盔唇瓢虫族(鞘翅目：瓢虫科)系统分类研究进展

盔唇瓢虫族昆虫是瓢虫科中一类重要的捕食性天敌,主要捕食介壳虫,是该类害虫的重要生物防治天敌。盔唇瓢虫族昆虫研究历史悠久,目前世界盔唇瓢虫族包括22属超过280种,其中有9属42种分布在中国。该族许多属建立时间早,鉴别特征的原始描述不够详细,导致属间界定模糊,属的地位时常受到质疑且变动频繁。一些种类丰富,形态多变、且分布广泛的属如盔唇瓢虫属、光缘瓢虫属仍缺少世界性的订正研究。随着瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的开展,瓢虫科经典分类系统受到了较大的挑战,而盔唇瓢虫亚科已被证实为非单系起源的类群。目前,将盔唇瓢虫族归入瓢虫亚科得到绝大多数瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的支持,但与其它类群的亲缘关系仍存争议。尽管已有研究对盔唇瓢虫族现存所有属的系统发育关系进行了分析,但部分类群缺少分子数据,导致这些类群在该族系统发育关系中的位置并不明确。本文回顾了国内外盔唇瓢虫族的分类历史,记述了目前该族在瓢虫科的分类地位以及族下系统发育关系进展,最后对盔唇瓢虫族分类研究存在的问题及未来研究进行了展望。     

酯酶同工酶在鞘翅目昆虫分类中的应用简介

简要介绍了酯酶同工酶电泳技术在鞘翅目昆虫分类研究中的应用。包括叶甲科Chrysomelidae、天牛科Cerambycidae、小蠹科Scolytidae、瓢虫科Coccinelidae、豆象科Bruchidae、金龟子科Scarabaeidae、萤科Lampyridae和苔水龟虫科Hydraenidae等。     

异色瓢虫--简单而方便的遗传学实验材料

瓢虫是一种在庭院、野外 ,甚至在儿童的绘画书中经常见到的昆虫。按瓢虫科中的种类计算 ,世界上约有4 9 0属 ,4 0 0 0种之多 ,其中大多数瓢虫属于害虫天敌。据 Gordon(1985)估计 ,分布在北美和墨西哥的 4 75种瓢虫中 ,仅 4种为植食性 ,6种为菌食性。另据 Sasaji(1985)的统计 ,分布在日本的瓢虫 ,全部 162种中仅 8种为植食性 ,4种为菌食性。此外 ,我国有正式记录的32 6种瓢虫中 ,植食性的为 71种 ,菌食性的为 11种 ,其余的均为捕食性瓢虫 (庞雄飞 1991) ,其捕食对象为蚜虫、螨、芥壳虫等害虫。事实上 ,自然界中至今仍存在大量有待描述的瓢虫…     

浙江小毛瓢虫属三新种记述（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）

本文采自浙江省瓢虫科小毛瓢虫属３新种：长爪小毛瓢虫,临安小瓢虫,倒齿小瓢虫。     

束管食螨瓢虫研究及利用概述

束管食螨瓢虫StethoruschengiSasaji隶属于鞘翅目、瓢虫科、小毛瓢虫亚科、食螨瓢虫属Stethorini,是多种作物叶螨的重要天敌。1968年Sasajif[1]在我国台湾采集到该天敌,并对其分类特征进行了描述,1975年庞雄飞等[2]首次报道了我国大陆的分布情况,发现其对豆类作物上的红叶螨有一定控制作用。西南农业大学植保系于80年代中期,着手调查了束管食螨瓢虫在四川的分布、生活习性以及田间消长规律,并考察其捕食行为、农药影响等,现将有关该天敌的研究情况总结如下。1分布迄今的文献表明,束管食螨瓢虫仅见分布在我国的陕西、湖北、江苏、…     

中国瓢虫新种记述和关于瓢虫外生殖器的论述

由于不同的原因, 弯斑瓢虫(Coccinella geminopunctata), 纵条瓢虫(C.longifasciata)和隐斑瓢虫(Ballia obscurosignata)三个新种被认为应当包括在即将付印的《中国经济昆虫志:瓢虫科》一书中。为了便于使用新种的学名, 更为便于日后的查考, 特先在学报发表该三种的记述。 就如在其他分类工作中一样, 雌雄两性的外生殖器对种的辨识起了很大作用。在这次工作中, 发现雌瓢虫的生殖片基部柄形部分在各种中有相当的差异, 可能发展为有用的特征, 因此命名为“基柄”(capulus)。 继1950年的尝试, 本文对瓢虫外生殖器的汉文名词做了一次增补与修订。     

云南昆明地区糠片盾蚧的天敌昆虫种类初报

于 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年在昆明和曲靖对危害桃、苹果和梨树上糠片盾蚧的天敌昆虫种类进行了调查。结果显示 ,糠片盾蚧寄生性天敌昆虫有 7种 ,隶属于膜翅目小蜂总科的跳小蜂科和蚜小蜂科 ,其中 ,桑盾蚧黄蚜小蜂Aphytisproclia (Walker)是糠片盾蚧的主要寄生蜂 ,其数量占寄生蜂总数的 79 7%;捕食性天敌昆虫有 3种 ,隶属于鞘翅目、瓢虫科 ,其中 ,二双斑唇瓢虫ChilocorusbijugusMulsant为糠片盾蚧的主要捕食性天敌昆虫     

转cry1Ab基因玉米对瓢虫科天敌种群动态的影响

【背景】瓢虫科天敌昆虫是玉米田中重要的天敌类群,可捕食多种农业害虫,对害虫有很好的控制作用。为了明确转基因玉米对瓢虫科天敌的潜在效应。【方法】在田间条件下,采用系统调查结合吸虫器方法,研究了cry1Ab基因玉米对玉米田主要瓢虫科天敌种类丰富度和种群动态的影响。【结果】转cry1Ab基因玉米田与其对照田瓢虫类群和优势种群组成相同。春播时Bt玉米田与对照田以龟纹瓢虫为优势种,仅在玉米生长后期Bt玉米田中的龟纹瓢虫数量显著高于对照田,其他时期2种田间龟纹瓢虫的种群动态没有显著差异。夏播玉米田以龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫为主,在8月17日Bt玉米田中异色瓢虫数量显著高于对照田,在9月27日其异色瓢虫数量显著低于对照田,而其他时期Bt玉米田和对照田中异色瓢虫优势度以及田间种群动态没有显著差异。【结论与意义】转cry1Ab基因玉米对玉米田重要的瓢虫科天敌丰富度、优势度和种群数量没有不良影响。因此,该转基因玉米可用于农田生态系统的有害生物管理。     

云南素菌瓢虫属五种食菌瓢虫新记录

素菌瓢虫属Illeis Mulsant隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、瓢虫科Coccinellidae、食菌瓢虫族Psylloborini。该属有一些种是广布的东方种类,往往有两个种组成原始的类群,取食为害各种植物的白粉病菌孢子。 我们在1982—1983年,鉴定云南省森林病虫害普查标本中的瓢虫科昆虫时,发现素菌瓢虫属昆虫的五种新记录。而以往国内瓢虫科志书中描述记载过的一种,即素鞘瓢虫Illeis cincta(Fabricius),在云南各地普查所得标本中,则并未发现该种。     

中国食蚧瓢虫名录

食蚧瓢虫在蚧虫生物防治中具有很重要的作用.根据食性可分为专性食蚧瓢虫和兼性食蚧瓢虫.本文记录了我国食蚧瓢虫8亚科26属65种,其中澳洲瓢虫和孟氏隐唇瓢虫为国外引进种.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism     

Analysis of mechanism of formation of epidemic variant of disease activator

Pre-epidemic circulation of a multivariate agent is simulated. An assumption on the possibility of forming a new variant as a combination of properties of circulating variants is examined.     

Effect of composition of cellular lipids of formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance of alkanotrophic rhodocoocci

The antibiotic resistance and lipid composition of rhodococci grown in rich organic media with gaseous or liquid n-alkanes were studied. Hydrocarbon-grown rhodococci exhibited an increased resistance to a wide range of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, linkosamides, macrolides, beta-lactams, and aromatic compounds). The enhanced antibiotic resistance of rhodococci grown on n-alkanes correlated with an increased content of total cell lipids (up to 14-28%) and saturated straight-chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C21:0) and was accompanied by the appearance of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in cells. These lipid compounds were supposed to promote the formation of nonspecific antibiotic resistance in rhodococci by decreasing the permeability of their cell envelope to antibiotics.     

A quantitative estimation of degree of purity of preparations of subcellular structures

A method of mathematical treatment of the results of the analysis of enzymic activity of fractions has been suggested, allowing a quantitative estimation of both the degree of purity of fractions and the yield. Using this method the preparation of mitochondria, microsomes and lysosomes have been characterized. The method may also be used to elucidate the localization of some, not strictly organelle-specific enzymes of different subcellular structures.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Formulation of Statistical Equation of Motion of Blood

A general form of the statistical equation of motion of the blood is derived by averaging the motion of individual elements of the blood over a small volume in space. This equation can be transformed into an explicit form to find the constitutive equations of the blood provided the detailed motion of the plasma in some neighborhood of a suspended particle is known. As a demonstration of such transformation, the general form of the statistical equation of motion is applied to the suspension of sphere with a very low concentration to find the effective viscosity.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Possible mechanisms of implementation of toxic potential of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic bacteria

The significance of variability of biological properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is discussed in the paper within the pathogenesis of infectious process. On the basis of an analysis of published data and of results of independent research of two microorganisms (Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis) a conclusion is made on that a biologically inert LPS form (with a weak cytokine-inducing ability, apirogenicity and non-toxicity etc.) is typical of highly pathogenic bacteria. It is suggested that the above phenomenon is biologically expedient. Presumably, the inert LPS transforms to the active form inside a sensitive host and, according to an infection stage, each of them being functionally significant. It is the inert status of LPS that enables the pathogens, at the initial stages, to surmount freely the humoral and cell barriers of host. As the infection progressively aggravates and the proliferation of bacteria modifies itself due to LPS micro- and macroorganisms, its chemical structure and biopolymer conformation change. Both modification mechanisms enhance the LPS toxic potential. In case of a sensitive host, such variations transform the biologically inert LPS into a toxically active form with its function of endotoxin being realized. There is no LPS modification in a host insensitive to such infection, which entails either recovery or prolonged persistence of the pathogen inside the microorganism.