The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of The world

Abstract A key is given to the world genera of the chalcidoid family Aphelinidae. Forty-four genera are accepted as valid, including three described as new, Encarsiella (type-species E.noyesi sp.n.), Hirtaphelinus (type-species H.smetanai sp.n.) and Samariola (type-species S.camerounensis sp.n.). The key is followed by a synopsis of the world genera, which includes: (1) citations of valid genera and their synonyms in chronological order; (2) total or approximate number of described species; (3) distribution in the six zoogeographical regions; (4) references mainly to major works and revisions; and (5) comments, especially on the new synonymies introduced in the present paper. The following new synonymies are proposed (the senior synonyms (valid names) are noted in parentheses): Aleurodiphilus DeBach & Rose ( Encarsia Foerster); Aneristus Howard, Ataneostigma Girault, Heptacritus De Santis ( Coccophagus Westwood); Artas Howard (Pteroptrix Westwood); Plastocharella Girault, Turmidiscapus Girault ( Centrodora Foerster); Encyrtophyscus Blanchard, Physculus Jasnosh, Physcus Howard ( Coccobius Ratzeburg); Mesidia Foerster ( Aphelinus Dalman); Paranthemus Girault ( Cales Howard); Primaprospaltella DeBach & LaSalle ( Coccophagoides Girault). The following genera are regarded as of doubtful position: Mesopirene Girault, Neocales Risbec, Paulianaphelinus Risbec and Verekia Risbec.     

Parasitoids of obscure mealybug,Pseudococcus viburni (Hem.: Pseudococcidae) in California: establishment of Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Hym.: Encyrtidae) and discussion of related parasitoid species

To improve natural suppression of the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), the parasitoids Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) and Leptomastix epona (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of Chilean origin were released in California's Central Coast vineyards from 1997 to 1999. A survey for parasitoids of P. viburni was conducted in the Edna Valley appellation wine grape region from 2005 to 2007, 6–8 years after classical biological control releases were discontinued. Two survey methods were used. First, field collections of obscure mealybugs from commercial vineyard blocks (2005–2007) and, second, placement of “sentinel mealybugs” on potted (1 L) grape vines (2006 only). From both survey methods, P. flavidulus was recovered, albeit levels of parasitism were low (less than 0.6%). We also placed longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), on potted plants concurrent with placement of sentinel obscure mealybugs in the vineyard in order to measure parasitoid activity on this closely-related mealybug species. No P. flavidulus were recovered from P. longispinus. Other encyrtid parasitoids reared from either P. viburni or P. longispinus were Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault), Leptomastix dactylopii Howard, Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault), Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault, and Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere). A hyperparasitoid, Chaetocerus sp., was also reared. The data are discussed with respect to biological control of vineyard mealybugs and newly developed controls for the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Because Pseudaphycus species reared from mealybugs are superficially very similar a taxonomic key and discussion of host relationships for selected Pseudaphycus species are provided.     

A review of encyrtid wasps of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anicetus</Emphasis> Howard, 1896 (Hymenoptera,Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) of the new world,Hawaiian Islands,and Australia with description of new species from Mexico

The review contains a characteristic (with diagnosis) of the genus Anicetus Howard, 1896, a key to the females of the 12 species known from the New World, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia, and a synopsis of the species with data on their distribution, hosts, biology, ecesis, and use in biological control of injurious coccids. Two new species are described from Mexico: Anicetus myartsevae sp. n. and A. villarreali sp. n. Anicetus carolinensis J. Meyer, 2001 from the USA is excluded from the genus and transferred to Homosemion Annecke, 1967. A new combination is established: Anicetus argentinus (Fidalgo, 1979), comb. n. from Paraceraptrocerus Girault, 1920, which is a synonym of Anicetus. The paper is based on the author’s work in the insect depositories of the USA (Washington, San Francisco, and Riverside), Mexico (Ciudad Victoria), and Russia (St. Petersburg). Anicetus myartsevae sp. n. is compared with the Mexican A. primus (Howard, 1898), from which it differs in the antennal scape half as long dorsally as at base (as long as that in A. primus), the legs more or less extensively dark (mainly yellow in A. primus), and the face with a dark transverse stripe (without stripe in A. primus). Anicetus villarrieli sp. n. is a short-winged species.     

Phylogenetic implications of the mesofurca in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Aphelinidae

The skeletomusculature of the mesofurcal–mesopostnotal complex is surveyed within the Chalcidoidea. Four internal character systems are assessed for their phylogenetic significance: the mesofurcal bridge, the structure and position of the furcal–laterophragmal muscle, the structure of the lateral arms of the mesofurca, and the supporting structures for the interfurcal muscles. Among Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea are unique in having the furcal–laterophragmal muscle attached along the entire length of the laterophragmal apodeme. Also the furcal–laterophragmal muscle originates medial to the junction of the mesofurcal bridge and lateral mesofurcal arm in most Chalcidoidea. Mymarommatidae do not share either of these apomorphic states with Chalcidoidea. Within Chalcidoidea, apomorphic character states were found in each of Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Rotoitidae, Signiphoridae, Tanaostigmatidae and Trichogrammatidae. For taxa classified as Aphelinidae, the plesiomorphic complement of structures and muscle attachments is retained in Eriaphytinae and Eriaporinae. The mesofurcal bridge is considered to have been lost at least twice in each of Aphelininae and Coccophaginae. Similar interfurcal processes, resulting from loss of the mesofurcal bridge, support the monophyly of Aphelininae (Aphelinini, Aphytini and Eutrichosomellini). Azotinae are placed as the sister group of Aphelininae because of a similar lateral origin of the laterophragmal muscle and the shape of the mesofurcal arms. Other than loss of the mesofurcal bridge, no character states were shared by Azotinae and Coccophaginae. Coccophaginae (Coccophagini and Pteroptricini) are regarded as monophyletic based on the loss of the mesofurcal bridge, the peculiar shape of the mesofurca, and a unique modification of the laterophragmal muscle. Euxanthellus is removed from synonomy with Coccophagus and may be best treated as a separate tribe of Coccophaginae based on the shape of the lateral mesofurcal arms and the presence of a mesofurcal bridge. The shape of the mesofurca suggests a monophyletic grouping of Cales, Eretmocerus and Trichogrammatidae that could render Aphelinidae paraphyletic.     

First record of the tribe Trigonoderini (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from South Korea with descriptions of two new species

The tribe Trigonoderini (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) contains six genera (Gastracanthus Westwood, Janssoniella Kerrich, Miscogasteriella Girault, Platygerrhus Thomson, Plutothrix Förster and Trigonoderus Westwood). This tribe is recorded from South Korea for the first time. Two new species, Janssoniella albiclava Tselikh & Lee sp. nov. from South Korea and J. magna Tselikh & Lee sp. nov. from South Korea and the South Far East of Russia, are described. Eight species (Gastracanthus acutus (Kamijo), G. nigrescens Kamijo, Janssoniella intermedia Hedqvist, Miscogasteriella sulcate (Kamijo), Plutothrix scrobicula Kamijo, P. trifasciata (Thomson), Trigonoderus fraxini Yang and T. nigrocephalus Kamijo) are recorded from South Korea for the first time. The keys for identification of the Eastern–Palearctic species of Janssoniella and Gastracanthus are given and photos of diagnostic characters of the new species are provided.     

New fossil Ochteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Ochteroidea) from the Upper Mesozoic of north‐eastern China,with phylogeny of the family

Specimens of the velvety shore bugs (Hemiptera: Ochtheridae) occur in the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in north‐eastern China. We describe two new genera and three new species –Pristinochterus ovatus Yao, Zhang & Ren sp. nov., Floricaudus multilocellus Yao, Ren & Shih gen.n. et sp.n. and Angulochterus quatrimaculatus Yao, Zhang & Ren gen.n. et sp.n. – from this deposit. A cladistic analysis based on a combination of fossil and extant taxa, and their morphological characters, clarifies the phylogenetic status of the new fossils and allows the reconstruction of relationships within the family Ochteridae. Two main clades within Ochteridae are recognized from the cladistic analysis: Pristinochterus Yao Cai & Ren and Floricaudus Yao, Ren & Shih gen.n. form a monophyletic lineage; and Angulochterus Yao, Zhang & Ren gen.n. emerges as a sister group to all extant velvety shore bugs. A key to all fossil and extant genera of Ochteridae is provided.     

Phylogeny of Evanioidea (Hymenoptera,Apocrita), with descriptions of new Mesozoic species from China and Myanmar

The phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea is presented using morphology and DNA sequence data of selected extant and fossil genera by employing two phylogenetic methods, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Based on our new results, the monophyly of Evanioidea is corroborated. Evanioidea, Anomopterellidae, Othniodellithidae, Andreneliidae and Evaniidae are monophyletic families, while Praeaulacidae, Aulacidae, Baissidae and Gasteruptiidae are paraphyletic families. In addition, four new genera (Sinuevania gen.n. , Curtevania gen.n. , Exilaulacus gen.n. , Heterobaissa gen.n. ) with five new species (Sinuevania mira sp.n. , Curtevania enervia sp.n. , Exilaulacus loculatus sp.n. , Exilaulacus latus sp.n. , Heterobaissa apetiola sp.n. ), and five additionally new species (Newjersevania longa sp.n. , Newjersevania brevis sp.n. , Cretevania tenuis sp.n. , Cretevania venae sp.n. , Praeaulacus rectus sp.n. ) and one new combination [Cretevania mitis (Li, Shih & Ren, 2014a) comb.n. ] are described based on well‐preserved fossils from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Inner Mongolia, China, the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Liaoning, and mid‐Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. This study documents the diversification of one major lineage of the mid‐Mesozoic parasitoid revolution that dramatically changed food‐web relationships in terrestrial ecosystems. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CBC04ADA‐0176‐402D‐9B43‐E1B3CDA080E1 .     

Cephenniini with prothoracic glands and internal cavities: new taxa,enigmatic characters and phylogeny of the Cephennomicrus group of genera (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Genera of the Cephennomicrus group of the Cephenniini (Scydmaenitae) are revised, and the following new taxa are described: Trichokrater gen.n. , Trichokrater ekkentros sp.n. (type species of Trichokrater) (Borneo), Cephennococcus gen.n. , Cephennococcus kuchingensis sp.n. (type species of Cephennococcus) (Borneo), Cephennococcus kenyirensis sp.n. (West Malaysia), Cephennococcus crassus sp.n. (Borneo), Cephennococcus minutissimus sp.n. (West Malaysia), Pomphopsilla gen.n. , Pomphopsilla luhya sp.n. (type species of Pomphopsilla) (Kenya) and Pomphopsilla soror sp.n. (Kenya). Unique subcuticular pockets with setose openings on the pronotum of Trurlia and Trichokrater are identified as glandular structures. Enigmatic internal prothoracic cavities are described for the first time in Scydmaeninae (in Cephennococcus, Pomphopsilla and a female of an undescribed genus from Sulawesi); their fine structure and function remain unknown. Parsimony‐based cladistic analysis of the adult morphology of genera of Cephenniini provided robust evidence for a monophyly of the Cephennomicrus group, composed of Cephennomicrus, Cephennula, Lathomicrus, Pomphopsilla, Cephennococcus, Trurlia, Trichokrater and two undescribed Oriental genera known from females only; this distinct and well‐supported lineage is a sister group of Cephennodes + Hlavaciellus. The genus Cephennomicrus represented in the analysis by species belonging to three previously postulated species groups is not monophyletic, and a comprehensive study comprising more taxa is necessary to reclassify this heterogeneous group.     

A survey of black scale,Saissetia oleae [Hom.: Coccidae] parasitoids [Hym.: Chalcidoidea] in southern California

A survey of black scaleSaissetia oleae (Olivier) parasitoids present in southern California was conducted between September 1987 and September 1989. From 308 collections of black scale-infested citrus, olive, and oleander twigs from 19 sites in southern California, 1,610 specimens were collected. Nine primary and six secondary parasitoid species were identified. Four primary species were abundant in southern California:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt,M. helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=S. cyanea Motschulsky), andDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. The most common secondary parasitoids wereMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere, andTetrastichus minutus (Howard). In the coastal region of southern California,M. bartletti was the most abundant parasitoid, followed in order byD. elegans, S. Caerulea, andM. helvolus. In the intermediate and interior regions,M. helvolus was most abundant.D. elegans was second most abundant in the intermediate region, but was rare in the interior region.M. bartletti was second in abundance in the interior region and third in the intermediate region.      

A cladistic analysis of Erythracarinae (Acarina: Prostigmata: Anystidae), with the description of a new genus

A cladistic analysis of sixty erythracarine species is presented and used to justify recent nomenclatorial changes to the classification of erythracarine genera. Erythracarinae is redescribed, and a new diagnosis for the subfamily and a key to the included genera are presented. Neotarsolarcus is recognized as a junior synonym of Tarsolarkus, which is recorded for the first time from North America. A new genus, Pedidromus, with six new species (P. agitatus sp.n. P. curiosus sp.n., P. durongensis sp.n., P. peliculus sp.n., P. pilotrix sp.n., P. velox sp.n.) is described.     

Evolution of the Canthonini Longitarsi (Scarabaeidae) in Madagascar

Dung beetle species belonging to the worldwide tribe Canthonini (Scarabaeidae) and occurring in Madagascar are all endemic to that island. The Malagasy Canthonini form three lineages, one of which is the group Longitarsi that includes five genera. The phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy Canthonini are not fully resolved and only few species of Longitarsi have been included in previous studies. Here we infer the phylogenetic relationships within the Longitarsi group using molecular data and together with morphological examination revise the systematics of the group. The five genera of the Longitarsi group form one monophyletic clade and thus we suggest the synonymization of the younger genera Sikorantus, Phacosomoides, Madaphacosoma and Aleiantus; with the oldest genus belonging to this clade Epactoides. We describe two new species: Epactoides jounii sp. n and Epactoides mangabeensis sp. n. Most of the species of Longitarsi inhabit the eastern rainforests, with very low local species diversity and highly restricted geographical ranges. In the group Longitarsi four species are wingless. The loss of wings has evolved at least twice, at high altitude along the mountain range.     

Parasitoids as a bioagent to eliminate the insecticides to control the main pests-infested economic crops

Hemipterous insects are one of the important pests that attack different economic plants. A study was conducted to evaluate the biological control potential of these pests by augmentation with parasitoids, such as Microterys flavus (Howard), Metaphycus lounsburyi Howard (Encyrtidae), Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd), Coccophagus scutellaris (Dalman), Aphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae) and Aphidius ervi Haliday (Braconidae). All the species were mass reared and monthly releases were made in fields of citrus, olive, tomato, sugar cane, mango and squash during each of 11 consecutive years (1999–2009). About 5,830,000 individuals of M. flavus, M. lounsburyi, E. sophia, C. scutellaris, A. melinus and A. ervi were released in the fields of Gharbiya, Marsa Matrouh, Daqahlyia, Qena, Qalyubiya and Behira governorates in Egypt on citrus, olive, tomato, sugar cane, mango and squash which were naturally infested by Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Coccidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype Q (Aleyrodidae), Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead) (Coccidae), Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Diaspididae) and Aphis craccivora Koch (Aphididae), respectively. Population of the parasitoids and parasitism increased in field plots where releases were made when compared with where no releases were made. The maximum rate of parasitism reached 61.4, 92.1, 45.7, 59, 91 and 55.2% in the field treatment where releases were made, while parasitism peaked at 8.2, 13.5, 6, 2, 16 and 17.5% where no releases were made. The populations of M. flavus, M. lounsburyi, E. sophia, C. scutellaris, A. melinus, A. ervi were significantly correlated with the populations of C. floridensis, S. oleae, B. tabaci, P. tenuivalvata, A. tubercularis and A. craccivora during the field seasons. Additional parasitism was caused by natural infestations of Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) and M. lounsburyi (Howard) (C. floridensis), Scutellista cyanea (Motschulsky) (S. oleae), Encarsia lutea (Masi) and Eretmocerus mundus (Mercet) (B. tabaci biotype Q), Encarsia citrina (Craw) (A. tubercularis) and Aphelinus demyaati Abd-Rabou (A. craccivora). These observations enhance the understanding of the usefulness of these parasitoids after augmentation in the field.     

Beetles with ‘trochantelli’: phylogeny of Cephenniini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) focussing on Neotropical genera

Neotropical genera of Cephenniini characterized by an additional leg ‘segment’ (‘trochantellus’) are revised, and the following new taxa are described: Shyri gen.n. , Shyri pichincha sp.n. (type species of Shyri) (Ecuador), Shyri perversus sp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri quitu sp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri microphthalmus sp.n. (Ecuador), Monstrophennium gen.n. (type species: Cephennium spinicolle Schaufuss), Furcodes gen.n. , Furcodes apicalis sp.n. (type species of Furcodes) (Mexico), Furcodes tutule sp.n. (Honduras), Paracephennium pumilio sp.n. (Costa Rica), Pseudocephennium iwokramanum sp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium trilineatum sp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium araguanum sp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium maximum sp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium peruvianum sp.n. (Peru), Pseudocephennium cochabambanum sp.n. (Bolivia), Pseudocephennium saramaccanum sp.n. (Suriname) and Pseudocephennium brokopondonum sp.n. (Suriname). Pseudocephennium spinicolle (Schaufuss) is transferred to Monstrophennium. Cladistic analysis of characters from adult morphology of all genera of Cephenniini and a large outgroup sample from Cyrtoscydmini, Eutheiini, Scydmaenini, Clidicini and Mastigini strongly supported the monophyly of Cephenniini. However, only the Cephennomicrus group comprising nine genera was strongly supported as a monophyletic clade, while only weak support was found for the previously suggested Cephennodes group and Cephennium group. Two alternative hypotheses concerning the phylogeny of Cephenniini are put forward and discussed: (i) the Cephennium group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini; or (ii) the Cephennomicrus group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini. The Neotropical genera with ‘trochantellus’ form a well‐supported clade derived from the ancestral lineage of the Cephennodes group.     

Fitness cost of parasitoid avoidance behavior in the arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana

We examined trade‐offs between fitness components and the parasitoid avoidance behavior of the arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae). We examined the performance of two settling modes: singleton and double settling with the burrower under the burrowee. Each of these modes differs in vulnerability to parasitism by Aphytis yanonensis DeBach et Rosen and Coccobius fulvus Compere et Annecke (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), and performance. Field and laboratory observations revealed smaller body size and lower parasitism of burrower scales, while both singletons and burrowees showed the opposite tendency (larger body size and a greater parasitism rate). Laboratory observations under parasitoid‐free conditions revealed greater mortality and reduced growth rate for simulated burrowers than for singletons during the 40‐day nymphal period. This suggests that competition for food resources reduces performance. The results also suggest trade‐offs between parasitoid avoidance and resource acquisition ability in U. yanonensis. The trade‐offs also explain our previous findings, that introduction of the parasitoids increased the proportion of burrowers, but that within seven years equilibrium was reached at fairly low levels (ca. 5%) in the field, even under intense parasitism.     

Fitness cost of parasitoid avoidance behavior in the arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana

We examined trade-offs between fitness components and the parasitoid avoidance behavior of the arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana (Homoptera: Diaspididae). We examined the performance of two settling modes: singleton and double settling with the burrower under the burrowee. Each of these modes differs in vulnerability to parasitism by Aphytis yanonensis DeBach et Rosen and Coccobius fulvus Compere et Annecke (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), and performance. Field and laboratory observations revealed smaller body size and lower parasitism of burrower scales, while both singletons and burrowees showed the opposite tendency (larger body size and a greater parasitism rate). Laboratory observations under parasitoid-free conditions revealed greater mortality and reduced growth rate for simulated burrowers than for singletons during the 40-day nymphal period. This suggests that competition for food resources reduces performance. The results also suggest trade-offs between parasitoid avoidance and resource acquisition ability in U. yanonensis. The trade-offs also explain our previous findings, that introduction of the parasitoids increased the proportion of burrowers, but that within seven years equilibrium was reached at fairly low levels (ca. 5%) in the field, even under intense parasitism.     

A Review of the Genera Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea): New Species from the Coasts of Kenya and Australia

This article is a review of the subfamily Desmodorinae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) and two related genera within this subfamily, Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 with keys to genus or species level, genus diagnoses and lists of valid species. An emended diagnosis of, and discussion on, Sibayinema Swart & Heyns, 1991, is presented. Three new species are described: Croconema floriani sp.n. from the coast of Kenya, Pseudochromadora galeata sp.n. and P. securis sp.n. from the coast of Australia.     

Biological control of arrowhead scale,Unaspis yanonensis,by parasitic wasps introduced from the People's Republic of China

In 1980, the authors went to the People's Republic of China in search of the natural enemies of the arrowhead scale,Unaspis yanonensis Kuwana, and succeeded in collecting 2 species of parasitic wasps of this pest namelyPhyscus fulvus Compere & Annecke andAphytis yanonensis DeBach & Rosen. The development, reproduction and longevity ofAphytis yanonensis were studied under constant temperature conditions. The number of generations a year was estimated to be from 10 to 12. Reproduction ofPhyscus fulvus is arrhenotokous, and development from egg to adult required 25 days at 25°C and 33 days at 20°C. The number of generations was estimated at 4 to 5 a year. Both parasites were released in several citrus groves in the Shizuoka Prefecture, of central Japan during June and July, 1981. They successfuly hibernated and each stage of development was found from March to December, 1982. They are considered to be potentially highly effective against the arrowhead scale. We have succeeded in establishing bothAphytis yanonensis andPhyscus fulvus in several districts in the Shizuoka Prefecture.

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Résumé Les auteurs se rendirent en 1980 en République Populaire de Chine pour entreprendre une recherche sur les ennemis naturels deUnaspis yanonensis Kuwana et découvrirent 2 espèces d'hyménoptères parasites de la cochenille. Les ennemis naturels introduits furentPhyscus fulvus Compere & Annecke etAphytis yanonensis DeBach & Rosen. La croissance, la reproduction et la longévité deA. yanonensis furent étudiées à température constante. Le nombre de générations annuelles a été estimé entre 10 et 12. La reproduction deP. fulvus est de type arrhénotoque et la durée du développement de l'œuf à l'adulte, nécessite 25 jours à 25°C et 33 jours à 20°C. Le nombre de générations annuelles a été estimé à 4 ou 5. Les 2 parasites ont été libérés dans plusieurs plantations d'agrumes de la préfecture de Shizuoka, région centrale du Japon pendant les 2 mois de juin et juillet 1981 et ont hiverné avec succès. Chaque stade de développement a été observé de mars à décembre 1982. Ces parasites sont considérés comme des ennemis naturels hautement efficaces de la cochenille. Nous avons introduit avec succèsAphytis yanonensis etPhyscus fulvus en provenance de Chine dans diverses régions de la préfecture de Shizuoka, partie centrale du Japon.

     

Neotropical Monogenoidea. 50. Oviparous gyrodactylids from loricariid and pimelodid catfishes in Brazil, with the proposal of Phanerothecioides n. g., Onychogyrodactylus n. g. and Aglaiogyrodactylus n. g. (Polyonchoinea: Gyrodactylidea)

The diagnosis of Phanerothecium Kritsky & Thatcher, 1977 is amended, and Phanerothecioides n. g., Onychogyrodactylus n. g. and Aglaiogyrodactylus n. g., all comprised of oviparous gyrodactylids (Monogenoidea: Polyonchoinea), are proposed to accommodate 11 of the 15 species (14 new to science) herein described and/or reported from loricariid and pimelodid catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in Brazil: Phanerothecium harrisi Kritsky & Boeger, 1991, P. spinatoides n. sp. and P. deiropedeum n. sp. all from Hypostomus spp.; P. spinulatum n. sp. from Hypostomus cf. regani; Phanerothecioides agostinhoi n. g., n. sp. (type-species) from Hypostomus spp. and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; Onychogyrodactylus sudis n. g., n. sp. (type-species) and O. hydaticus n. sp. both from Ancistrus multispinus; Aglaiogyrodactylus forficulatus n. g., n. sp. (type-species) from Kronichthys lacerta; A. pedunculatus n. sp. from Hisonotus sp.; A. guttus n. sp. from Pseudotothyris obtusa; A. salebrosus n. sp., A. conei n. sp. and A. ctenistus n. sp. all from Pareiorhaphis parmula; and A. calamus n. sp. and A. forficuloides n. sp. both from Schizolecis guntheri. Phanerothecioides n. g. is characterised by oviparous forms lacking superficial and deep haptoral bars and pregermarial vitelline follicles, and by having a conspicuous testis in adult specimens, a syncytial prostatic gland, a reduced copulatory sac and vitelline ducts in the form of an inverted ‘U’. Onychogyrodactylus n. g. is differentiated from all other oviparous gyrodactylid genera by its members having a spine-like accessory sclerite enclosed in a separate pouch associated with the terminal male genitalia. Species of Aglaiogyrodactylus n. g. possess H-shaped vitelline ducts and a complex accessory piece and sclerotised or non-sclerotised male copulatory organ enclosed within the copulatory sac.     

Two new species of threadlike blood flukes (Aporocotylidae), with a molecular revision of the genera Ankistromeces Nolan & Cribb, 2004 and Phthinomita Nolan & Cribb, 2006

Ankistromeces Nolan & Cribb, 2004 and Phthinomita Nolan & Cribb, 2006 are sister genera of threadlike blood flukes (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) infecting teleost fishes of the tropical Indo-west Pacific. Here, we report new collections of these genera from Australia, Indonesia, and Japan. A new species of Ankistromeces, Ankistromeces kawamurai n. sp., is described from Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) off Okinawa, Japan, and a new species of Phthinomita, Phthinomita abdita n. sp., from Choerodon cephalotes (Castelnau), in Moreton Bay, Australia; the new species are morphologically cryptic within their respective genera and are delineated by molecular and ecological data. Ankistromeces olsoni Nolan & Cribb, 2006 is reported from Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn) off Heron Island (southern Great Barrier Reef), Lizard Island (northern Great Barrier Reef), and Okinawa and Wakayama Prefectures, Japan and from Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) from off Bali, Indonesia. Ankistromeces mariae Nolan & Cribb, 2004 is re-reported from the type-host, Meuschenia freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard), from a new location, Gypsy Bay, Tasmania. Phthinomita poulini Nolan & Cribb, 2006 is re-reported from its type-locality, Lizard Island, from a range of mullids, including five new host species, and its range is extended to include Moreton Bay. Phthinomita symplocos Nolan & Cribb, 2006 is reported from Bali and P. hallae Nolan & Cribb, 2006, P. jonesi Nolan & Cribb, 2006, P. littlewoodi Nolan & Cribb, 2006, and P. munozae Nolan & Cribb, 2006 are each re-reported from their type-host and type-localities. New cox1 mtDNA data were generated for all known species of these two genera from new and archival material. Analyses of these data enabled an evaluation of all known Phthinomita species; P. robertsthomsoni Nolan & Cribb, 2006 is synonymised with P. adlardi Nolan & Cribb, 2006, and P. brooksi Nolan & Cribb, 2006 is synonymised with P. sasali Nolan & Cribb, 2006. We highlight the failure of ITS2 data to delineate closely related aporocotylid species. In contrast, cox1 sequence data are proving reliable and effective in this context and we recommend their incorporation in future studies of blood fluke taxonomy.