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1.
《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2019,29(10):1227-1231
Six novel fluorogenic enzyme substrates for detecting l-alanylaminopeptidase activity in microorganisms have been prepared and evaluated in Columbia agar media. The substrates are l-alanyl derivatives of 6-amino-2-hetarylquinolines and 7-amino-3-hetarylcoumarins. Both the quinoline and coumarin series of substrates produced fluorescence in the presence of Gram-negative microorganisms. In contrast, fluorescence generation in the presence of the Gram-positive microorganisms and yeasts was limited or absent. 相似文献
2.
Glass and metal substrates exposed to subtropical seawater exhibit a characteristic succession of periphytic microorganisms. Substrates which are biologically and physically inert (glass and stainless steel) fouled rapidly and produced a complex, two-tier microfouling layer. Characteristic microorganisms were bacteria, fungi, choanoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates, and microalgae. Active substrates (brass and copper-nickel alloys) were selective for bacteria which secrete extracellular mucoid material, fouled at a slower rate, and were characterized by a less diverse microfouling community. Substrate appears to influence microfouling at all stages of development, especially in the early stages of substrate conditioning, and primary film formation. Primary films may insulate periphytic microorganisms from toxic substrates. 相似文献
3.
稳定性同位素探测技术在微生物生态学研究中的应用 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
稳定性同位素标记技术同分子生物学技术相结合而发展起来的稳定性同位素探测技术(stableisotope probing,SIP),在对各种环境中微生物群落组成进行遗传分类学鉴定的同时,可确定其在环境过程中的功能,提供复杂群落中微生物相互作用及其代谢功能的大量信息,具有广阔的应用前景.其基本原理是:将原位或微宇宙(microcosm)的环境样品暴露于稳定性同位素富集的基质中,这些样品中存在的某些微生物能够以基质中的稳定(性同位素为碳源或氮源进行物质代谢并满足其自身生长需要,基质中的稳定性同位素被吸收同化进入微生物体内,参与各类物质如核酸(DNA和RNA)及磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)等的生物合成,通过提取、分离、纯化、分析这些微生物体内稳定性同位素标记的生物标志物,从而将微生物的组成与其功能联系起来.在介绍稳定性同位素培养基质的选择及标记方法、合适的生物标志物的选择及提取分离方法的基础上,举例阐述了此项技术在甲基营养菌、有机污染物降解菌、根际微生物生态、互营微生物、宏基因组学等方面的应用. 相似文献
4.
通过分析不同铁硫比的能源底物驯化下冶金微生物群落的演替过程,基于分子生态网络揭示冶金微生物对能源底物的响应特征。对富铁少硫、富硫少铁条件下不同驯化批次的微生物样本进行高通量测序,分析物种组成,比较冶金微生物群落的α多样性和β多样性,并构建分子生态网络,探究驯化过程微生物之间的相互作用关系。鉴定关键物种,分析冶金微生物群落对能源底物的响应。研究发现在基于不同能源底物驯化过程中,富铁少硫群落的优势物种为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans和铁氧化嗜酸硫杆菌A. ferriphilus;而富硫少铁群落经过3个批次的驯化,氧化硫硫杆菌A. thiooxidans占比高达90%。α、β多样性分析结果表明,富硫少铁能源底物驯化过程使冶金微生物群落多样性降低,且随着驯化批次的增加群落组成发生显著变化。分子生态网络分析显示关键物种均为低丰度稀有物种,富硫少铁条件下菌种间具有更紧密的互作共生关系,群落更加稳定。通过该驯化实验,明确了不同能源底物对冶金微生物群落的影响。采用富硫少铁能源底物驯化冶金微生物,使冶金微生物群落更加稳定,有助于优势物种高效发挥铁、硫氧化功能,促进硫化矿物的氧化溶解,为生物冶金工业育种微生物群落的定向驯化提供理论基础。 相似文献
5.
Gusev VA 《Biofizika》2001,46(5):875-878
Theoretical estimates and experimental data obtained upon incubation of steady-state populations of microorganisms in the absence of organic substrates were compared. The physiological parameters of water microorganisms and the physicochemical properties of water were analyzed. 相似文献
6.
Steroid transformations by various microorganisms are reviewed. Newer developments in this area are discussed. A compilation of a variety of steroid substrates used for transformations by microorganisms during the period 1982-mid 1984 along with the metabolites formed, is included. 相似文献
7.
The effect of earthworms on the physiological state of the microbial community at vermicomposting 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of earthworms on the microbial community of composts and vermicomposts was assayed by the following parameters: mineralization activity, the levels of physiologically active and growing microbial biomass, the requirement for growth factors, and the spectrum of assimilation of organic substrates by the microbial community. The substrate affinities of microbial enzyme systems in vermicompost were found to be lower than in compost without earthworms, which is evidence of a higher amount of r-strategists in the microbial community of vermicomposts. Physiologically active biomass of microorganisms is higher in peat-based vermicompost than in compost. The microorganisms of vermicomposts and composts experience deficiency in growth factors to a lesser extent than the microorganisms in soil. The presence of earthworms influences the physiological diversity: the Shannon index increases or decreases depending on the type of composted substrate and incubation time. The growth rate of microorganisms increases on various test substrates in the presence of worms. 相似文献
8.
9.
David A. Griffiths David J. Best Serge G. Jezequel 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1991,35(3):373-381
Summary Fifty fungi and two Streptomyces species were screened for their ability to metabolise the probe substrates aminopyrine, diazepam, testosterone, theophylline and warfarin. The metabolism of the 14C-labelled substrates by whole growing cells was compared with that by rat liver microsomes using TLC-autoradiography. Testosterone, warfarin and diazepam were readily metabolised by most microorganisms, and aminopyrine and theophylline were only metabolised by a few. A relationship between substrate lipophilicity and number of microorganisms able to biotransform the substrate was observed, lipophilic substrates being favoured for metabolism, analogous to mammalian cytochrome P-450. A wide variety of metabolites were produced by the screened cultures, with a significant number co-chromatographing with mammalian metabolites. Most microorganisms appeared to exhibit cytochrome P-450-type oxidative reactions such as hydroxylation and N-demethylation, similar to mammalian hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 systems.
Offprint requests to: D. A. Griffiths 相似文献
10.
Kaur Amanjot Mahajan Ritu Singh Avtar Garg Gaurav Sharma Jitender 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(2):459-463
Qualitative screening of alkalo-thermophilic cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms was done on agricultural residues.
Since xylan is an expensive substrate for the isolation of xylanase producing microorganisms, the possibility of using wheat
bran for screening of these microorganisms was investigated. Screening was carried out on wheat bran for the selection of
xylanolytic microorganisms, on waste paper for the evaluation of cellulase free xylanolytic microorganisms, and on citrus
peel for screening of pectinolytic microorganisms. Qualitative analysis of xylanase, pectinase and cellulase activities depicted
that the zones obtained on nutrient agar medium containing agricultural residues were apparent and comparable with the zones
obtained on nutrient agar medium containing commercial substrates. A strategy of using cost effective wheat-bran, wastepaper
and citrus-peel for the isolation of cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms is a novel and promising method and
will ultimately bring down the cost of screening of these enzyme producing microorganisms. 相似文献
11.
Application of Microautoradiography to the Study of Substrate Uptake by Filamentous Microorganisms in Activated Sludge 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
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Excessive growth of filamentous microorganisms in activated-sludge treatment plants is a major operational problem which causes poor settlement of activated sludge. An enhanced understanding of the factors controlling growth of different filamentous microorganisms is necessary in order to establish more successful control strategies. In the present study, the in situ substrate uptake was investigated by means of microautoradiography. It was demonstrated that the uptake of labeled organic substrates by the filamentous microorganisms, during short-term incubation, could be detected by microautoradiography. Viability and respiratory activity of the filaments were also detected by reduction of CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride) and by incorporation of [(sup3)H]thymidine. Gram, Neisser, and fluorescence staining techniques were used for the localization and identification of the filaments. Activated-sludge samples from five wastewater treatment plants with bulking problems due to filamentous microorganisms were investigated. Microthrix parvicella, Nostocoida limicola, and Eikelboom's type 0041 and type 021N were investigated for their ability to take up organic substrates. A panel of six substrates, i.e., [(sup14)C]acetate, [(sup3)H]glucose, [(sup14)C]ethanol, [(sup3)H]glycine, [(sup3)H]leucine, and [(sup3)H]oleic acid, was tested. The uptake response was found to be very specific not only between the different filamentous types but also among filaments of the same type from different treatment plants. Interestingly, M. parvicella consistently took up only oleic acid among the tested substrates. It is concluded that microautoradiography is a useful method for investigation of in situ substrate uptake by filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge. 相似文献
12.
《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2019,29(16):2354-2357
A series of fluorogenic heterocyclic azides were prepared and assessed as reductase substrates across a selection of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The majority of these azides showed similar activity profiles to nitroreductase substrates. Microorganisms that do not produce hydrogen sulfide reduced the azides, indicating reductase activity was not linked to hydrogen sulfide production. 相似文献
13.
Screening and characterization of microorganisms with glutaryl-7 ADCA acylase activity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
G. Franzosi E. Battistel I. Gagliardi W. Van der Goes 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1995,43(3):508-513
A screening of microorganisms producing glutaryl-7 ADCA acylase, an enzyme able to hydrolyse glutaric acid selectively from glutaryl-3-deacetoxy-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (glutaryl-7 ADCA), has been carried out in soil samples. Five microorganisms expressing acylase activity were isolated and classified as Bacillus cereus, Achromobacter xylosooxidans, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas paucimobilis. The screening was carried out by preparing enrichment cultures containing glutaryl-7-ADCA or cephalosporin C as the selective carbon source. Four model compounds (adipoyl-, glutamyl- and glutaryl-p-nitroanilide and glutarylcoumarin), mimicking the glutaryl-7 ADCA -lactam moiety, were synthesized as substrates suitable for the rapid screening of the microorganisms (2500) isolated from the enrichment cultures. A total of 300 strains were active on the model substrates and only 5 displayed acylase activity on glutaryl-7 ADCA. The fermentation parameters, such as pH and inducer concentration, for the optimal acylase expression and acylase specificity towards the model substrates were different for each strain. 相似文献
14.
人工湿地除磷研究进展 总被引:42,自引:0,他引:42
从人工湿地除磷机理着手,综述了国内外有关湿地基质、湿地植物及微生物强化除磷的研究机理以及进展。深入研究多种基质组合对磷素的吸附与解析机理,可以从理论上推进诸多高效除磷基质的实际应用进程;植物间接净化作用及其与湿地水力停留时间的关系,是影响湿地植物选种和种植的重要依据;植物根际微环境以及植物与微生物的耦合作用可能是人工湿地除磷的主要途径之一;强调湿地的污水净化功能而忽视其生态服务功能,是湿地运行中普遍存在的认识错误。最后指出:湿地运行应采取高水力负荷、低污染负荷的方式,强调强化一级处理的重要性。 相似文献
15.
The roles of O-methyltransferases (OMTs) in microorganisms are not well understood, and are suggested to increase antimicrobial activity. Studies on OMTs cloned from microorganisms may help elucidate their roles. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) produces many useful natural antibiotics such as actinorhodin. Based on sequence information from S. coelicolor A3(2) genome, it was possible to clone several methyltransferases. An OMT cloned from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), ScOMT1 was characterized by in vivo and in vitro assays. Of 23 compounds tested, 13 were found to serve as its substrates. Of the 13 substrates, the methylated positions of 7 compounds were determined by HPLC, NMR, and MS analyses. This OMT favored ortho-dihydroxyflavones. Among the compounds tested here, the best substrate is 6,7-dihydroxyflavone. 相似文献
16.
Dorota A. Rzechonek Adam Dobrowolski Waldemar Rymowicz 《Critical reviews in biotechnology》2018,38(4):620-633
Erythritol is a natural sweetener commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Produced by microorganisms as an osmoprotectant, it is an ideal sucrose substitute for diabetics or overweight persons due to its almost zero calorie content. Currently, erythritol is produced on an industrial scale through the fermentation of sugars by some yeasts, such as Moniliella sp. However, the popularity of erythritol as a sweetener is still small because of its high retail price. This creates an opportunity for further process improvement. Recent years have brought the rapid development of erythritol biosynthesis methods from the low-cost substrates, and a better understanding of the metabolic pathways leading to erythritol synthesis. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica emerges as an organism effectively producing erythritol from pure or crude glycerol. Moreover, novel erythritol producing organisms and substrates may be taken into considerations due to metabolic engineering. This review focuses on the modification of erythritol production to use low-cost substrates and metabolic engineering of the microorganisms in order to improve yield and productivity. 相似文献
17.
Biosurfactants and oil bioremediation 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
Oil pollution is an environmental problem of increasing importance. Hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, adapted to grow and thrive in oil-containing environments, have an important role in the biological treatment of this pollution. One of the limiting factors in this process is the bioavailability of many fractions of the oil. The hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms produce biosurfactants of diverse chemical nature and molecular size. These surface-active materials increase the surface area of hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates and increase their bioavailability, thereby enhancing the growth of bacteria and the rate of bioremediation. 相似文献
18.
Microbial life in the harsh conditions of Antarctica's cold desert may be considered an analogue of potential life on early
Mars. In order to explore the development and survival of this epilithic and endolithic form of microbial life, our most sophisticated,
state-of-the-art visualization technologies have to be used to their full potential. The study of any ecosystem requires a
knowledge of its components and the processes that take place within it. If we are to understand the structure and function
of each component of the microecosystems that inhabit lithic substrates, we need to be able to quantify and identify the microorganisms
present in each lithobiontic ecological niche and to accurately characterize the mineralogical features of these hidden microhabitats.
Once we have established the techniques that will allow us to observe and identify these microorganisms and mineral substrates
in situ, and have confirmed the presence of water, the following questions can be addressed: How are the microorganisms organized
in the fissures or cavities? Which microorganisms are present and how many are there? Additional questions that logically
follow include: What are the existing water relationships in the microhabitat and what effects do the microorganisms have
on the mineral composition? Mechanical and chemical changes in minerals and mineralization of microbial cells can give rise
to physical and/or chemical traces (biomarkers) and to microbial fossil formation. In this report, we describe the detection
of chains of magnetite within the Martian meteorite ALH84001, as an example of the potential use of SEM-BSE in the search
for plausible traces of life on early Mars.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
19.
Development of a plate technique for screening of polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms by using a mixture of insoluble chromogenic substrates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A plate assay based on the visible solubilization of small substrate particles and the formation of haloes on Petri dishes, containing a mixture of different dye-labelled polysaccharides as substrates, provides a specific, reliable and rapid simultaneous detection of corresponding polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms. It has potential for increasing the efficacy of screening of microorganisms, utilizing different polysaccharides, in large numbers of natural samples. Diversely colored insoluble forms of amylose, xylan and hydroxyethyl-cellulose (HE-cellulose) were prepared as chromogenic substrates by using the cross-linking reagent 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether and the dyes Brilliant Red 3B-A, Cibacron Blue 3GA and Reactive Orange 14. Using the method, the bacteria with amylase or xylanase or cellulase or a combination of these activities were screened from soil and sludge samples, selected and identified according to 16S rDNA sequencing. 相似文献