中国阿昌族九个STR基因位点遗传多态性研究

采集云南阿昌族100个无关个体血样,研究该民族9个STR位点和Amelogenin基因位点,采用四色荧光标记STR基因扫描技术,同时检测96个样品,建立云南阿昌族9个STR位点的基因频率数据库,共检测出69种等位基因,其频率分布在0．0050－0．6100,166种基因型,其基因型频率分布在0．0100－0．3900,平均H为0．7381,累积DP为0．9999999,EPP为0．9999989,9个STR位点基因型分布符合Handy-Weiberg平衡定律,为建立我国不同民族STR基因数据奠定了基础,将在人类学,法医学和民族学领域发挥重要的应用价值。     

中国纳西族STR遗传结构研究

采用荧光标记STR基因扫描技术对纳西族进行了STR多态性调查。 9个STR基因座在纳西族群体中 ,检出72个等位基因、16 5种基因型 ,其频率分布在 0 .0 0 5 2～ 0 .5 2 0 8和 0 .0 10 4～ 0 .30 2 1。χ2 检验表明 ,各基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy Weinberg平衡定律 (P >0 .0 5 )。统计学结果显示 ,这些遗传标记在纳西族群体中 ,H均大于 0 .6 ,平均PIC高于 0 .7,平均DP在 0 .8以上 ,EPP也都超过了 0 .5。说明实验所选STR标记在进行民族群体遗传学研究时是极有价值的     

云南白族、傣族、彝族X染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性及其与中国5个主要民族的遗传关系

应用复合PCR及基因扫描技术, 对云南白族、傣族、彝族人群X染色体3个STR基因座DXS6804、DXS6799、DXS7132的遗传多态性进行研究。白族89个样本中共检出18个等位基因, 38个基因型, 等位基因频率分布在0.0200~0.6400之间, 基因型频率分布在0.0256~0.3333之间; 傣族100个样本中共检出17个等位基因, 24个基因型, 等位基因频率分布在0.0135~0.7500之间, 基因型频率分布在0.0385~0.5769之间; 彝族88个样本中共检出20个等位基因, 35个基因型, 等位基因频率分布在0.0125~0.5875之间, 基因型频率分布在0.0250~0.3500之间。群体遗传多态性指标及法医学应用指标统计结果显示, 3个基因座在云南3个少数民族人群中均具有高度多态性。聚类分析和系统进化关系分析发现, 彝族、白族、傣族与藏族之间的遗传关系较近。     

中国广西壮族9个STR基因座遗传多态性研究

选择9个STR基因座（D3S1358、vWA、FGA、TH01、TPOX、CSF1PO、D5S818、D13S317、D7S820）,采用四色荧光标记STR基因扫描技术,对中国广西壮族的群体遗传多态性进行研究,检测91名无关个体血液样本,共检出62种等位片段,其频率分布在0．0054－0．5495之间;检出169种基因型,其频率分布在0．0110－0．3297之间。9个STR基因座的基因型频率期望与观察值均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0．05）。9个基因座多态信息量（polymorphic information content)PIC≥0．6088,杂合度（heterozygosity)H≥0．8165。计算种族,民族之间的遗传距离并对之进行比较,结果显示,中国广西壮族与美国白人及美国黑人存在显著差异,与黑人之间的差异大于与白人之间的差异;广西壮族与西安汉族的关系近于与其他少数民族的关系,种族民族之间的聚类分析结果显示,现有资料分为黑种人,白种人和黄种人（我国各民族）3类。     

广西仫佬族9个STR的遗传多态性研究

本文采用PCR-STR及基因分型技术,研究广西仫佬族183例无关个体9个STR位点的遗传多态性分布,建立仫佬族群体的遗传学数据库。经统计分析,在9个STR位点共检出70种等位基因,其频率分布在0·0027~0·5301之间;207种基因型,其频率分布在0·0055~0·3388之间;平均杂合度为0·7298,平均多态信息总量为0·7016,累积个体识别力达0·999999999,累积非父排除率达0·999098。与不同民族比较结果显示:广西仫佬族与广西苗、回族及云南、北方各民族之间绝大多数基因座存在显著差异,而与广西壮族和湖南汉族之间绝大多数基因座均无差异。以上数据可为群体遗传学、法医学及人类学等研究提供重要的资料。     

应用PCR-SSOP技术研究中国汉族、维吾尔族HLA-A基因座基因多态性

人类白细胞抗原（Human Leukocyte Antigen,HLA)基因复合物位于6p21.3,有220多个不同的功能基因,是人类基因组最复杂的遗传多态系统。HLA等位基因的变异在医学、法医学、人类学等领域具有重要的意义。自从1964年以来,HLA分型一直采用经典的微量淋巴细胞毒实验,但该方法是血清学水平的分,不能识别很多特异性的等位基因,而且高质量的抗体也不易获得。从20世纪90年代起,在国家自然科学基金的资助下,首先开展HLAⅡ类位点基因分研究及大规模群体多态性调查,所获得的中国主要民族基因数据已应用于多个领域。相比之下,HLAⅠ类基因数量更丰富,包含了A、B、C、E、F、G和假基因H、J、K、L等10个位点;基因分子结构更复杂,更具多态性。因此,HLAⅠ类DNA分型比HLAⅡ类分型及行多困难。直至目前中国人群HLA－A基因座基因多态性和分布频率的研究尚未充分进行。而任何DNA标记用于遗传分析、法医鉴定等领域之前,必须先进行群体调查,建立不同民族基因数据库,这是不可逾越的基础工作。鉴于此,采用灵敏而非同位素污染的PCR－SSOP基因分型技术,对165个汉族和162个维吾尔族个体的HLA－A基因座多态性进行调查。结果在汉族群体中发现22种等位基因,频率最高的是HLA－A＊1101（19．7％）,其次是＊201（12．72％）;在维族群体中发现22种等位基因,频率最高的是＊2407（17．90％）,等位基因＊0101、＊0201和＊3301的频率均大于10％;HLA－A＊0203、＊0205、＊0302、＊2403和＊3302仅在汉族群体中检出;HLA－A＊0205、＊0211、＊2301、＊2502、＊68012和＊6802仅在维族群体中检出。按照Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律检验,两个民族各等位基因型频率的预期值与实际观察值相吻合（P＞0．05）,证明了所获得汉族、维吾尔族HLA－A位点基因频率具有可靠性;同时也表明各等位基因的遗传特征符合符合孟德尔规律。经计算机统计分析,汉族群体HLA－A基因座杂合度（Heterozygosity,H)、个体识别率（Discrimination Power,DP)和非父排排率（Proba-bility of Paternity Exclusion,EPP)分别为0．9029、0．9776和0．8592;维族群体H、DP和EEP分别为0．9063、0．9379和0．7885。和其他遗传标记（如VNTR、STR、SNP）的单一位点相比,HLA－A具有高度的杂合率、个体识别率和非父排除率。因此,HLA－A等位基因在法医个体识别、亲权鉴定、基因诊断、人类学等领域具有重要的应用价值。     

中国新疆维吾尔族DXS101遗传多态性研究

目的：研究DXS101位点在中国新疆维吾尔族群体中的遗传结构分布特征。方法：采用PCR扩增,变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合银染显带技术,检测100名（女42,男58）维吾尔族无关个体DXS101位点等位基因及基因型频率分布。结果：在女性样本中,DXS101位点检出9种等位基因和17种基因型;在男性样本中,DXS101位点检出7种等位基因：该位点在女性中的个体识别率为0．8937,多态信息量为0．8072,杂合度为0．8156,在男性中的个体识别率为0．6674。结论：群体遗传多态性指标显示DXS101位点在新疆维吾尔族群体中具有较高多态性,在维吾尔族群体法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定及群体遗传学研究中有重要应用价值。     

DXS6804/DXS9896/GATA144D04基因座在中国汉族群体中的遗传多态性及其法医学应用

为了调查X染色体上DXS6804、DXS9896和GATA144D04等3个STR基因座在中国汉族群体的遗传多态性及其法医学应用价值,来用PCR和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对X染色体3个STR基因座进行分型,并检验女性基因型频率分布是否符合Hardy Weinberg平衡,计算法医学常用各种概率。DXS6804、DXS9896和GATA144D04的非父排除率分别为0 5990、0 6220、0 4280,表明3个STR基因座在中国汉族群体均具有遗传多态性,χ2检验表明女性的基因型频率分布符合Hardy Weinberg平衡。X染色体上的基因座DXS6804、DXS9896和GATA144D04在中国汉族群体中具有较高的遗传多态性,可应用于法医学检验和群体遗传学分析。     

新疆维吾尔族四个STR位点遗传多态性分析

研究新疆维吾尔族人群D16S539、D13S317、D7S820和D5S818的STR基因位点的基因及基因型分布,获得4个基因座的群体遗传学数据。采用PCR扩增技术和基因扫描技术进行样本STR遗传结构分析,并与其他种族、人群的等位基因频率进行比较。结果表明4个基因位点在新疆维吾尔族人群中均具有遗传多态性。4个基因座的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P＞0.05）,不同人群基因频率分布存在一定的差异,所得到的等位基因频率等数据可为遗传学研究、法医个体畜产品识别及亲子鉴定提供依据。     

克里雅河下游封闭人群DYS19和DYS390多态性研究

本文以居住于塔克拉玛干沙漠当中克里雅河下游地区封闭人群(51例男性)为研究对象,采用基因扫描对其DYS19和DYS390两个STR基因座进行基因扫描研究其遗传多态性。对于DYS19基因座,克里雅河下游的封闭人群等位基因分布呈现“M”形分布,以DYS19*14和DYS19*16最常见,基因频率分别为0.353和0．510;对于DYS390基因座,其人群等位基因分布也并非呈现“钟形”分布,而是以DYS390*21和DYS390“24两种基因型基因频率最高,并且DYS390*21为此人群等位基因重复次数最少的基因型,基因频率分别为0．235和0．431,这可能是提示克里雅河下游的封闭人群的来源包含两个不同的群体分支。     

Conflict resolution attempts in self-determination disputes: the significance of local minority groups concerns in the Philippines and Sri Lanka

The way in which the minority within minority question is solved has implications for settlement of self-determination conflicts. This paper examines how this question plays out in connection with negotiations of peace agreements. It focuses on the negotiations on the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity in the Philippines in 2008 and the Fifth Peace Process in Sri Lanka in 2002–06. By analysing constitutional design options in terms of integration, power sharing and power dividing, it outlines how minority concerns are articulated and eventually how they have implications for negotiations. The absence of power-sharing guarantees was a major concern among elites not associated with the self-determination project, both at the national and the local level. They blocked implementation of the deals, insisting instead on integration and power dividing. These findings highlight the shortcomings of negotiations that overlook the multifaceted majority/minority conflicts at national and local levels and how they are interlinked.     

Sero-prevalence of RBC alloantibodies among Han and minority patients in Xinjiang

The aim of the study was to examine the sero-prevalence and frequency of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies (RAAbs) and to investigate the risk factors for producing RAAbs among the Han and Uyghurs in Xinjiang. The RBC antibody screening test and identification were conducted for 45,163 Han and 70,633 Uyghurs admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from October 2010 to December 2014. RBC alloantibodies against the Rh antigens were the most frequent, including anti-E(21.7% in the Han, 21.6% in Uyghurs) and anti-D(18.5% in the Han, 18.2% in Uyghurs). Notably, the sero-prevalence of anti-K and anti-Fy^a was also high in Xinjiang. Transfusion and pregnancy were risk factors among both the Han and Uyghurs; furthermore, Uyghurs had a higher sero-prevalence of RBC antibodies compared to that of Han because of a higher incidence of these risk factors. We concluded that RBC alloantibodies against the Rh factor showed the highest frequency, and antibodies against Asian-related high-frequency antigens, including Fy^a and low-frequency antigens, such as K were notably high in Xinjiang.     

Including Ethnic Minorities in Mental Health Intervention Research: A Practical Approach to a Long-Standing Problem

This paper examines a controversy that arose while developing a supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General that was focused on ethnic minority mental health. The controversy involved whether and how to make recommendations about ethnic minorities seeking mental health care. We found that few studies provided information on outcomes of mental health care for ethnic minorities. In this paper, we discuss outcomes of mental health care for ethnic minorities and how to proceed in developing an evidence base for understanding mental health care and minorities. We conclude that entering representative (based on population) numbers of ethnic minorities in efficacy trials is unlikely to produce useful information on outcomes of care because the numbers will be too small to produce reliable findings. We also conclude that while conducting randomized efficacy trials for all mental health interventions for each ethnic group would be impractical, innovative and theoretically informed studies that focus on specific cultural groups are needed to advance the knowledge base. We call for theory-driven research focused on mental health disparities that has the potential for understanding disparities and improving outcomes for ethnic minority populations.     

云南省少数民族皮纹研究—白族等十一个民族皮纹正常值测定

本文报告了云南省白族等11个少数民族14项皮纹正常值参数,并与汉族、北美白人作了比较,进行了统计学分析与聚类分析。结果表明,皮纹这一类遗传性状不仅在各人种之间有显著差异,而且在我国各民族之间也存在显著差异。各民族有自己皮纹的特异性。     

Neopolyploidy and diversification in Heuchera grossulariifolia

Newly formed polyploid lineages must contend with several obstacles to avoid extinction, including minority cytotype exclusion, competition, and inbreeding depression. If polyploidization results in immediate divergence of phenotypic characters these hurdles may be reduced and establishment made more likely. In addition, if polyploidization alters the phenotypic and genotypic associations between traits, that is, the P and G matrices, polyploids may be able to explore novel evolutionary paths, facilitating their divergence and successful establishment. Here, we report results from a study of the perennial plant Heuchera grossulariifolia in which the phenotypic divergence and changes in phenotypic and genotypic covariance matrices caused by neopolyploidization have been estimated. Our results reveal that polyploidization causes immediate divergence for traits relevant to establishment and results in significant changes in the structure of the phenotypic covariance matrix. In contrast, our results do not provide evidence that polyploidization results in immediate and substantial shifts in the genetic covariance matrix.     

湘西州少数民族膳食结构中常见野生植物调查研究

湘西土家族苗族自治州位于武陵山区东部 ,属华中植物区系 ,植物资源十分丰富 ,对全州 8个县市的调研表明 ,野生食用植物是当地少数民族传统膳食结构中的重要组成成分。文章报导了常见野果、野菜等食物植物 42科 6 3属 83种及其利用价值、采集时令和食用方法 ,并就该地区野生食用植物资源的保护和开发提出了对策和措施。     

重庆部分地区的种质资源调查荞麦篇

"第三次全国农作物种质资源调查与收集"重庆项目组,于2015年10月至11月初在重庆市巫山县、奉节县和石柱县3个县开展了农业生物资源的系统调查,通过深入村社和农户,调查了解作物种类与品种多样性情况,收集和挖掘古老、特有和稀少种质资源。本次调查共收集到农作物地方品种和野生近缘植物种质资源341份,其中粮油作物136份、蔬菜86份、果树57份、茶树5份、烟草22份、牧草30份、麻类5份。本文重点介绍在粮油作物中的荞麦种质资源调查和资源收集情况,在收集到的19份荞麦资源中,既有珍稀、古老的地方品种,也包括特有野生资源。荞麦承载了彝族等少数民族的文化内涵,随着现代农业的发展,荞麦的古老、珍稀和特有种质资源正在流失,建议相关部门因地制宜,在发展现代农业生产的同时,采取必要的经济措施,对古老、珍稀和特有的荞麦种质资源,进行农户或原生境保护,为进一步开发利用提供种质资源基础。     

Obesity in Minority Populations: An Epidemiologic Assessment

This article reviews issues relating to the prevalence, health implications, and prevention and treatment perspectives of obesity in U.S racial and ethnic minority groups. The growing interest in obesity in minority populations reflects an awareness of the high prevalence of obesity among black, Hispanic, Asian and Pacific Islander and Native Americans as well as a generally increased interest in minority health. In addition, the fact that some aspects of obesity among minorities differ from those in whites suggests that new insights may be gained from studying obesity in diverse populations. However, there are many methodological problems to be overcome, including some that arise from the way minority groups are defined. Under the assumption that all obesity results from a period of sustained positive energy balance at the individual level, an epidemiologic explanation for the excess of obesity in minorities at the population level seems readily apparent. A surplus of obesity-promoting forces and a deficit of obesity-inhibiting forces, caused by secular changes in food availability and physical activity, accompany the early phases of modernization and economic advancement. The high prevalence of obesity in minority populations can be viewed as a function of the slope and timing of these secular changes. Genetic predisposition, cultural attitudes, and exposure to maternal obesity and diabetes in utero may be potentiating factors. In this context, interventions targeting individuals would seem inevitably to put racial and ethnic minority groups on the path toward the same weight control crisis now observed in the majority white population. This suggests that the underlying causes of the societal energy balance problem must be addressed at the population level in order for effective clinical approaches to be developed for minority populations with a high obesity prevalence.