湖南道县后背山福岩洞2011年发掘报告

福岩洞位于湖南省道县乐福堂乡, 2011年9~10月间, 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所和湖南省文物考古研究所在道县文物管理局的配合下, 对该洞穴进行了发掘, 揭露面积约20㎡。调查显示, 福岩洞属于大型管道型溶洞, 发育于上古生界碳酸盐岩系内, 遗址周边属于峰林和溶盆地貌, 处于岩溶发育的后期。洞内堆积发育, 以砂砾石层和红黏土为主。本次发掘出土5枚古人类牙齿化石和大量哺乳动物化石, 其中人类牙齿总体形态特征与现代人(Homo sapiens)接近; 哺乳动物化石中已鉴定出39种(含未定种), 其中灭绝种只有巴氏大熊猫、最后鬣狗、剑齿象、巨貘、南方猪等; 结合铀系法初步年代测定和动物群面貌判断, 古人类活动的年代大致为晚更新世。本次发掘表明, 该遗址仍有较大的工作潜力, 对其进一步发掘和研究将为探讨古人类在该区域的演化和生活方式提供有价值的科学信息。     

G蛋白亚单位基因家族研究进展

G蛋白由α、β、γ三个亚单位组成异源三聚体。目前已发现16个α、6个β和12个γ基因。G蛋白亚单位基因家族相当保守并且原始,几乎所有G蛋白基因外显子-内含子连接均遵从GT-AG规则,并且各亚单位基因编码区内含子结构和位置显示出很高的保守性。多数G蛋白基因具有持家基因的特点。G蛋白基因在基因组中的分布存在着丛集的倾向,有5对α基因呈二联串连排列。     

HZ201树脂在新型酶法制备D-茶氨酸中的应用

以新型物质D-茶氨酸的酶法制备过程为研究对象,考察了HZ201(Cl~-)强碱型阴离子树脂在不同温度下吸附情况及动态实验的洗脱流速,研究结果表明:在25℃时,以8 mL/min稀HCl洗脱,分离出D,L-N-乙基海因丙酰胺酶转化产物,经结构鉴定为N-氨甲酰-D-茶氨酸,该新物质收率达71%,为D-茶氨酸的生物法制备提供了新途径。     

Nasal cavity carcinogenesis by N-nitrosamines: a critical appraisal

This review is a critical appraisal of our current knowledge on nasal cavity carcinogenesis by nitrosamines. The pathology and pathogenesis of nitrosamine-induced tumors in the nasal cavity of rodents is summarized while controversies on the underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed in more detail. Investigations on the distribution of metabolically competent cell types, the cellular site(s) of nitrosamine metabolism, as well as reports on the cellular distribution and persistence of DNA-adducts strongly suggest that DNA-adducts formed from reactive metabolites are not immediately responsible for the genesis of nasal cavity tumors. A preexisting high proliferative ability has also been suggested as a factor rendering certain cell types more susceptible to the carcinogenic actions of nitrosamines in the nasal cavity. However, this hypothesis has been clearly rejected by more recent investigations. Recent studies have shown that nitrosamines can stimulate the secretion of growth factors via interaction with neurotransmitter receptors in the lungs and that this molecular mechanism is an important factor in determining the histological phenotype of the developing lung tumors. In light of the fact that secretory cells are the main sites of DNA-adduct accumulation and toxic lesions in the nasal cavities of nitrosamine treated rodents, it is suggested that similar mechanisms may mediate the genesis of nitrosamine-induced nasal cavity tumors.     

疾病干预的新靶点:嘌呤与嘧啶受体

内源性核苷、核苷酸通过嘌呤与嘧啶受体(P受体),参与机体组织器官多种功能的调节。在肿瘤、细胞凋亡、局部缺血、伤口愈合、骨质疏松、药物毒性、炎症及痛觉等病理状态下,P受体的内源性配体核苷与核苷酸发挥保护作用,P1、P2受体及其受体亚型的选择性激动剂和桔抗剂具有宽广的临床应用前景。     

过表达NtMYB4a基因增强烟草抗旱能力

为探究转录因子NtMYB4a参与调控烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)抵抗干旱胁迫的能力,以NtMYB4a过表达株系(OE)、敲除株系(KO)和野生型(WT)为材料,通过盆栽实验模拟自然干旱胁迫,对比分析三个株系在干旱胁迫0、2、4、6、8 d和复水2 d后的光合特征、根系活力、叶绿素、脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及抗氧化酶活性等指标。结果表明,OE株系的净光合速率(Pn)、根系活力、叶绿素含量、Pro含量以及SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著高于WT株系,而蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、MDA含量则显著低于WT株系;KO株系多数时期Pn、根系活力、叶绿素含量、Pro含量及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著低于WT株系,Tr、Gs、MDA含量则显著高于WT株系。因此,超表达NtMYB4a可能通过提高烟草的光合能力、根系活力和抗氧化酶活性,减少细胞膜损伤来提高烟苗抗旱性。     

Osmoprotective effect of ubiquinone in lipid vesicles modelling the E. coli plasma membrane

Bacteria need to be able to adapt to sudden changes in their environment, including drastic changes in the surrounding osmolarity. As part of this adaptation, the cells adjust the composition of their cytoplasmic membrane. Recent studies have shown that ubiquinones, lipid soluble molecules involved in cell respiration, are overproduced by bacteria grown in hyperosmotic conditions and it is thus believed that these molecules can provide with osmoprotection. Hereby we explore the mechanisms behind these observations. Liposomes with a lipid headgroup composition mimicking that of the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli are used as suitable models. The effect of ubiquinone-10 (Q10) on water transport across the membranes is characterized using a custom developed fluorescence-based experimental approach to simultaneously determine the membrane permeability coefficient and estimate the elastic resistance of the membrane towards deformation. It is shown that both parameters are affected by the presence of ubiquinone-10. Solanesol, a molecule similar to Q10 but lacking the quinone headgroup, also provides with osmoprotection although it only improves the resistance of the membrane against deformation. The fluorescence experiments are complemented by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy studies showing that the E. coli membrane mimics tend to flatten into spheroid oblate structures when osmotically stressed, suggesting the possibility of lipid segregation. In agreement with its proposed osmoprotective role, the flattening process is hindered by the presence of Q10.     

萨拉乌苏遗址的新材料:范家沟湾1980年出土的旧石器

本文报道的旧石器制品出自1980年萨拉乌苏遗址范家沟湾地点的发掘。这是1923年第一次对萨拉乌苏遗址杨四沟湾地点发掘以来收获最大的一次。这两个相邻的地点在地层结构、出土文化遗物和共生动物化石的性质等方面均可对比,因此新地点可看作是萨拉乌苏遗址研究的延续或扩展。本文着重对旧石器石制品的测量和观察,对石器工业的技术和类型学问题也进行一些探讨。其它材料和问题将另文报道和讨论。     

贵州黔西县少数民族ABO血型分布及基因频率调查

对贵州黔西县1260例6个少数民族人群红细胞ABO表现型进行了检测;结果如下:贵州黔西县布依族、满族、苗族、白族这四个民族的ABO血型基因频率很相近,彝族和仡佬族与这4个民族的差别较大,布依族,苗族,满族,白族ABO血型分布为O>B>A>AB,彝族为O>A>B>AB,仡佬族为A>O>B>AB;经Hardy Weinberg吻合度检测可以证明贵州黔西县的ABO血型表现型分布状况及基因频率相对稳定,其分布符合hardy Weinberg平衡,获得了该地ABO血型系统群体遗传学数据,为群体遗传学的研究提供了一定的资料。     

北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨的错(牙合)畸形

本文选择辽宁北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨中牙列较完整的个体进行了错He畸形的调查。初步探讨了我国魏晋十六国时期古代居民中错He畸形的发病情况,结果显示：1)辽宁北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨错He畸形的患病率为42．53％;在错He个体中,前牙拥挤所占比例最大,为56．76％;在Angle氏错He分类中,AngleⅠ类所占比例最大,为70．27％;2)错He畸形的患病率性别差异无统计学意义;3)人类经济类型所决定的饮食结构的改变与错He畸形的发病原因有关系。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Heteroepichloë</Emphasis>, gen. nov. (Clavicipitaceae; Ascomycotina) on bamboo plants in East Asia

The causal agents of witches' broom of bamboo plants in East Asia, Epichloë bambusae and E. sasae, were morphologically and phylogenetically examined. The phylogenetic studies were conducted using ITS 1, 2, and 5.8 S rDNA regions. Both Epichloë species produce Ephelis-type conidia in artificial medium and are phylogenetically situated in different clades from Epichloë and Parepichloë. Here, we propose a new genus Heteroepichloë for these two bambsicolous Epichloë species.     

2,4‑Di‑tert‑butylphenol,a potential HDAC6 inhibitor,induces senescence and mitotic catastrophe in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells

The natural product 2,4?di?tert?butylphenol (DTBP) has a wide spectrum of biological functions, including anticancer activities, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we found that DTBP induces senescence in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells as evidenced by upregulation of p21 and Rb and increased β?galactosidase activity. DTBP also induces mitotic catastrophe and generates multinucleated cells, which is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of polymerized tubulin, possibly caused by inhibition of HDAC6 enzyme activity. In silico docking analysis showed that DTBP docked at the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket of the HDAC6 enzyme. Accordingly, DTBP represents a promising lead structure for the development of HDAC6 inhibitors, with an improvement in specificity conferred by modification of the cap group. We propose for the first time that the underlying mechanism of the anticancer activity of DTBP is attributed to inhibition of HDAC6 activity.     

Predynastic egyptian stature and physical proportions

An attempt has been made to estimate male and female Egyptian stature from long bone length usingTrotter &Gleser negro stature formulae, previous work by the authors having shown that these rather than white formulae give more consistent results with male dynastic material. Evidence is presented that the tibia length should include the spine in the later (1958) formulae and should exclude it in the earlier (1952) formulae. It is also shown that better results are obtained if the constants in the stature formulae are modified so as to conform more exactly with the basic data published byTrotter &Gleser. When consistency has been achieved in this way, predynastic, proportions are founded to be such that distal segments of the limbs are even longer in relation to the proximal segments than they are in modern negroes. Such proportions are termed ?super-negroid?.     

Linear,cyclic, and polypeptides having the sequence -Asp-ϵAhx-Ser-ϵAhx-His-ϵAhx- as catalysts in the ester hydrolytic reactions

Box-Asp-?Ahx-Ser-?Ahx-His-?Ahx-OEt(Linear-6), cyclo(-Asp-?Ahx-Ser-?Ahx-His-?Ahx-)(Cyclic-6) and poly(-Asp-?Ahx-Ser-?Ahx-His-?Ahx-)(Poly-6) were synthesized, and their catalytic actions in the hydrolysis of PNPA were investigated. Linear-6 was prepared by fragment condensations of three peptides having the sequence -Asp(OBzl)-?Ahx-, -Ser(Bzl)-?Ahx- and -His-?Ahx-, respectively, and subsequent debenzylation. Cyclic-6 and Poly-6 were obtained by cyclization and polymerization, respectively, of H-Asp(OBzl)-?Ahx-Ser(Bzl)-?Ahx-His-?Ahx-OH with DPPA, and subsequent deprotections. The reaction velocities in the hydrolysis of PNPA were all proportional to [E] or [S], and all peptides gave the bell-shaped pH-κ_cat profiles having optima around pH 8.2. The reaction velocity of Cyclic-6 was always larger than that of Linear-6 or Poly-6. The velocities of all reactions increased steadily with rise in temperature, and the Arrhenius' plots from T-k_cat relations suggested that the activation energy for the reaction catalysed by Poly-6 is larger than that by Linear- or Cyclic-6. Brief results for the hydrolysis of other substrates, the solvent isotope effect, and the conformational study with c.d. measurements are also reported.     

山东细石器遗存以及对"凤凰岭文化"的重新认识

本文对山东南部地区出土于4个旧石器时代晚期遗址的石制品进行初步的类型学观察,发现其石制品工艺技术比我们过去所认识到的要复杂的多。凤凰岭、青峰岭和望海楼3处遗址带有明显的细石器工艺特点,而望海楼的石制品与前二者在原料使用和制作技艺等方面又有所不同。尤为重要的是,新的研究表明黑龙潭遗址的原生文化层位表现为以特有的石片石核为主的石制品工艺,并非过去认为的细石器遗存。2001年秋季对黑龙潭遗址的补充发掘证实过去在该遗址发现的细石器遗物来自次生堆积。因此几种明显不同的石器技术传统可能共存于这一地区,“凤凰岭文化”已不足以概括鲁南旧石器晚期的石器文化,需予以重新审视。     

间充质干细胞在疾病治疗中的应用潜力

间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cell,MSCs）是衍生自中胚层的多能细胞,可产生多种间充质谱系,包括成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、成软骨细胞和肌细胞。MSCs还具有分泌多种细胞因子的能力,可促进血管生成、上皮再生等,在再生医学领域具有巨大的潜力。研究证实,MSCs可通过分化为多种细胞类型促进组织再生,加速伤口愈合;通过分泌细胞因子改善组织纤维化;还可通过携带载体药物诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡,抑制肿瘤的发展。然而MSCs的成纤维化潜能和促进肿瘤生长的能力降低了MSCs应用于临床治疗的安全性。总结了MSCs在肿瘤、慢性难愈合伤口、纤维化等疾病发展过程中的作用,并进一步讨论了MSCs在临床相关疾病治疗中的潜在应用价值及挑战,以期为间充质干细胞的临床应用提供参考。     

Description of two new species of the genus Gobio (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Black Sea coast of Turkey

Thesystematics of the genus Gobio, especially of the populations on the southern Black Sea coast, seems to be still far from being resolved. Seven species were rec-orded from the northern Black Sea coast while three species were recognized from the southern Black Sea coast. We examined in total 43 specimens from K?z?l?rmak River (southern Black Sea basin), 80 specimens from Çoruh River (the Western Cau-casus of the Black Sea basin), 14 specimens from Rioni River (the Western Caucasus of the Black Sea basin), and 6 specimens from Kherota and Shakhe Rivers (the Western Caucasus of the Black Sea basin). Based on an analysis of 32 metric and 5 meristic data as well as the number of vertebrae, we concluded that the K?z?l?rmak and Coruh populations are two distinct, unnamed species, and we describe them here as Gobio kizilirmakensis from the K?z?l?rmak River and G. artvinicus from the Çoruh River.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1ED54FB1-588F-4412-B376-4BE4E4516EB1     

细菌表面呈现技术研究进展

自从首次描述外源蛋白在大肠杆菌表面呈现成功以来,细菌表面呈现技术得到了迅猛的发展,无论是革兰氏阴性菌还是革兰氏阳性菌都可用于异源蛋白的表面呈现,该技术被应用于微生物学、免疫学、分子生物学、疫苗学以及生物工程的多个领域的基础和应用研究。