Does directed technological change get greener: Empirical evidence from Shanghai's industrial green development transformation

The degree of technological change biased to the environmental factor is crucial to industrial sustainable development. Using the stochastic frontier analysis method based on the translog production function and the panel data of 32 industrial sub-sectors in Shanghai over 1994–2011, this paper combines the evolution dynamic of the frontier technological structure with the evolution dynamic of technological change direction to estimate the output elasticities of production factors and the growth rate of green total factor productivity. Also, we investigate and compare the degrees of technological change biased to four production factors, i.e., capital, labor, energy, and carbon emissions. The results show that the industrial green total factor productivity in Shanghai presents an overall upward trend and mainly depends on the technical efficiency change. The improvements of labor productivity, R&D intensity, and energy efficiency can effectively enhance the green technical efficiency, while capital deepening has a mitigation effect on the green technical efficiency. The technological change of Shanghai's industrial production biases to energy use and capital saving, causing a high energy demand of industrial development. Under the dual impacts of economic development and energy-saving and emission-reduction policies, the degree of technological change biased to the environmental factor (carbon emissions) displays strong and weak alternations, indicating that the green bias of industrial technological change in Shanghai is not stable and that the green transformation of industrial development model needs to be further advanced.     

不同耕作措施对伊犁河谷夏大豆农田土壤碳排放、碳平衡及经济效益的影响

为探明北疆伊犁河谷滴灌条件下促进夏大豆增产增效且实现农田生态系统固碳增汇的适宜耕作措施,于2017年在滴灌条件下,设置翻耕(T)、深松(ST)、翻耕覆膜(TP)与免耕(NT)4种土壤耕作措施,研究4种耕作措施对北疆夏大豆农田土壤呼吸、碳排放量、植株固碳量、经济效益及产量的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施土壤呼吸速率峰值均出现在花期至结荚期,各处理间夏大豆土壤呼吸速率、呼吸总量、植株固碳总量和产量均以翻耕覆膜最高,深松次之,并均显著高于翻耕与免耕,免耕最低;不同耕作措施夏大豆农田生态系统碳平衡均表现为正碳平衡,在农业生产资料的各项投入中,均以灌溉用电的投入排碳量最高,占各处理的生产资料总排碳量的54.33%~65.24%,其中翻耕覆膜又因增加了地膜的投入,致使其农业生产资料排碳量和成本投入与其余3种处理呈显著性差异(P<0.05),表现为深松处理的经济效益与净碳吸收量最高,翻耕覆膜次之,使得碳的生产力、碳的经济效益、碳的生态效益均以深松最好,总体表现为ST>TP>T>NT;深松与翻耕覆膜均能够显著提升农田生态系统固碳与增产增效。综合考虑经济效益、生产投入以及地膜的回收率,深松具有最大净碳吸收量、最优经济效益与碳效益值,可以优先作为该地区农田实现增产增效以及固碳增汇的耕作措施。     

Sources of carbon productivity change: A decomposition and disaggregation analysis based on global Luenberger productivity indicator and endogenous directional distance function

The measurement of carbon productivity makes the effort of global climate change mitigation accountable and helps to formulate policies and prioritize actions for economic growth, energy conservation, and carbon emissions control. Previous studies arbitrarily predetermined the directions of directional distance function in calculating the carbon productivity indicator, and the traditional carbon productivity indicator itself is not capable of identifying the contribution of different energy driven carbon emissions in carbon productivity change. Through utilizing an endogenous directional distance function selecting approach and a global productivity index, this paper proposes a global Luenberger carbon productivity indicator for computing carbon productivity change. This carbon productivity indicator can be further decomposed into three components that respectively identify the best practice gap change, pure efficiency change, and scale efficiency change. Moreover, the carbon productivity indicator is shown as a combination of individual carbon emissions productivity indicators that account for the contribution of different fossil fuel driven carbon emissions (i.e. coal driven CO₂, oil driven CO₂, and natural gas driven CO₂) toward the carbon productivity change. Our carbon productivity indicator is employed to measure and decompose the carbon productivity changes of 37 major carbon emitting countries and regions over 1995–2009. The main findings include: (i) endogenous directions identifying the largest improvement potentials are noticeably different from exogenous directions in estimating the inefficiencies of undesirable outputs. (ii) Carbon productivity indicator calculated with the consideration of emission structure provides a more significant estimation on productivity change. (iii) The aggregated carbon productivity and the specific energy driven carbon productivities significantly improve over our study period which are primarily attributed to technical progress. (iv) Empirical results imply that policies focused on researching and developing energy utilization and carbon control technologies might not be enough; it is also essential to encourage technical efficiency catching-up and economic scale management.     

Predicting the growth of age-0 yellow perch populations from measures of whole-lake productivity

SUMMARY. 1. The relationship was examined between four measures of lake productivity [total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, zooplankton density and biomass] and growth in length and weight of age-0 yellow perch in ten central Alberta lakes.
2. In these lakes, average summer TP and Chl a levels were in the range 11–51 and 1.4–19.5 μg1⁻¹, respectively. The interaction of TP and Chl a could explain 61% and 57% of the variance in total length and wet weight, respectively, of age-0 yellow perch sampled at the end of August.
3. The ability to predict first year fish growth from lake productivity is strongest at low levels of productivity (TP<35μgl⁻¹). In the lakes studied, fish community structure is more complex at high levels of productivity (TP>35μg1⁻¹), and more data on complex community level interactions seem necessary to predict fish growth in these systems.     

Energy Efficiency and Structural Change in the Netherlands, 1980–1995

International agreement has been reached to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. One important way of decoupling CO₂ emissions from economic growth is by introducing technical measures to improve energy efficiency. In this article, we assess the influence of developments in energy efficiency and economic structure on the total primary energy consumption in the Netherlands over the period 1980– 1995. We find a distinct decoupling of the economic growth and energy consumption of 1.5% per year in the 15-year analysis period. We measure (technical) changes in energy efficiency by changes in the energy consumption per physical unit of production or activity. The aggregate rate of (technical) energy-efficiency improvement was 1.4% per year over the period 1980–1995. The use of physical production indicators makes it possible to measure energy-efficiency developments without detailed surveys at a very low level of aggregation. When we look at economic structural changes over this period, we find that (i) no substantial shift took place at the level of the economic sectors that we distinguish; (ii) the most energy intensive subsectors grew much faster than the total economy; and (iii) at the subsector level, on average, a sizable decoupling of physical production and value added occurred. We conclude that structural changes, that is, changes in the composition of the economy, did not lead to a net decrease in the energy intensity of the Netherlands over the period 1980–1995.     

底泥再悬浮对东湖水体初级生产力的影响

为研究底泥再悬浮对东湖初级生产力的影响, 通过模拟东湖通道施工导致的底泥再悬浮过程, 用原位黑白瓶法测量了水体初级生产力, 同步测定受试水体的光强、营养盐以及藻类叶绿素荧光活性, 结果表明, 随着再悬浮底泥含量的增加, 水体出现明显的光衰减现象, 光强显著降低(P0.05); 总氮总磷浓度升高; 藻类最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)上升; 水体呼吸作用显著增强(P0.05), 总初级生产力与净初级生产力先增大后减小。与不含再悬浮底泥的对照组相比, 水体再悬浮底泥含量50100 g/L处理组具有较高的初级生产力; 相对其他处理组, 再悬浮底泥含量200 g/L处理组的初级生产力显著降低(P0.05), 且其净初级生产力为负值。研究结果表明, 在一定范围内的底泥再悬浮通过增加水体营养盐含量的方式提高水体初级生产力, 较大含量的再悬浮底泥则通过影响水体光强降低初级生产力, 该结果确认了东湖通道施工引起的底泥再悬浮对水域生态系统的影响, 值得引起关注和重视。     

Productivity and technical efficiency of suckler beef production systems: trends for the period 1990 to 2012

Over the past 23 years (1990 to 2012), French beef cattle farms have expanded in size and increased labour productivity by over 60%, chiefly, though not exclusively, through capital intensification (labour–capital substitution) and simplifying herd feeding practices (more concentrates used). The technical efficiency of beef sector production systems, as measured by the ratio of the volume value (in constant euros) of farm output excluding aids to volume of intermediate consumption, has fallen by nearly 20% while income per worker has held stable thanks to subsidies and the labour productivity gains made. This aggregate technical efficiency of beef cattle systems is positively correlated to feed self-sufficiency, which is in turn negatively correlated to farm and herd size. While volume of farm output per hectare of agricultural area has not changed, forage feed self-sufficiency decreased by 6 percentage points. The continual increase in farm size and labour productivity has come at a cost of lower production-system efficiency – a loss of technical efficiency that 20 years of genetic, technical, technological and knowledge-driven progress has barely managed to offset.     

Relative importance of phosphorus,invasive mussels and climate for patterns in chlorophyll a and primary production in Lakes Michigan and Huron

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Investigating Changes in Land Use Cover and Associated Environmental Parameters in Taihu Lake in Recent Decades Using Remote Sensing and Geochemistry

Humans have had a significant impact on the terrestrial pedosphere through activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The effects of human activities on land use and the related environmental changes were investigated through point and areal studies surrounding Meiliang Bay, which is an open area of extreme eutrophication in Taihu Lake, China. This study used remote sensing and environmental-tracer profiles [total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, and geochemical parameters] to determine the causes of changes in land use and the associated environmental parameters. The results of LUCCs (Land use/cover changes) indicate that over the past three decades, total farmland decreased by 862.49 km², with an annual decrement rate of 28.75 km²/year, and total urbanized land increased by 859.71 km², with an annual growth rate of 28.66 km²/year. The geochemical results indicate that the trophic state of Taihu Lake was persistently intensifying and that the TN, TP, and TOC concentrations increased twofold, threefold, and twofold, respectively, from 1949 to 2010. The sources of TN, TP, and TOC were highly similar after 1975. However, before 1974, TN and TP originated from different sources than TOC. The grassland and woodland around the lake retain nutrients and sand from the land of study area. The increase in urbanized land and tertiary industries significantly increased the sediment concentrations of TN, TP, and TOC after 1980.     

抚仙湖窑泥沟人工湿地的除磷效果研究

为了减缓和控制抚仙湖局部湖湾水体富营养化趋势,在抚仙湖北岸建设了净化面积1 hm²的人工湿地.综合利用生物氧化塘、水平潜流人工湿地和表面流人工湿地治理技术,对入湖河道窑泥沟污水中磷的去除效果进行了试验研究.结果表明,该人工湿地系统对磷具有较强的去除能力.总磷去除率在57.7%～81.10%之间,平均去除率为54.9%.单位面积磷滞留量平均为26 mg·m^-2·d^-1,其中,湿地植物同化作用磷滞留量为26.1 mg·m^-2·d^-1,约占磷滞留总量的10%,大部分磷去除是通过基质吸附和沉降作用,但主要湿地植物水芹的季节变化对相应功能区的除磷效果会产生一定影响.试验期间,各功能区单位面积磷滞留量依次为水平潜流人工湿地＞生物氧化塘＞沉淀池＞表面流人工湿地.     

果园生态系统生产力调控

以黄土沟壑区果园生态系统为研究对象,针对黄土高原果业生产波动性大,生态系统恶化等问题,通过调控果树的生殖生长量,研究了果园生态系统生产力调控及系统响应.结果表明:生产力水平高的处理对土壤深层的水分利用增强,但降低了土壤深层贮水量,从而进一步加重土壤干燥化程度;以生殖生长调控为手段的生产力调控能够显著改善果实的单果重、果实硬度、着色指数等外在品质,果品优果率可提高12.9%～23.5%;通过生产力调控,果业生产经济效益显著提高,果园生态系统健康状况得到维持,果树生产波动性缓解.确定挂果2.25×10~5个/hm~2的生产力水平为黄土沟壑区盛果期果园生态系统的适宜生产力水平.     

Energy consumption in mixed crop-sheep farming systems: what factors of variation and how to decrease?

Prompted by current concerns about energy resources and greenhouse gas emissions, we sought to assess the impact of certain key factors on energy efficiency in sheep-for-meat production and to evaluate the main directions for improvement. We used a modelling approach to simulate the functioning and performances of sheep-for-meat production systems integrating an energy balance calculation module. In the first step of this study, we reconstructed system functions and technical and economic results of four typological groups of farms in plainland areas. This served as a basis for calculating their energy efficiency in order to focus on the main factors of energy efficiency, such as high levels of fodder self-sufficiency (low concentrate consumption) and high ewe productivity. The Graze system presented the highest energy efficiency (EE) for sheep unit (EEs = 0.62) with the lowest consumption of equivalent fuel litres requirements (FuReq) per kilogram of lamb carcass produced (1.47), while the 'sheep and cash crop' system had the lowest EEs (0.36) and the highest FuReq per kg carcass (2.54). We then took the 'mixed-farming system' (a 130 ha farm, including 610 ewes and 40 ha of cropland) and studied three adaptations designed to increase the EEs: improvement of feed self-sufficiency (increased proportion of concentrate produced on-farm), introduction of legumes into the rotation (removal of bought-in nitrogen fertilisers), and production of fuel-oil (from rapeseed) with the flock using oil cakes. The most effective adaptation was the removal of the nitrogen fertilisers. The successive adaptations make it possible to cut energy consumption from 2.2 FuReq/kg carcass down to 0.98 after the optimisations, thereby increasing EEs from 0.42 to 0.93. Finally, we went on to study the energy impact of four factors influencing flock functioning and farm structure, i.e. ewe productivity, lamb weight, distances between plots, and flock size. Ewe productivity and lamb weight had a strong positive impact on EEs. When ewe productivity switched from 0.80 to 1.70, EEs increased from 0.29 to 0.48 while FuReq per kilogram carcass dropped from 3.39 to 1.88. When flock size was increased to over 1000 ewes, there were little or no energy-related economies of scale, as farm area also increased and most of the systems required more equipment.     

Wastewater treatment and biofuel production through attached culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella vulgaris</Emphasis> in a porous substratum biofilm reactor

The feasibility of attached culture Chlorella vulgaris in a porous substratum biofilm reactor (PSBR) for simultaneous wastewater treatment and biofuel production was investigated. The characteristics, including algal biofilm growth, lipid yield, nutrient removal, and energy efficiency of the outdoor cultures, were investigated under the influence of both inoculum densities and the percent submerged area. A maximum biofilm productivity of 57.87 g m^?2 d^?1 with 81.9 % adhesion was achieved under optimal conditions (inoculum density of 18 g m^?2 and the percent submerged area of 5.7 %). The lipid content and lipid yield were 38.56 % and 27.25 g m^?2 d^?1, respectively. Meanwhile, the algae removed 99.95 % ammonia, 96.05 % total nitrogen (TN), and 99.83 % total phosphorus (TP). Further, the energy life cycle for the PSBR was analyzed. The biomass productivity per unit irradiance was up to 4.6 g MJ^?1 (photosynthetic efficiency of 10.65 %). The PSBR was considered to be economically feasible due to the net energy ratio of 1.3 (>1).     

300年来鄱阳湖营养盐演化重建与模拟

水体富营养化已经成为全球性的问题而受到广泛关注,然而其发生的过程和机制尚未完全明了。在湖泊营养演化过程中,水文和生态是两个最基本的制约因素。相对于短期的和试验性的研究,长时间尺度的营养盐变化过程能更全面地揭示营养盐的演化机制。以我国最大的淡水湖——鄱阳湖为例,采用湖泊水体交换周期模型和湖泊生态-营养盐动力耦合模型,重建鄱阳湖营养盐的长期变化,并利用沉积钻孔代用指标加以验证。在此基础上探讨其演化机制,模拟的时间序列中营养盐变化对气候水文与生态系统存在两种不同的响应模式。敏感因子分析显示:典型同步响应期中(1812—1828 AD),气候水文因子的贡献率达79.1%,生态因子为20.9%;典型异步响应期中(1844—1860 AD),两者贡献率分别为36.4%和63.6%。在模拟的营养盐变化时间序列中同步期占62.5%,说明气候因子在营养盐演化过程中起重要的作用;异步期虽只占12.5%,但对湖泊营养盐作用、营养盐反馈生物量同样至关重要。相关分析结果显示,生物量增长与TP含量基本呈线性关系,但存在一个阈值。在没有超过阈值前,生物量对TP具有较好的调节作用;当超过阈值之后,生物量的调节作用减弱。     

Productivity, leaf traits and carbon isotope discrimination in 29 Populus deltoides x P. nigra clones

Here we tested whether some leaf traits could be used as predictors for productivity in a range of Populus deltoides x P. nigra clones. These traits were assessed in 3-yr-old rooted cuttings from 29 clones growing in an open field trial, in a five randomized complete block design, under optimal irrigation. Variables were assigned to four groups describing productivity (above-ground biomass, total leaf area), leaf growth (total number of leaves increment rate), leaf structure (area of the largest leaf, specific leaf area, carbon and nitrogen contents), and carbon isotope discrimination in the leaves (Delta). High-yielding clones displayed larger total leaf area and individual leaf area, while no correlation could be detected between productivity and either leaf structure or Delta. By contrast, Delta was negatively correlated with number of leaves increment rate and leaf N content. Our study shows that there is a potential to improve water-use efficiency in poplar without necessarily reducing the overall productivity.     

武汉市医院效率动态变化的Malmquist指数分析

目的 了解武汉市医院2006—2008年3年间运行效率变化的情况,找出引起其效率变化的原因,有针对性地采取措施,以提高医院的整体效率。方法 通过Malmquist指数法分析了武汉市23家医院3年间的全要素生产率、技术效率、技术变化等方面的变化趋势。结果 23家医院全要素生产率普遍下降主要是由于技术退步所致,医院的纯技术效率和规模效率趋于稳定,发挥的促进作用较小。结论 医院不但需要提高管理水平、引进先进的管理模式、控制合适的规模以保证技术效率的提高;更应引进人才,加强技术培训与进修,鼓励医务人员在诊疗技术、诊疗过程上有所创新,以此来提高医疗技术水平,进而提升医院的运行效率。

     

干旱区绿洲扩张方式对土壤生物优势类群及功能的影响

内陆干旱区人口数量急剧增加驱动了绿洲快速扩张, 扩张方式主要包括: 灌木地、林地和农地扩张, 尚缺乏绿洲扩张方式对土壤生物多样性和生态系统服务功能影响的研究。本文以河西走廊黑河中游张掖绿洲为研究区域, 选择绿洲边缘天然草地及其转变的人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)灌木地(无灌溉)、人工杨树(Populus gansuensis)林地(灌溉)、玉米(Zea mays)地(灌溉 + 施肥)为研究对象, 测定了4种生境土壤食物网中9种优势功能类群的密度以及反映土壤生态系统功能特征的有机碳储量、氮储量、磷储量与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性。主要结果如下: (1)灌木地扩张显著降低了甲螨、植食性昆虫密度, 增加了跳虫、捕食性螨密度和真菌的OTUs, 对其余类群无显著影响; 林地扩张增加了捕食性节肢动物、植食性昆虫、捕食性螨、跳虫、甲螨的密度及细菌和真菌OTUs, 对其余类群无显著影响; 农地扩张增加了蚓类、捕食性节肢动物、捕食性螨、跳虫、甲螨的密度及细菌和真菌的OTUs, 对其余类群无显著影响。(2)林地和灌木地扩张显著提高了土壤有机碳储量和氮储量, 而农地扩张显著提高了土壤有机碳储量、氮储量和磷储量。(3) 3种扩张方式显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性, 玉米地和杨树林地土壤酶活性的增幅高于灌木地。人工绿洲扩张方式显著和有差异地改变了土壤食物网结构及其生态功能水平, 该结果对建立基于土地利用结构优化调控的人工绿洲生物多样性保护管理新方法具有重要意义, 并为人工绿洲生态系统功能稳定性评价研究提供了基础资料。     

Stochastic frontier model approach for measuring stock market efficiency with different distributions

The stock market is considered essential for economic growth and expected to contribute to improved productivity. An efficient pricing mechanism of the stock market can be a driving force for channeling savings into profitable investments and thus facilitating optimal allocation of capital. This study investigated the technical efficiency of selected groups of companies of Bangladesh Stock Market that is the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) market, using the stochastic frontier production function approach. For this, the authors considered the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic frontier in which the technical inefficiency effects are defined by a model with two distributional assumptions. Truncated normal and half-normal distributions were used in the model and both time-variant and time-invariant inefficiency effects were estimated. The results reveal that technical efficiency decreased gradually over the reference period and that truncated normal distribution is preferable to half-normal distribution for technical inefficiency effects. The value of technical efficiency was high for the investment group and low for the bank group, as compared with other groups in the DSE market for both distributions in time-varying environment whereas it was high for the investment group but low for the ceramic group as compared with other groups in the DSE market for both distributions in time-invariant situation.     

Effect of azithromycin on enhancement of methane production from waste activated sludge

In the methane production from waste activated sludge (WAS), complex bacterial interactions in WAS have been known as a major contribution to methane production. Therefore, the influence of bacterial community changes toward methane production from WAS was investigated by an application of antibiotics as a simple means for it. In this study, azithromycin (Azm) as an antibiotic was mainly used to observe the effect on microbial changes that influence methane production from WAS. The results showed that at the end of fermentation, Azm enhanced methane production about twofold compared to control. Azm fostered the growth of acid-producing bacterial communities, which synthesized more precursors for methane formation. DGGE result showed that the hydrolysis as well as acetogenesis stage was improved by the dominant of B1, B2 and B3 strains, which are Clostridium species. In the presence of Azm, the total population of archaeal group was increased, resulting in higher methane productivity achievement.