high conservation priority in the European Union. They are very unique, very sensitive and very rare habitats in Latvia as well as in many other European countries. Because of their rarity, many organisms living in calcareous fens are nowadays considered threatened. The same is applied to spiders. Spiders have been suggested as good biodiversity indicators because they have numerous direct and indirect relationships with other organisms. Only few investigations have been carried out on fen inhabiting spiders. The knowledge of grass-dwelling spiders is especially lacking. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate grass-dwelling spider diversity in several calcareous fens of Latvia, compare these fens and to find out the habitat features that might affect grass-layer inhabiting spiders. The research was carried out in eight calcareous fens located in the Coastal Lowland of Latvia. A total of 760 spiders from nine families and 20 species were collected with a sweep net. Two of the most abundant spider species were Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck, 1757) and Tibellus maritimus (Menge, 1875). Diversity indices suggested that the grass-dwelling spider community consists of few abundant species and numerous rare species. Correlation analysis as well as DCA showed that plant species diversity did not significantly affect spider species richness and diversity, although at the same time there were a lot of significant associations between spiders and individual plant species. It was shown that various spider species responded very differently to the presence of particular plant species, and thus habitat structural heterogeneity emerges to be an important factor influencing the grass-dwelling spider diversity and community structure. Correlation analysis also revealed that spider abundance was negatively affected by the vegetation height and wind speed.     

张家口土壤蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

1996年8月中旬,在张家口地区4种生境中共捕获土壤蜘蛛461头,隶属于12科54种(属)。研究表明:4种生境中的土壤蜘蛛群落相似性很小,群落结构组成不同,丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度也不同。植被类型、疏密程度是影响群落结构的主要生态因子,农事活动是另一个重要影响因素。     

Spider diversity in a tropical habitat gradient in Chiapas, Mexico

This paper presents an assessment of spider diversity in a complex landscape of southern Mexico. Eighteen different habitats were identified, measured and mapped across this fragmented landscape. Habitat types were characterized by measuring various features, including number of plant forms, tree cover and litter depth. Each month from February to April (dry season) and from June to August 2002 (wet season), spiders were sampled on each habitat by using pitfall traps and direct collection. Correlations between spider diversity and habitat characteristics were carried out to explore the relative contribution of each habitat variable as related to changes in spider composition and richness. In total, 115 spider species were recorded in 18 habitat types, and the mean number and density of species per habitat were 21 (± 3, standard error of mean) and 57 (± 9), respectively. The species recorded represent 41% of the fauna recorded in the Mexican state of Chiapas and 4% of the fauna recorded in Mexico. Relatively pristine habitats (e.g. deciduous forest) contained an important proportion of spider diversity in this fragmented landscape. Epigean spider diversity was significantly correlated with tree cover and with the diversity of plant forms during the rainy season. No correlation was detected between soil spider diversity and the habitat variables measured for any season. The results of this work suggest that in highly fragmented tropical landscapes, some habitat types (e.g. coffee plantations, hedgerows) might play an important role for the persistence of spider populations. The prevalence of relatively stable conditions in some of these habitats can allow spiders species (e.g. Nephila clavipes ) to overcome adverse conditions such as a decrease in humidity and dramatic changes in temperature and wind exposure, allowing them to recolonize when favourable conditions return.     

蕉园蜘蛛种类及其数量消长调查

初步调查香蕉园的蜘蛛约有20多种,是香蕉害虫的重要天敌,主要栖息于香蕉植株的上部和基部,中部则较少。狼蛛类、蚁蛛、蝇虎、沟瘤蛛等数量较多,常年均可见,而其余种类则在某些月份发生。与水稻田蜘蛛比较,发现蕉园中大多数蜘蛛种类与稻田的相似,仅少数种类是稻田中未有的。     

Effects of Spider Chemotactile Cues on Arthropod Behavior

Predation risk can strongly affect the behavior of prey species. However, empirical evidence for changes in behavior driven by spider cues is restricted to relatively few taxa. Here, we conducted a series of behavioral experiments to test for changes in activity among a wide range of terrestrial arthropods. We confronted 13 insect and eight spider species with chemotactile cues of three spider species. We applied two different experimental setups: In the ‘no-choice experiment’ prey individuals were either put on control filter papers or on filter papers previously occupied by a spider. In the ‘choice experiment’, the prey individuals were able to choose between filter paper halves with and without spider cues. In both setups, the response to spider cues depended significantly on prey species, with some species increasing and others decreasing their activity. Surprisingly few prey species responded to the spider cues at all. Our results indicate that predator recognition upon contact with cue bearing filter papers is strongly prey-specific and that behavioral effects driven by spider chemotactile cues are an exception rather than the rule among terrestrial arthropods.     

海南稻田蜘蛛群落的结构和动态

报道海南省琼山县稻田蜘蛛群落的物种组成及其优势种群的动态变化。已鉴定的稻田蜘蛛种类有４９种,分属１１分科。食早 瘤蛛Ｕｍｍｅｌｉａｔａ ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．、草间钻头蛛Ｈｙｌｙｐｈａｎｔｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｌｕｍ（Ｓｕｎｄｅｖａｌｌ）、拟水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｓｕｂｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．）、拟环纹豹蛛Ｐａｒｄｏｓａ ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｎｎｕｌａｔａ（