The Michaelis–Menten kinetics of soil extracellular enzymes in response to temperature: a cross‐latitudinal study

Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is mediated by microbial extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (EHEs). Thus, given the large amount of carbon (C) stored as SOM, it is imperative to understand how microbial EHEs will respond to global change (and warming in particular) to better predict the links between SOM and the global C cycle. Here, we measured the Michaelis–Menten kinetics [maximal rate of velocity (V_max) and half‐saturation constant (K_m)] of five hydrolytic enzymes involved in SOM degradation (cellobiohydrolase, β‐glucosidase, β‐xylosidase, α‐glucosidase, and N‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐glucosaminidase) in five sites spanning a boreal forest to a tropical rainforest. We tested the specific hypothesis that enzymes from higher latitudes would show greater temperature sensitivities than those from lower latitudes. We then used our data to parameterize a mathematical model to test the relative roles of V_max and K_m temperature sensitivities in SOM decomposition. We found that both V_max and K_m were temperature sensitive, with Q₁₀ values ranging from 1.53 to 2.27 for V_max and 0.90 to 1.57 for K_m. The Q₁₀ values for the K_m of the cellulose‐degrading enzyme β‐glucosidase showed a significant (P = 0.004) negative relationship with mean annual temperature, indicating that enzymes from cooler climates can indeed be more sensitive to temperature. Our model showed that K_m temperature sensitivity can offset SOM losses due to V_max temperature sensitivity, but the offset depends on the size of the SOM pool and the magnitude of V_max. Overall, our results suggest that there is a local adaptation of microbial EHE kinetics to temperature and that this should be taken into account when making predictions about the responses of C cycling to global change.     

Differential responses of carbon‐degrading enzyme activities to warming: Implications for soil respiration

Extracellular enzymes catalyze rate‐limiting steps in soil organic matter decomposition, and their activities (EEAs) play a key role in determining soil respiration (SR). Both EEAs and SR are highly sensitive to temperature, but their responses to climate warming remain poorly understood. Here, we present a meta‐analysis on the response of soil cellulase and ligninase activities and SR to warming, synthesizing data from 56 studies. We found that warming significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 21.4% but had no effect on cellulase activity. Increases in ligninase activity were positively correlated with changes in SR, while no such relationship was found for cellulase. The warming response of ligninase activity was more closely related to the responses of SR than a wide range of environmental and experimental methodological factors. Furthermore, warming effects on ligninase activity increased with experiment duration. These results suggest that soil microorganisms sustain long‐term increases in SR with warming by gradually increasing the degradation of the recalcitrant carbon pool.     

长期定位施肥下黑土碳排放特征及其碳库组分与酶活性变化

黑土作为承担我国粮食安全与生态安全的重要土壤资源,其碳排放特征与碳库组分变化一直是生态学领域研究的热点。施肥是影响黑土有机碳输入、输出的重要因素,而这需要长时间尺度的探究。为明确长期不同施肥下的土壤碳排放特征及其影响机制,以始于1990年的国家土壤肥力与肥料效益监测网站黑土监测基地-公主岭为研究平台,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、无机肥配施低量有机肥(NPKM1)、1.5倍的无机肥配施低量有机肥(1.5(NPKM1))、无机肥配施高量有机肥(NPKM2)和无机肥配施秸秆(NPKS)6个处理,探讨了长期不同施肥下土壤碳排放量(CO2-C)与土壤碳库组分包括水溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)及其β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、木聚糖酶(BXYL)、纤维素酶(CBH)和乙酰基β-葡萄糖胺酶(NAG)等酶活性变化。结果表明:与CK相比,各施肥处理均可以显著增加黑土土壤碳排放量(P0.05),其中,NPK处理土壤碳排放量约为2633.33 kg/hm~2,显著高出CK处理37.36%;长期有机无机配施(NPKM1、1.5(NPKM1)、NPKM2)显著增加土壤碳排放量71.81%—88.51%,效果最为明显;NPKS显著增加土壤碳排放量56.32%,并且三种长期有机无机配施措施碳排放差异不显著。相对CK处理,有机无机配施的DOC、MBC、POC、ROC均有显著增加(P0.05),各指标分别高出CK处理16.07%—56.34%、128.84%—185.77%、284.15%—497.45%和841.03%—1145.94%,其中1.5(NPKM1)处理效果最好。同时,有机无机配施相对CK处理的NAG、BG、BXYL和CBH活性分别提高了313.22%—452.65%、129.45%—250.74%、159.08%—273.32%和72.21%—193.53%,且以1.5(NPKM1)处理的效果最好。土壤碳排放量与土壤酶活性、土壤活性碳库组分之间的相关性分析结果表明,长期不同施肥措施的土壤碳排放量不但与土壤ROC、DOC、POC、MBC含量呈极显著相关(P0.001),也与土壤BG、NAG、CBH、BXYL酶活性呈极显著相关(P0.001),说明施肥可以通过改变土壤各活性碳库组分含量与土壤微生物活性影响土壤碳排放量。     

Different types of nitrogen deposition show variable effects on the soil carbon cycle process of temperate forests

Nitrogen (N) deposition significantly affects the soil carbon (C) cycle process of forests. However, the influence of different types of N on it still remained unclear. In this work, ammonium nitrate was selected as an inorganic N (IN) source, while urea and glycine were chosen as organic N (ON) sources. Different ratios of IN to ON (1 : 4, 2 : 3, 3 : 2, 4 : 1, and 5 : 0) were mixed with equal total amounts and then used to fertilize temperate forest soils for 2 years. Results showed that IN deposition inhibited soil C cycle processes, such as soil respiration, soil organic C decomposition, and enzymatic activities, and induced the accumulation of recalcitrant organic C. By contrast, ON deposition promoted these processes. Addition of ON also resulted in accelerated transformation of recalcitrant compounds into labile compounds and increased CO₂ efflux. Meanwhile, greater ON deposition may convert C sequestration in forest soils into C source. These results indicated the importance of the IN to ON ratio in controlling the soil C cycle, which can consequently change the ecological effect of N deposition.     

川西亚高山不同演替阶段天然次生林土壤碳氮含量及酶活性特征

为了解次生林自然更新演替过程中土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的变化规律, 采用空间代替时间的方法, 在川西亚高山米亚罗林区选取环境条件基本一致的20世纪60、70和80年代采伐迹地自然更新演替的次生林(60-NSF、70-NSF和80-NSF)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林(对照, CK)为对象, 研究了表层(0-20 cm)土壤碳氮含量和土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明: 表层土壤有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量均随森林植被更新演替呈显著降低趋势, 而全氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)含量则表现为60-NSF < 80-NSF < 70-NSF, 但70-NSF和80-NSF间差异不显著; 次生林表层土壤有机碳氮及其活性组分含量均低于CK, 其中80-NSF的DOC和DON含量与CK差异不显著。次生林的β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和多酚氧化酶(PHO)活性均显著低于CK, 纤维素水解酶(CBH)和过氧化物酶(PEO)活性与CK无显著差异; 天然次生林中, 60-NSF的βG和CBH活性显著低于70-NSF和80-NSF; 80-NSF的NAG活性显著高于60-NSF和70-NSF; 4种林型之间的PEO活性无显著性差异。Pearson相关分析和冗余分析显示, 土壤TN、LFOC和DOC含量与土壤酶活性显著相关, 其中TN含量解释了酶活性变化的65.4%, 说明土壤氮含量变化可能会影响到土壤碳的水解酶活性, 同时也表明土壤微生物优先利用易分解碳和氮。因此, 次生林近60年的天然更新演替引起了TN、LFOC及DOC含量的显著下降, 导致表层土壤某些胞外酶(如βG、CBH和NAG)活性降低。从土壤酶活性角度看, 岷江冷杉原始林比早期演替阶段的次生林(<60 a)更有利于川西亚高山高海拔森林生态系统的碳氮循环。     

Relationships between carbon and nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in soil of three typical subtropical forests in China

森林类型更替是影响生态系统有机质循环的重要因素, 它对森林生态系统的生产力、碳吸存和养分保持功能有影响。然而关于中亚热带不同森林类型对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响及土壤碳氮含量和酶活性之间的关系鲜有报道。该文研究了福建省三明市3种典型亚热带森林——米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然次生林(SF)、米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林(PM)的淋溶层(A层)土壤碳氮含量和土壤微生物酶活性的关系。结果表明: 在3种森林类型表层土壤中, 可溶性有机质中可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮(DON)、荧光发射光谱腐殖化指数的趋势均为SF > AR > PM, 芳香化指数大小为PM > AR > SF; SF和AR的NH₄ ⁺-N显著高于PM, NO₃ ^--N在3种林分中的含量低且差异不明显, 造成这种差异的原因是树种差异和人为干扰程度不同。PM的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著低于SF和AR; 纤维素水解酶活性大小为AR > SF > PM; PM多酚氧化酶显著高于SF和AR, 3种林分过氧化物酶无显著差异。AR的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)显著高于其他两种林分。冗余分析显示土壤总氮和DON是驱动淋溶层土壤酶活性的主要环境因子。总之, 土壤总氮含量与NAG活性呈正相关关系, 并且可溶性有机氮可能是氮循环中的重要一环; 土壤微生物优先利用易分解碳; 且碳氮养分循环之间存在一定的耦合关系。氮提高了与土壤碳相关的水解酶活性, 从而可促进碳周转。     

中亚热带3种典型森林土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的关系

森林类型更替是影响生态系统有机质循环的重要因素, 它对森林生态系统的生产力、碳吸存和养分保持功能有影响。然而关于中亚热带不同森林类型对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响及土壤碳氮含量和酶活性之间的关系鲜有报道。该文研究了福建省三明市3种典型亚热带森林——米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然次生林(SF)、米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林(PM)的淋溶层(A层)土壤碳氮含量和土壤微生物酶活性的关系。结果表明: 在3种森林类型表层土壤中, 可溶性有机质中可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮(DON)、荧光发射光谱腐殖化指数的趋势均为SF > AR > PM, 芳香化指数大小为PM > AR > SF; SF和AR的NH₄ ⁺-N显著高于PM, NO₃ ^--N在3种林分中的含量低且差异不明显, 造成这种差异的原因是树种差异和人为干扰程度不同。PM的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著低于SF和AR; 纤维素水解酶活性大小为AR > SF > PM; PM多酚氧化酶显著高于SF和AR, 3种林分过氧化物酶无显著差异。AR的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)显著高于其他两种林分。冗余分析显示土壤总氮和DON是驱动淋溶层土壤酶活性的主要环境因子。总之, 土壤总氮含量与NAG活性呈正相关关系, 并且可溶性有机氮可能是氮循环中的重要一环; 土壤微生物优先利用易分解碳; 且碳氮养分循环之间存在一定的耦合关系。氮提高了与土壤碳相关的水解酶活性, 从而可促进碳周转。     

温度对温带和亚热带森林土壤有机碳矿化速率及酶动力学参数的影响

研究了温度对长白山阔叶红松林、鼎湖山常绿阔叶林2个不同纬度的森林土壤有机碳矿化速率和酶动力学参数的影响.结果表明:土壤有机碳矿化速率(C_min)随着温度的增加而增加,长白山土壤C_min及其温度敏感性(Q_10(Cmin))显著高于鼎湖山土壤.长白山土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)的酶动力学参数潜在最大反应速率(V_max)和半饱和常数(K_m)高于鼎湖山土壤,但鼎湖山土壤的催化效率(V_max/K_m)高于长白山土壤,表明随着温度的升高,土壤βG和NAG的V_max和V_max/K_m增加,K_m降低,即酶与底物的结合程度增加.鼎湖山土壤βG的Q_10(Vmax)、Q_10(Km)高于长白山土壤,这与土壤Q_10(Cmin)结果不一致.增温对长白山和鼎湖山森林土壤有机碳矿化及酶动力学参数的影响机制不同,在土壤生物化学过程对增温响应的模型中应区别考虑.     

土壤增温对亚热带杉木幼树不同深度土壤微生物胞外酶活性的影响

土壤微生物胞外酶可有效反映气候变暖对土壤微生物功能和土壤有机质分解的影响.目前关于气候变暖对土壤微生物胞外酶活性(EEAs)影响的相关研究主要关注有机碳含量较丰富的表层土壤(0～20 cm),而对深层土壤(>20 cm)EEAs的研究仍较缺乏.因此,本研究关注土壤增温对亚热带不同深度(0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)EEAs的影响及主要调控因素,其中微生物胞外酶包括参与碳循环的β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)和过氧化物氧化酶(PEO).结果表明: 土壤增温提高了0～10 cm和10～20 cm土壤所有胞外酶的活性(18%～69%).在20 cm以下的深层土壤中,土壤增温仅显著提高了20～40 cm的PHO(10%),而对其余胞外酶的活性无显著影响或有一定的抑制作用(13%～31%).冗余分析(RDA)结果表明: 在微生物可利用有机碳较丰富的表层土壤中,铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和土壤含水率(M)是调控EEAs的主要因素,增温增强了微生物与植物之间的养分竞争,因而提高EEAs以获取微生物所需的养分NH₄⁺-N;而在微生物底物有效性较低的深层土壤中,EEAs主要受可溶性有机质(可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮)和微生物生物量(MBC)的影响,增温提高深层土壤可溶性有机质的含量,为微生物提供更多的底物,减少微生物对EEAs的需求,进而降低EEAs.本研究发现,不同深度EEAs对土壤增温具有不同响应,且土壤增温条件下表层和深层土壤的EEAs具有明显不同的调控因素.因此,加强不同深度土壤微生物的研究对于准确评估生态系统碳循环对全球变暖的响应具有重要意义.     

不同施氮量对桑园红壤耕层酶活性的影响

在广西红壤典型气候区研究施用氮肥对桑园土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶酶活性的影响,为广西红壤区桑园合理施氮和耕地保育提供科学依据。试验设置3个施氮量水平(N1:120.75 kg N/hm2,N2:172.5 kg N/hm2,N3:207 kg N/hm2),在冬季测定不同氮肥处理下耕层土壤酶活性,并与桑叶产量进行相关分析。结果表明,土壤脲酶和转化酶活性均随着施氮量的增加而增加,过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在中等施氮量(N2处理)下较大。土壤转化酶和脲酶活性呈显著的正相关关系、转化酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著的正相关关系,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、转化酶活性与桑叶产量呈极显著相关。合理施用氮肥能提高桑园土壤转化酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性,土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性可作为评价桑园土壤肥力质量的指标之一。     

合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响

首次研究合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响,结果表明合理施肥,改善了土壤理化性状,显著地提高了土壤肥力和土壤酶的活性;从而培育了银杏发达的根群,促进了树体的生长。增加了银杏鲜根重和百叶鲜重,减少了银杏黄化株率,提高了银杏挂果株率及种核的产量和品质。     

不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤酶活性的影响

利用天津日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究了6种施肥模式对设施菜田土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明: 番茄生育期间不同施肥模式土壤α-葡萄苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、几丁质酶和磷酸酶的活性总体上均呈先增后降的趋势,土壤脲酶活性呈先增高后趋于平缓的趋势.与全部施用化肥氮相比,5种有机无机肥料配施模式土壤酶活性均有所提升,且随猪粪施用量的增加,尤其是配施秸秆条件下,土壤酶活性显著增加.番茄各生育期土壤酶活性与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮之间总体上呈显著或极显著正相关关系.同等养分投入量下,有机无机肥配施,特别是配施一定的秸秆可有效提高设施菜田土壤酶活性,维持较高的菜田土壤肥力,有利于设施蔬菜的可持续生产.     

Microbial activity and soil respiration under nitrogen addition in Alaskan boreal forest

Climate warming could increase rates of soil organic matter turnover and nutrient mineralization, particularly in northern high‐latitude ecosystems. However, the effects of increasing nutrient availability on microbial processes in these ecosystems are poorly understood. To determine how soil microbes respond to nutrient enrichment, we measured microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, soil respiration, and the community composition of active fungi in nitrogen (N) fertilized soils of a boreal forest in central Alaska. We predicted that N addition would suppress fungal activity relative to bacteria, but stimulate carbon (C)‐degrading enzyme activities and soil respiration. Instead, we found no evidence for a suppression of fungal activity, although fungal sporocarp production declined significantly, and the relative abundance of two fungal taxa changed dramatically with N fertilization. Microbial biomass as measured by chloroform fumigation did not respond to fertilization, nor did the ratio of fungi : bacteria as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, microbial biomass C : N ratios narrowed significantly from 16.0 ± 1.4 to 5.2 ± 0.3 with fertilization. N fertilization significantly increased the activity of a cellulose‐degrading enzyme and suppressed the activities of protein‐ and chitin‐degrading enzymes but had no effect on soil respiration rates or ¹⁴C signatures. These results indicate that N fertilization alters microbial community composition and allocation to extracellular enzyme production without affecting soil respiration. Thus, our results do not provide evidence for strong microbial feedbacks to the boreal C cycle under climate warming or N addition. However, organic N cycling may decline due to a reduction in the activity of enzymes that target nitrogenous compounds.     

Interactions among plants,bacteria, and fungi reduce extracellular enzyme activities under long‐term N fertilization

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has enhanced soil carbon (C) stocks in temperate forests. Most research has posited that these soil C gains are driven primarily by shifts in fungal community composition with elevated N leading to declines in lignin degrading Basidiomycetes. Recent research, however, suggests that plants and soil microbes are dynamically intertwined, whereby plants send C subsidies to rhizosphere microbes to enhance enzyme production and the mobilization of N. Thus, under elevated N, trees may reduce belowground C allocation leading to cascading impacts on the ability of microbes to degrade soil organic matter through a shift in microbial species and/or a change in plant–microbe interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which couplings among plant, fungal, and bacterial responses to N fertilization alter the activity of enzymes that are the primary agents of soil decomposition. We measured fungal and bacterial community composition, root–microbial interactions, and extracellular enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, bulk, and organic horizon of soils sampled from a long‐term (>25 years), whole‐watershed, N fertilization experiment at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We observed significant declines in plant C investment to fine root biomass (24.7%), root morphology, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization (55.9%). Moreover, we found that declines in extracellular enzyme activity were significantly correlated with a shift in bacterial community composition, but not fungal community composition. This bacterial community shift was also correlated with reduced AM fungal colonization indicating that declines in plant investment belowground drive the response of bacterial community structure and function to N fertilization. Collectively, we find that enzyme activity responses to N fertilization are not solely driven by fungi, but instead reflect a whole ecosystem response, whereby declines in the strength of belowground C investment to gain N cascade through the soil environment.     

氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤有机碳矿化和土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨氮沉降对亚热带森林土壤有机碳矿化及土壤酶活性的影响规律,在杉木人工林中开展了野外模拟N沉降试验。试验设计为4种处理,分别为N0（对照）、N1（60 kg N?hm-2?a-1）、N2（120 kg N?hm-2?a-1）和N3（240 kg N?hm-2?a-1）,每处理重复3次。通过28 d的培养后发现,各土层有机碳日均矿化量随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,而有机碳累计矿化量则逐步增加。不同氮沉降处理下各土层有机碳累计矿化量总体趋势表现为：随着氮沉降量的增加而降低,日均矿化量降低幅度以N1最大,其次是N0和N2,N3降幅最小。相同N沉降处理下,参与土壤碳循环的6种主要酶（蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、β-葡糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶）活性、土壤有机碳日均矿化量和有机碳累计矿化量均随土层加深而降低。氮沉降对6种土壤酶活性的影响存在差异,对纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶具有促进作用,而对淀粉酶和过氧化物酶表现出一定的抑制作用;中-低氮沉降（N1、N2）对蔗糖酶无影响,而对β-葡糖苷酶具有促进作用,高氮沉降（N3）促进了蔗糖酶活性,但抑制了β-葡糖苷酶活性。表层土壤中,土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤纤维素酶、β-葡糖苷酶、过氧化物酶活性呈显著正相关。因此,氮沉降促进了表层土壤纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性,但在一定程度上抑制了淀粉酶和过氧化物酶,对土壤有机碳矿化也表现出明显的抑制作用。     

长期施肥对灰漠土生物群落和酶活性的影响

长期定位试验表明:施肥对灰漠土生物类群、酶活性有一定影响,同时生物类群和酶活性也改变了土壤生态环境.(1) 施肥对灰漠土动物个体及类群数的影响显著,长期单施化肥对土壤动物优势度作用较大,化肥配施有机肥丰富了土壤动物组成,化肥配施秸秆有利于增加土壤动物的丰度,尤其是疣跳科和等节跳科动物个体数量增加近10倍,长期不施肥土壤动物均匀性较高,但优势类群数较低;(2)灰漠土微生物组成以细菌为主,特殊微生物生理类群是以固氮菌和氨化细菌数量居多.长期单施化肥不利于土壤微生物生长,几种菌类数量均较低,化肥配施有机物料增加了土壤微生物类群数量,比对照增加15%～44%,长期不施肥土壤微生物数量高于单施化肥处理.(3) 灰漠土自身过氧化氢酶含量较高,蔗糖酶次之.土壤4种酶活性中除过氧化氢酶与土壤养分之间呈负相关以外,其余3种酶活性与土壤速效养分均呈正相关或显著正相关.长期单施化肥土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性降低,长期不施肥土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性高于单施化肥处理,化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性比长期不施肥增加了24%～31%.因此,化肥配施有机物料增加了土壤酶活性,加速了土壤熟化,改变了土壤生态环境.     

氮磷添加对杉木林土壤碳氮矿化速率及酶动力学特征的影响

以江西杉木林红壤为研究对象,开展野外长期氮(N)、磷(P)添加控制试验,设置对照(CK)、N(50kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、P(50kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))、NP(50kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)+50kg P hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理,分析N、P添加对土壤碳矿化速率(C_(min))、氮矿化速率(N_(min))和相关的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)动力学参数的影响。结果表明:(1)N添加明显降低了C_(min)和N_(min),比CK分别减少了25%和18%;N添加减小了NAG的潜在最大酶活性(V_(max))、半饱和常数(K_m)、催化效率(V_(max)/K_m),但差异不显著(P0.05);N添加显著增加了βG的V_(max)、K_m,但对V_(max)/K_m有抑制作用。(2)P输入(P、NP)较CK使NAG的V_(max)、K_m减小26%—60%;NP同时添加明显提高βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m(P0.05),但P输入(P、NP)对C_(min)和N_(min)影响不显著(P0.05)。(3)C_(min)与土壤溶解性有机碳正相关,N_(min)与pH显著正相关,与土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N显著负相关;βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m均与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N负相关(P0.05),K_m均与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N正相关(P0.05)。βG的V_(max)与NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N正相关(P0.05),NAG的V_(max)与有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷负相关(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在亚热带杉木人工林中,N添加降低土壤pH,增加土壤有效氮含量,抑制βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m,对土壤C_(min)和N_(min)产生抑制作用;而NP添加增加土壤有效磷含量,增加土壤βG和NAG的V_(max)/K_m。     

Long‐term changes in forest carbon under temperature and nitrogen amendments in a temperate northern hardwood forest

Currently, forests in the northeastern United States are net sinks of atmospheric carbon. Under future climate change scenarios, the combined effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on soil decomposition, aboveground processes, and the forest carbon balance remain unclear. We applied carbon stock, flux, and isotope data from field studies at the Harvard forest, Massachusetts, to the ForCent model, which integrates above‐ and belowground processes. The model was able to represent decadal‐scale measurements in soil C stocks, mean residence times, fluxes, and responses to a warming and N addition experiment. The calibrated model then simulated the longer term impacts of warming and N deposition on the distribution of forest carbon stocks. For simulation to 2030, soil warming resulted in a loss of soil organic matter (SOM), decreased allocation to belowground biomass, and gain of aboveground carbon, primarily in large wood, with an overall small gain in total system carbon. Simulated nitrogen addition resulted in a small increase in belowground carbon pools, but a large increase in aboveground large wood pools, resulting in a substantial increase in total system carbon. Combined warming and nitrogen addition simulations showed a net gain in total system carbon, predominately in the aboveground carbon pools, but offset somewhat by losses in SOM. Hence, the impact of continuation of anthropogenic N deposition on the hardwood forests of the northeastern United States may exceed the impact of warming in terms of total ecosystem carbon stocks. However, it should be cautioned that these simulations do not include some climate‐related processes, different responses from changing tree species composition. Despite uncertainties, this effort is among the first to use decadal‐scale observations of soil carbon dynamics and results of multifactor manipulations to calibrate a model that can project integrated aboveground and belowground responses to nitrogen and climate changes for subsequent decades.     

不同优势树种菌根类型差异对土壤胞外酶活性的影响

土壤酶作为微生物代谢指标,在森林生态系统土壤碳和养分循环过程中发挥着重要作用,是土壤质量的重要指标。针对不同优势树种的内生菌根(AM)和外生菌根(ECM)所占比例差异,设置4种菌根类型比例梯度(即林分中ECM树种所占比例为<25%、25%—50%、50%—75%、>75%),分析4种林分中土壤水解酶[β-葡糖苷酶(BG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]和过氧化物酶(PER)活性差异,运用方差分析和多重比较分析方法,探究水解酶和氧化酶沿菌根类型梯度的变化规律及原因。结果表明：(1)lnBG和ln(NAG+LAP)与lnAP的回归斜率小于1,且AP远大于BG和NAG+LAP,这表明森林土壤微生物受磷(P)限制更严重,随着林分中ECM优势树种的增加,微生物受碳(C)和P限制的状况得到缓解;(2)土壤有机碳(SOC)随着ECM树种占比的增加而增加,ECM森林比AM森林表现出更高的全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量;(3)随着林分中ECM树种占比的增加,BG、AP和NAG+LAP呈逐渐显著增加的趋势(P<0.05);但氧化酶活性...