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We tried to find the reasons for frequently observed low biomass of Lemna minor among floating rosettes of Stratiotes aloides as opposed to the abundance of Spirodela polyrhiza in these stands. The effect of S. aloides on L. minor was analysed in outdoor culture experiments. The duckweed collected from among dense stands of the floating form of S. aloides (test sites) showed a significantly lower growth rate than that from stands free of the water soldier (control sites). Water from the latter stands was significantly richer in nitrate-nitrogen and ammonium-nitrogen, but not in soluble reactive phosphorus suggesting possible nutrient depletion as a reason for observed differences. Growth rates of L. minor were indeed significantly correlated with in situ concentrations of all dissolved nutrients and showed saturation at around 0.18 mg N-NH4 dm−3 and 0.05 mg SRP dm−3 above which the growth rates did not increase significantly. We used stepwise regression to test the combined effect of nutrients and the presence/absence of S. aloides on the growth rate of L. minor. The regression showed a negligible effect of ammonium ions and nitrates on the growth rate of the duckweed. At low concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus the presence of both the S. aloides and SRP concentrations significantly affected the growth of L. minor. Above saturating SRP concentrations none of the two effects was significant. Results of our experiments seem to suggest that the presence of S. aloides exerts a negative effect on the growth of L. minor only at low concentrations of soluble phosphorus. Since the depletion of nutrients in water by the floating form of S. aloides is unlikely, we point to S. polyrhiza as a superior competitor for nutrients and suggest a possible allelopathic effect of the water soldier on L. minor.  相似文献   

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A study was made of the phenotypical manifestation of physiological polymorphism of the population of the grass frog by the heat resistance level of m. interphalangealis in different seasons. In autumn (starting from the 2nd half of October), throughout winter, and in summer the polymorphism of frogs is well expressed, whereas in spring (during the reproduction period) and in the first half of October (during the migration of animals to the places of hibernation) the polymorphism appears to be hidden. The latter phenomenon is due to differences in the pattern of individual seasonal changes in the heart resistance of muscles in individuals of different groups.  相似文献   

4.
阿维菌素对小菜蛾的抗性选育及其对解毒酶活性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
用阿维菌素对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)进行了抗性选育,并对选育过程中小菜蛾解毒酶的活性进行了研究。选育从F0至F21代,抗性缓慢波动上升,达到选育前的122.91倍;F21至F27代,抗性迅速增长,达到选育前的812.73倍,抗性发展趋势呈现S型曲线。随着选育代数的增加,对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)没有明显的影响;羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性,F27是F0的1.5倍,从F22开始,活性在较高水平上波动;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性F27是F0的2.2倍,且从F18开始,活性在较高水平上波动。选育的抗性品系,增效醚对阿维菌素增效6.34倍。  相似文献   

5.
The combined effect of salinity and temperature on Spirorbis spirorbis L. and Circeus spirillum L. larvae from the White Sea was studied in the laboratory experiments. In the White Sea, S. spirorbis is distributed through the depth of 1-20 m and is affected by all varieties of fluctuations in salinity and temperature. C. spirillum lives in more wide range of depths 1-55 m and is more stenohaline. S. spirorbis larvae are sufficiently more resistant to the low salinity (10‰) than C. spirillum larvae. Both species are stenothermic. Highest survivorship of S. spirorbis larvae was marked under 5 °C in all experimental salinities. Under temperature treatments of 10-15 °C, the larval survivorship was sufficiently restricted in all salinities. Highest survivorship of C. spirillum larvae was also marked under 5 °C but in more narrow salinity range.The number of larvae undergoing metamorphosis in both species was very low, only about 10% of the total number. Highest number of successful attachments in both species was marked in high salinities (25-30‰) and does not exceed 25% of survivors. Experimental data suggests that salinity and temperature affect directly general survivorship of the larvae and secondary-attachment and metamorphosis processes.  相似文献   

6.

1. 1.|In hog slater, Asellus aquaticus, five extremities were consecutively isolated in the course of heat acclimation to study the pattern of changes in the level of the heat resistance of muscle tissue of each single specimen.

2. 2.|The initial response of the population, during acclimation, is for the muscle resistance of different individuals to become less varied. Then a simultaneous increase in tissue resistance occurs in all ammals, which is complete by the 6th day of acclimation. Afterwards the heat resistance of muscles in the majority of animals shows little change and then, in spite of maintenance of acclimation, it starts to return to its initial level.

3. 3.|Thermal acclimation causes a temporary decrease in the variability of the heat resistance of the muscle tissue and also a temporary stabilization of this physiological characteristic to a new level. This phenomenon is a phenotypical masking of genotypic differences in a physiological characteristic in the population studied during changes in environmental temperature.

4. 4.|At all the stages of acclimation the relation of individual increases in cellular heat resistance to their initial levels follows a hyperbolic exponential equation. This implies that to a rise in environmental temperature a population responds as an integral functional system.

Author Keywords: Asellus acquaticus; heat acclimation; cellular heat resistance; the basal level of heat resistance; individual response; functional structure of the population; phenotypic masking of genotypic differences  相似文献   


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Heat acclimation is shown to result in the decrease in the intensity of thermal selection which is more evident at the lower as compared with higher heat doses. Heat acclimation is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the genetic effectiveness of thermal selection. Therefore the directed selection of individuals turns into a poorly selective or even completely non-selective order of death. This effect is achieved in three ways: (1) a decrease in individual variability of organismal heat resistance. (2) a decrease in the heritability of this trait and (3) a change in the order of death of individuals during thermal selection (rearrangement of selectivity).

The change in the intensity (δi) and genetic effectiveness (δE) of thermal selection due to the effect of acclimation demonstrates a functional homeostasis of the population. This homeostatic mechanism maintains population numerical composition and genetic structure under conditions of variable temperature. This can be expressed as follows: H = 1 - δi·δE where H is the level of homeostasis, δi is the organismal and δE the populational components of the total homeostasis.  相似文献   


9.
Larvae of Acheta domesticus show the group effect when reared in pairs on an artificial diet with the opposite sex, but not when reared with the same sex. When wheat-germ oil is added to the artificial diet, all paired larvae exhibit the group effect, regardless of sex. Dietary fat also improves survival and growth, but the identity of the component(s) producing these results has not been determined. The possible roles of linolenic acid and linolenic acid synthesis in this insect are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of complicated metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose level and inappropriate insulin secreting capacity due to decreased glucose metabolism and pancreatic β cell mass or dysfunction of β cells. Thus, improving glucose metabolism and preserving β cell mass and function might be useful for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, a novel acidic polysaccharide LBP-s-1 extracted from Lycium barbarum L. was obtained by purification using macroporous resin and ion-exchanged column. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that LBP-s-1 was comprised of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 1.00:8.34:1.25:1.26:1.91:7.05:15.28. The preliminary structure features of LBP-s-1 were investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic experiments showed that LBP-s-1 had significant hypoglycemic effects and insulin-sensitizing activity through increasing glucose metabolism and insulin secretion and promoting pancreatic β cell proliferation. Preliminary mechanisms were also elucidated.  相似文献   

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Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck (1819) is a functional hermaphrodite that releases successively male and female gametes during their spawning process. Because the short period between the release of both kind of gametes, the chance of self-fertilization exists, even in natural conditions. The self-fertilization rate was quantified in 10 scallops as the proportion of spontaneous (nonartificially fertilized) cleaving eggs. The existence of inbreeding depression was tested comparing families produced by self- and cross-fertilization. An average of 9.9% of spontaneous self-fertilization was detected. No differences in survival or growth in either larvae or juvenile were found between families produced by self-fertilization and pair mating.  相似文献   

13.
Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.fil.), a native to North America and naturalized in Central and South America, is an invasive aquatic weed in western Europe and several other regions worldwide. H. ranunculoides settles primarily in stagnant to slow-flowing waters (e.g. ditches, canals, rivers, lakes and ponds). The species prefers sunny and nutrient-rich sites and forms dense interwoven mats, which can quickly cover the surface of infested waters. In this study, the effect of three different water levels on growth of Floating Pennywort was investigated. Plants were cultivated on high-nutrient soils under waterlogged, semi-drained and drained conditions. Highest relative growth rates (RGR) of 0.097±0.004 g g−1 dw d−1 were reached under waterlogged conditions. This was significantly higher than RGR of plants cultivated semi-drained and drained. Floating Pennywort showed some phenological adaptations to drained soil conditions, including significant differences in the relative amounts of leaf, petiole and shoot biomass, whilst the relative amount of root biomass was not significantly influenced by the water level. Furthermore, Floating Pennywort reached under drained conditions lower relative water contents (RWC) of leaves, petioles and shoots, a significant shorter length of internodes, a significant lower extent of shoot porosity (POR), a lower chlorophyll content and an increased Chla:Chlb ratio. In addition, maximum gas exchange of drained cultivated plants is significantly lower, due to strongly decreased leaf conductance under reduced water availability. Overall, H. ranunculoides showed ability to grow under different water levels, but performed best under waterlogged conditions.  相似文献   

14.
Windon R. G. and Dineen J. K. (1981). The effect of selection of both sire and dam on the response of F1 generation lambs to vaccination with irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. International Journal for Parasitology11: 11–18. Rams and ewes, tested for responsiveness to vaccination with irradiated T. colubriformis larvae at an early age, were mated on the basis of responder × responder and non-responder × non-responder. Progeny were vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks of age with 20,000 irradiated larvae, treated with anthelmintic at 16 weeks and challenged with 20,000 normal larvae at 17 weeks. Faecal egg counts of progeny from responder matings were significantly lower than progeny from non-responders, and within each mating type, ewe lambs had markedly lower egg counts than ram lambs. The level of circulating complement-fixing antibodies to T. colubriformis larval extract were inversely related to egg counts. Thus, ewe progeny from responder matings had the highest serum antibody levels, non-responder ram progeny had the lowest levels and responder rams and non-responder ewes had similar intermediate levels. In vitro responses of cells stimulated with T. colubriformis L3 antigen were greater in progeny from responder matings, whereas responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide were higher in progeny from non-responder matings. The results confirm that the response to vaccination at an early age is genetically determined, and show that the response of progeny is most vigorously expressed when both sires and dams have been selected.  相似文献   

15.
Greenhouse experiments were undertaken to identify soil factors that curtail growth of the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) without significantly inhibiting growth of native perennial grasses (here represented by Hilaria jamesii [Torr.] Benth). We grew B. tectorum and H. jamesii alone (monoculture pots) and together (combination pots) in soil treatments that manipulated levels of soil phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Hilaria jamesii showed no decline when its aboveground biomass in any of the applied treatments was compared to the control in either the monoculture or combination pots. Monoculture pots of B. tectorum showed a decline in aboveground biomass with the addition of Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4. Interestingly, in pots where H. jamesii was present, the negative effect of these treatments was ameliorated. Whereas the presence of B. tectorum generally decreased the aboveground biomass of H. jamesii (comparing aboveground biomass in monoculture versus combination pots), the presence of H. jamesii resulted in an enhancement of B. tectorum aboveground biomass by up to 900%. We hypothesize that B. tectorum was able to obtain resources from H. jamesii, an action that benefited B. tectorum while generally harming H. jamesii. Possible ways resources may be gained by B. tectorum from native perennial grasses include (1) B. tectorum is protected from salt stress by native plants or associated soil biota; (2) when B. tectorum is grown with H. jamesii, the native soil biota is altered in a way that favors B. tectorum growth, including B. tectorum tapping into the mycorrhizal network of native plants and obtaining resources from them; (3) B. tectorum can take advantage of root exudates from native plants, including water and nutrients released by natives via hydraulic redistribution; and (4) B. tectorum is able to utilize some combination of the above mechanisms. In summary, land managers may find adding soil treatments can temporarily suppress B. tectorum and enhance the establishment of native plants. However, the extirpation of B. tectorum is unlikely, as many native grasses are likely to facilitate its growth.  相似文献   

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于永光  赵斌 《微生物学报》2008,27(2):209-216
设计在不同pH水平(4.3、5.1、5.8、6.8)下两种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita对紫云英Astragalus sinicus进行单接种、混合接种及无接种对照的盆栽实验。对紫云英地上和地下部分生物量、根部侵染率、SDH和ALP酶活进行了检测。实验结果表明:紫云英的生长效应与VA菌根真菌的侵染率及两种酶活成明显相关性。土壤pH升高,单接种Glomus mosseae和混合接种的侵染率也随之升高,而单接种Gigaspora margarita的侵染率呈现  相似文献   

19.
于永光  赵斌 《菌物学报》2008,27(2):209-216
设计在不同pH水平(4.3、5.1、5.8、6.8)下两种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita对紫云英Astragalus sinicus进行单接种、混合接种及无接种对照的盆栽实验.对紫云英地上和地下部分生物量、根部侵染率、SDH和ALP酶活进行了检测.实验结果表明:紫云英的生长效应与VA菌根真菌的侵染率及两种酶活成明显相关性.土壤pH升高,单接种Glomus mosseae和混合接种的侵染率也随之升高,而单接种Gigaspora margarita的侵染率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势.本实验设计了特异性扩增Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita的引物gml和gigl,在混合接种实验中,nested PCR扩增结果显示:在低pH水平下(4.3-5.1)大多数根段为Gigaspora margarita所侵染,在高pH水平下(5.8-6.8)Glomusmosseae表现出较强的竞争力,但并没有检测到两种VA真菌存在于同一条侵染根段;对比单接种实验,在低pH水平下,Glomus mosseae显著抑制了Gigaspora margarita的侵染,而在高pH水平下Gigasporamargarita明显促进Glomus mosseae的侵染.  相似文献   

20.
The density of great tit Parus major L. and blue tit Parus caeruleus L. was artificially increased by placing nest-box colonies for these species in the vicinity of the nests of breeding tawny owls during 1993–1997. Bird prey composition in the owl nests, the proportion of parents disappearing from the breeding tit populations and the reproductive performance of the widowed parents were analysed. The frequency of predation on tits by tawny owls was greater in areas where tit density had been artificially increased. Owls preyed more on tits during the feeding period of owlets than during the incubation period and more in years when snow covered the ground during the incubation period than when it did not. Mortality due to predation was male biased and more females lost their mates in populations breeding near tawny owl nests. Reproductive performance of the widowed parents was lower and their body weights were lighter at the end of the nestling period than those found in birds rearing youngs with their mates. Predation by owls increased the between-year turnover in the breeding tit population: widowed parents did not return to the nesting site for the next breeding season.  相似文献   

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