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1.
Oscillations in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations in living cells are often a manifestation of propagating waves of Ca2+. Numerical simulations with a realistic model of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ wave trains lead to wave speeds that increase linearly at long times when (a) IP3 levels are in the range for Ca2+ oscillations, (b) a gradient of phase is established by either an initial ramp or pulse of IP3, and (c) IP3 concentrations asymptotically become uniform. We explore this phenomenon with analytical and numerical methods using a simple two-variable reduction of the De Young-Keizer model of the IP3 receptor that includes the influence of Ca2+ buffers. For concentrations of IP3 in the oscillatory regime, numerical solution of the resulting reaction diffusion equations produces nonlinear wave trains that shows the same asymptotic growth of wave speed. Due to buffering, diffusion of Ca2+ is quite slow and, as previously noted, these waves occur without appreciable bulk movement of Ca2+. Thus, following Neu and Murray, we explore the behavior of these waves using an asymptotic expansion based on the small size of the buffered diffusion constant for Ca2+. We find that the gradient in phase of the wave obeys Burgers' equation asymptotically in time. This result is used to explain the linear increase of the wave speed observed in the simulations.  相似文献   

2.
Rincon M  Boss WF 《Plant physiology》1987,84(2):395-398
To determine whether or not inositol trisphosphate (IP3) mobilizes calcium in higher plant cells, we investigated the effect of IP3 on Ca2+ fluxes in fusogenic carrot (Daucus carota L.) protoplasts. The protoplasts were incubated in 45Ca2+-containing medium and the 45Ca2+ associated with the protoplasts was monitored with time. Addition of IP3 (20 micromolar) caused a 17% net loss of the accumulated 45Ca2+ within 4 minutes. There was a reuptake of 45Ca2+ and the protoplasts recovered to their initial value by 10 minutes. Phytic acid (IP6), also stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux from the protoplasts. Both the IP3 and the IP6induced 45Ca2+ efflux were inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist, trifluoperazine.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, we numerically analyzed the nonlinear Ca2+-dependent gating dynamics of a single, nonconducting inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) channel, using an exact and fully stochastic simulation algorithm that includes channel gating, Ca2+ buffering, and Ca2+ diffusion. The IP3R is a ubiquitous intracellular Ca2+ release channel that plays an important role in the formation of complex spatiotemporal Ca2+ signals such as waves and oscillations. Dynamic subfemtoliter Ca2+ microdomains reveal low copy numbers of Ca2+ ions, buffer molecules, and IP3Rs, and stochastic fluctuations arising from molecular interactions and diffusion do not average out. In contrast to models treating calcium dynamics deterministically, the stochastic approach accounts for this molecular noise. We varied Ca2+ diffusion coefficients and buffer reaction rates to tune the autocorrelation properties of Ca2+ noise and found a distinct relation between the autocorrelation time τac, the mean channel open and close times, and the resulting IP3R open probability PO. We observed an increased PO for shorter noise autocorrelation times, caused by increasing channel open times and decreasing close times. In a pure diffusion model the effects become apparent at elevated calcium concentrations, e.g., at [Ca2+] = 25 μM, τac = 0.082 ms, the IP3R open probability increased by ≈20% and mean open times increased by ≈4 ms, compared to a zero noise model. We identified the inactivating Ca2+ binding site of IP3R subunits as the primarily noise-susceptible element of the De Young and Keizer model. Short Ca2+ noise autocorrelation times decrease the probability of Ca2+ association and consequently increase IP3R activity. These results suggest a functional role of local calcium noise properties on calcium-regulated target molecules such as the ubiquitous IP3R. This finding may stimulate novel experimental approaches analyzing the role of calcium noise properties on microdomain behavior.  相似文献   

4.
Mitochondria modulate cellular Ca2+ signals by accumulating the ion via a uniporter and releasing it via Na+- or H+-exchange. In smooth muscle, inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake inhibits Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive receptors (IP3R). At least two mechanisms may explain this effect. First, localised uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria may prevent negative feedback by cytosolic Ca2+ on IP3R activity, or secondly localised provision of Ca2+ by mitochondrial efflux may maintain IP3R function or SR Ca2+ content. To distinguish between these possibilities the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux on IP3R function was examined. IP3 was liberated in freshly isolated single colonic smooth muscle cells and mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchanger inhibited with CGP-37157 (10 μM). Mitochondria accumulated Ca2+ during IP3-evoked [Ca2+]c rises and released the ion back to the cytosol (within 15 s) when mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux was active. When mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux was inhibited by CGP-37157, an extensive and sustained loading of mitochondria with Ca2+ occurred after IP3-evoked Ca2+ release. IP3-evoked [Ca2+]c rises were initially unaffected, then only slowly inhibited by CGP-37157. IP3R activity was required for inhibition to occur; incubation with CGP-37157 for the same duration without IP3 release did not inhibit IP3R. CGP-37157 directly inhibited voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activity, however SR Ca2+ content was unaltered by the drug. Thus, the gradual decline of IP3R function that followed mitochondrial Na+–Ca2+ exchanger inhibition resulted from a gradual overload of mitochondria with Ca2+, leading to a reduced capacity for Ca2+ uptake. Localised uptake of Ca2+ by mitochondria, rather than mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux, appears critical for maintaining IP3R activity.  相似文献   

5.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is implicated in the regulation of signaling pathways leading to changes in vascular smooth muscle function. Contractile effects produced by H2O2 are due to the phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase triggered by increases in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores or influx of extracellular Ca2+. One mechanism for mobilizing such stores involves the phosphoinositide pathway. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ by binding to a family of receptors (IP3Rs) on the endoplasmic–sarcoplasmic reticulum that act as ligand-gated Ca2+ channels. IP3Rs can be rapidly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome, causing a decrease in cellular IP3R content. In this study we show that IP3R1 and IP3R3 are down-regulated when vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are stimulated by H2O2, through an increase in proteasome activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that the decrease in IP3R by H2O2 is accompanied by a reduction in calcium efflux induced by IP3 in VSMC. Also, we observed that angiotensin II (ANGII) induces a decrease in IP3R by activation of NADPH oxidase and that preincubation with H2O2 decreases ANGII-mediated calcium efflux and planar cell surface area in VSMC. The decreased IP3 receptor content observed in cells was also found in aortic rings, which exhibited a decreased ANGII-dependent contraction after treatment with H2O2. Altogether, these results suggest that H2O2 mediates IP3R down-regulation via proteasome activity.  相似文献   

6.
The ability to image calcium movement within individual neurons inspires questions of functionality including whether calcium entry into the nucleus is related to genetic regulation for phenomena such as long term potentiation. Calcium waves have been initiated in hippocampal pyramidal cells with glutmatergic signals both in the presence and absence of back propagating action potentials (BPAPs). The dendritic sites of initiation of these calcium waves within about 100 μm of the soma are thought to be localized near oblique junctions. Stimulation of synapses on oblique dendrites leads to production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) which diffuses to the apical dendrite igniting awaiting IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) and initiating and propagating catalytic calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. We construct a reduced mathematical system which accounts for calcium wave initiation and propagation due to elevated IP3. Inhomogeneity in IP3 distribution is responsible for calcium wave initiation versus subthreshold or spatially uniform suprathreshold activation. However, the likelihood that a calcium wave is initiated does not necessarily increase with more calcium entering from BPAPs. For low transient synaptic stimuli, timing between IP3 generation and BPAPs is critical for calcium wave initiation. We also show that inhomogeneity in IP3R density can account for calcium wave directionality. Simulating somatic muscarinic receptor production of IP3, we can account for the critical difference between calcium wave entry into the soma and failure to do so.  相似文献   

7.
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been identified as a potentially important atherogenic factor. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid and calcium in the vascular wall. OxLDL plays a significant role in altering calcium homeostasis within different cell types. In our previous study, chronic treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with oxLDL depressed Ca2+ i homeostasis and altered two Ca2+ release mechanisms in these cells (IP3 and ryanodine sensitive channels). The purpose of the present study was to further define the effects of chronic treatment with oxLDL on the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump. One of the primary Ca2+ uptake mechanisms in VSMC is through the SERCA2 ATPase calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. VSMC were chronically treated with 0.005-0.1 mg/ml oxLDL for up to 6 days in culture. Cells treated with oxLDL showed a significant increase in the total SERCA2 ATPase content. These changes were observed on both Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis. This increase in SERCA2 ATPase is in striking contrast to a significant decrease in the density of IP3 and ryanodine receptors in VSMC as the result of chronic treatment with oxLDL. This response may suggest a specific adaptive mechanism that the pump undergoes to attempt to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis in VSMC chronically exposed to atherogenic oxLDL.  相似文献   

8.
Resting platelets maintain a stable level of low cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) and high dense tubular system calcium ([Ca2+]dts). During thrombosis, activators cause a transient rise in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) to trigger calcium mobilization from stores and elevation of [Ca2+]cyt. Another major source of [Ca2+]cyt elevation is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through plasmalemmal calcium channels that open in response to store depletion as [Ca2+]dts drops. A 34-species systems model employed kinetics describing IP3-receptor, DTS-plasmalemma puncta formation, SOCE via assembly of STIM1 and Orai1, and the plasmalemma and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases. Four constraints were imposed: calcium homeostasis before activation; stable in zero extracellular calcium; IP3-activatable; and functional SOCE. Using a Monte Carlo method to sample three unknown parameters and nine initial concentrations in a 12-dimensional space near measured or expected values, we found that model configurations that were responsive to stimuli and demonstrated significant SOCE required high inner membrane electric potential (>−70 mV) and low resting IP3 concentrations. The absence of puncta in resting cells was required to prevent spontaneous store depletion in calcium-free media. Ten-fold increases in IP3 caused saturated calcium mobilization. This systems model represents a critical step in being able to predict platelets’ phenotypes during hemostasis or thrombosis.  相似文献   

9.
Resting platelets maintain a stable level of low cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) and high dense tubular system calcium ([Ca2+]dts). During thrombosis, activators cause a transient rise in inositol trisphosphate (IP3) to trigger calcium mobilization from stores and elevation of [Ca2+]cyt. Another major source of [Ca2+]cyt elevation is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through plasmalemmal calcium channels that open in response to store depletion as [Ca2+]dts drops. A 34-species systems model employed kinetics describing IP3-receptor, DTS-plasmalemma puncta formation, SOCE via assembly of STIM1 and Orai1, and the plasmalemma and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases. Four constraints were imposed: calcium homeostasis before activation; stable in zero extracellular calcium; IP3-activatable; and functional SOCE. Using a Monte Carlo method to sample three unknown parameters and nine initial concentrations in a 12-dimensional space near measured or expected values, we found that model configurations that were responsive to stimuli and demonstrated significant SOCE required high inner membrane electric potential (>−70 mV) and low resting IP3 concentrations. The absence of puncta in resting cells was required to prevent spontaneous store depletion in calcium-free media. Ten-fold increases in IP3 caused saturated calcium mobilization. This systems model represents a critical step in being able to predict platelets’ phenotypes during hemostasis or thrombosis.  相似文献   

10.
Smooth muscle responds to IP3‐generating agonists by producing Ca2+ waves. Here, the mechanism of wave progression has been investigated in voltage‐clamped single smooth muscle cells using localized photolysis of caged IP3 and the caged Ca2+ buffer diazo‐2. Waves, evoked by the IP3‐generating agonist carbachol (CCh), initiated as a uniform rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) over a single though substantial length (~30 µm) of the cell. During regenerative propagation, the wave‐front was about 1/3 the length (~9 µm) of the initiation site. The wave‐front progressed at a relatively constant velocity although amplitude varied through the cell; differences in sensitivity to IP3 may explain the amplitude changes. Ca2+ was required for IP3‐mediated wave progression to occur. Increasing the Ca2+ buffer capacity in a small (2 µm) region immediately in front of a CCh‐evoked Ca2+ wave halted progression at the site. However, the wave front does not progress by Ca2+‐dependent positive feedback alone. In support, colliding [Ca2+]c increases from locally released IP3 did not annihilate but approximately doubled in amplitude. This result suggests that local IP3‐evoked [Ca2+]c increases diffused passively. Failure of local increases in IP3 to evoke waves appears to arise from the restricted nature of the IP3 increase. When IP3 was elevated throughout the cell, a localized increase in Ca2+ now propagated as a wave. Together, these results suggest that waves initiate over a surprisingly large length of the cell and that both IP3 and Ca2+ are required for active propagation of the wave front to occur. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 334–344, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

11.
《Insect Biochemistry》1990,20(1):83-89
Isolated tick salivary glands, permeabilized with digitonin in the presence of the Ca2+ uptake inhibitors, sodium azide and vanadate, released Ca2+ in response to 20 μM inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Inositol-1-phosphate (IP1) and inositol-1,4-bisphosphate (IP2) appeared to stimulate an uptake of Ca2+ into whole glands. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate caused release of Ca2+ from a 100,000 g microsome enriched pellet; however, IP1 and IP2 were ineffective in stimulating an uptake or efflux of Ca2+. The combined 900 and 11,500 g pellets showed no significant release of Ca2+ in response to addition of IP3. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate concentrations as low as 1 μM are capable of stimulating a significant release of Ca2+ from microsomes. Results suggest that intracellular Ca2+ is mobilized from microsomal intracellular stores in response to agonists which increase cytosolic IP3 in tick salivary glands. Results also suggest a possible role for IP1 and IP2 or both in stimulating an uptake of Ca2+ into vanadate and azide-insensitive intracellular pools.  相似文献   

12.
Many agonists bring about their effects on cellular functions through a rise incytosolic [Ca2+]([Ca2+]c) mediated by the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Imaging studiesof single cells have demonstrated that [Ca2+]c signals display cell specific spatiotemporalorganization that is established by coordinated activation of IP3 receptor Ca2+ channels.Evidence emerges that cytosolic calcium signals elicited by activation of the IP3 receptors areefficiently transmitted to the mitochondria. An important function of mitochondrial calciumsignals is to activate the Ca2+-sensitive mitochondrial dehydrogenases, and thereby to meetdemands for increased energy in stimulated cells. Activation of the permeability transitionpore (PTP) by mitochondrial calcium signals may also be involved in the control of cell death.Furthermore, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport appears to modulate the spatiotemporal organizationof [Ca2+]c responses evoked by IP3 and so mitochondria may be important in cytosolic calciumsignaling as well. This paper summarizes recent research to elucidate the mechanisms andsignificance of IP3-dependent mitochondrial calcium signaling.  相似文献   

13.
Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In response to stimulation, Ca2+ increase in a single cell can propagate to neighbouring cells through gap junctions, as intercellular Ca2+ waves. To investigate the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ wave propagation between smooth muscle cells, we used primary cultured rat mesenteric smooth muscle cells (pSMCs). Cells were aligned with the microcontact printing technique and a single pSMC was locally stimulated by mechanical stimulation or by microejection of KCl. Mechanical stimulation evoked two distinct Ca2+ waves: (1) a fast wave (2 mm/s) that propagated to all neighbouring cells, and (2) a slow wave (20 μm/s) that was spatially limited in propagation. KCl induced only fast Ca2+ waves of the same velocity as the mechanically induced fast waves. Inhibition of gap junctions, voltage-operated calcium channels, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine receptors, shows that the fast wave was due to gap junction mediated membrane depolarization and subsequent Ca2+ influx through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels, whereas, the slow wave was due to Ca2+ release primarily through IP3 receptors. Altogether, these results indicate that temporally and spatially distinct mechanisms allow intercellular communication between SMCs. In intact arteries this may allow fine tuning of vessel tone.  相似文献   

14.
Oscillatory fluctuations in the cytosolic concentration of free calcium ions (Ca2+) are considered a ubiquitous mechanism for controlling multiple cellular processes. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3R) are intracellular Ca2+ release channels that mediate Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. The three IP3R subtypes described so far exhibit differential structural, biophysical, and biochemical properties. Subtype specific regulation of IP3R by the endogenous modulators IP3, Ca2+, protein kinases and associated proteins have been thoroughly examined. In this article we will review the contribution of each IP3R subtype in shaping cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations.  相似文献   

15.
Numerous cellular processes are regulated by Ca2+ signals, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane's inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) is critical for modulating intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. The IP3Rs are seen to be clustered in a variety of cell types. The combination of IP3Rs clustering and IP3Rs-mediated Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release results in the hierarchical organization of the Ca2+ signals, which challenges the numerical simulation given the multiple spatial and temporal scales that must be covered. The previous methods rather ignore the spatial feature of IP3Rs or fail to coordinate the conflicts between the real biological relevance and the computational cost. In this work, a general and efficient reduced-lattice model is presented for the simulation of IP3Rs-mediated multiscale Ca2+ dynamics. The model highlights biological details that make up the majority of the calcium events, including IP3Rs clustering and calcium domains, and it reduces the complexity by approximating the minor details. The model's extensibility provides fresh insights into the function of IP3Rs in producing global Ca2+ events and supports the research under more physiological circumstances. Our work contributes to a novel toolkit for modeling multiscale Ca2+ dynamics and advances knowledge of Ca2+ signals.  相似文献   

16.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are intracellular Ca2+ channels. Their regulation by both IP3 and Ca2+ allows interactions between IP3Rs to generate a hierarchy of intracellular Ca2+ release events. These can progress from openings of single IP3R, through near-synchronous opening of a few IP3Rs within a cluster to much larger signals that give rise to regenerative Ca2+ waves that can invade the entire cell. We have used patch-clamp recording from excised nuclear membranes of DT40 cells expressing only IP3R3 and shown that low concentrations of IP3 rapidly and reversibly cause IP3Rs to assemble into small clusters. In addition to bringing IP3Rs close enough to allow Ca2+ released by one IP3R to regulate the activity of its neighbors, clustering also retunes the regulation of IP3Rs by IP3 and Ca2+. At resting cytosolic [Ca2+], lone IP3R are more sensitive to IP3 and the mean channel open time (~10ms) is twice as long as for clustered IP3R. When the cytosolic free [Ca2+] is increased to 1µM, to mimic the conditions that might prevail when an IP3R within a cluster opens, clustered IP3R are no longer inhibited and their gating becomes coupled. IP3, by dynamically regulating IP3R clustering, both positions IP3R for optimal interactions between them and it serves to exaggerate the effects of Ca2+ within a cluster. During the course of these studies, we have observed that nuclear IP3R stably express one of two single channel K + conductances (γK ~120 or 200pS). Here we demonstrate that for both states of the IP3R, the effects of IP3 on clustering are indistinguishable. These observations reinforce our conclusion that IP3 dynamically regulates assembly of IP3Rs into clusters that underlie the hierarchical recruitment of elementary Ca2+ release events.  相似文献   

17.
Yoo SH 《Cell calcium》2011,50(2):175-183
The majority of secretory cell calcium is stored in secretory granules that serve as the major IP3-dependent intracellular Ca2+ store. Even in unicellular phytoplankton secretory granules are responsible for the IP3-induced Ca2+ release that triggers exocytosis. The number of secretory granules in the cell is directly related not only to the magnitude of IP3-induced Ca2+ release, which accounts for the majority of the IP3-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ release in neuroendocrine cells, but also to the IP3 sensitivity of the cytoplasmic IP3 receptor (IP3R)/Ca2+ channels. Moreover, secretory granules contain the highest IP3R concentrations and the largest amounts of IP3Rs in any subcellular organelles in neuroendocrine cells. Secretory granules from phytoplankton to mammals contain large amounts of polyanionic molecules, chromogranins being the major molecules in mammals, in addition to acidic intragranular pH and high Ca2+ concentrations. The polyanionic molecules undergo pH- and Ca2+-dependent conformational changes that serve as a molecular basis for condensation-decondensation phase transitions of the intragranular matrix. Likewise, chromogranins undergo pH- and Ca2+-dependent conformational changes with increased exposure of the structure and increased interactions with Ca2+ and other granule components at acidic pH. The unique physico-chemical properties of polyanionic molecules appear to be at the center of biogenesis, and physiological functions of secretory granules in living organisms from primitive to advanced species.  相似文献   

18.

Objective

Computational models of calcium (Ca2+) signaling have been constructed for several cell types. There are, however, no such models for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Our aim was to construct a Ca2+ signaling model for RPE based on our experimental data of mechanically induced Ca2+ wave in the in vitro model of RPE, the ARPE-19 monolayer.

Methods

We combined six essential Ca2+ signaling components into a model: stretch-sensitive Ca2+ channels (SSCCs), P2Y2 receptors, IP3 receptors, ryanodine receptors, Ca2+ pumps, and gap junctions. The cells in our epithelial model are connected to each other to enable transport of signaling molecules. Parameterization was done by tuning the above model components so that the simulated Ca2+ waves reproduced our control experimental data and data where gap junctions were blocked.

Results

Our model was able to explain Ca2+ signaling in ARPE-19 cells, and the basic mechanism was found to be as follows: 1) Cells near the stimulus site are likely to conduct Ca2+ through plasma membrane SSCCs and gap junctions conduct the Ca2+ and IP3 between cells further away. 2) Most likely the stimulated cell secretes ligand to the extracellular space where the ligand diffusion mediates the Ca2+ signal so that the ligand concentration decreases with distance. 3) The phosphorylation of the IP3 receptor defines the cell’s sensitivity to the extracellular ligand attenuating the Ca2+ signal in the distance.

Conclusions

The developed model was able to simulate an array of experimental data including drug effects. Furthermore, our simulations predict that suramin may interfere ligand binding on P2Y2 receptors or accelerate P2Y2 receptor phosphorylation, which may partially be the reason for Ca2+ wave attenuation by suramin. Being the first RPE Ca2+ signaling model created based on experimental data on ARPE-19 cell line, the model offers a platform for further modeling of native RPE functions.  相似文献   

19.
The source, time course and stoichiometry of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) during contraction were examined in smooth muscle cells isolated from the guinea pig and human stomach. Contraction by receptor-linked agonists (eg, acetylcholine, cholecystokinin octapeptide and Met-enkephalin) was preceded by stoichiometric increases in [Ca2+]i and net 45Ca2+ efflux that were maintained in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ or in the presence of a Ca2+ channel blocker (13600). The intracellular Ca2+ store could be depleted by repeated stimulation with all agonists in Ca2+-free medium or in the presence of 13600 resulting in loss of contractile response; response was restored by re-exposure of the cells to Ca2+.The source of intracellular Ca2+ an the signal for its release were examined in saponin-permeabilized muscle cells. The cells retained their ability to contract in response to receptor-linked agonists and developed an ability to contract in response to inositol trisphosphate (IP3). The cells accumulated Ca2+ to the same extent as intact muscle cells, but only in the presence of ATP. IP3 caused a prompt, concentration-dependent increase in contraction, [Ca2+]i and net 45Ca2+ efflux. These effects were maximally similar to those produced by CCK-8 alone or in combination with IP3: Depletion of the Ca2+ store by repeated stimulation of single muscle cells in Ca2+-free medium with IP3, acetylcholine or CCK-8 separately resulted in loss of contractile response to all three agents; the response was restored by re-exposure of the muscle cell to a cytosol-like perfusate (Ca2+ 180 nM).The studies demonstrate that a product of membrane phosphoinositide hydrolysis is capable of mobilizing Ca2+ from a depletable, non-mitochondrial intracellular store that is utilized by receptor-linked agonists. The magnitude of IP3-induced Ca2+ release is correlated with contraction.  相似文献   

20.
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