Flavonoid glycosides of Lotus corniculatus (leguminosae)

Two-dimensional TLC of stems and leaves of Lotus corniculatus revealed the presence of ca 25 flavonoid glycosides. Among these, 14 were identified; 10 are new for this species. This pattern is qualitatively the same among different populations of this plant but the relative amounts of mono- and diglycosides varies considerably from one population to another.     

Flavonoid aglycones from the leaf surfaces of someLabiatae species

The distribution of excreted flavonoid aglycones within the familyLabiatae was studied and differences were found, especially in the A-ring substitution patterns. Thus, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavones with substituted B-rings are characteristic of species ofSalvia (sect.Salvia),Rosmarinus andOcimum; 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavones occur only inOcimum and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavones inThymus and related species. Members of the two subfamiliesLamioideae andNepetoideae produce exudate flavonoids, but some genera are devoid of these compounds. There is a correlation between the habitat where the plant grows and production of these compounds, the species from (semi-)arid habitats being those which generally accumulate external flavonoids.     

鄂报春(Primula obconica Hance)亲缘地理学的初步研究

为了获得鄂报春（Primula obconica Hance）的种内亲缘地理学信息,对叶绿体基因组上非编码区trnL-trnF的序列变异进行了分析.获得的20个单倍型具有一定的地理分布结构.对这些单倍型进行系统发育分析,得到了三个主要分支：东部分支广泛分布于中国东南部、湖南、湖北、四川和云南;四川分支分布于四川西部;云南分支分布于云南西北部.东部分支分布面积较后两个分支大,并且在东部分支中可以发现一定的演化关系.结合古气候学和地质学信息,推测东部分支中现存的单倍型由冰期时气候变冷导致鄂报春快速迁移而形成,云南、四川分支中的单倍型可能是在各自的避难所中得以保存.同时本文也简要地探讨了鄂报春几个亚种之间的分类学关系.     

Chromosomal variability in the genus Primula (Primulaceae)

Chromosome numbers and measurements were recorded in 47 individuals of ten taxa of Primula , representing eight species and two subspecies from ten populations. The basic numbers of chromosomes were x  = 8, 9 or 11, and they were mostly metacentric, medium-long to medium-small, ranging in length from c . 3.6 µm to 1.6 µm. Diploid chromosome numbers of 2 n  = 2 x  = 24 and 22 were scored for the first time in P. loeseneri Kitag. and P. prenantha Balf. & Sm., respectively. A new ploidy level of 2 n  = 4 x  = 44 was found in P. burmanica Balf. & King. The recorded diploid numbers of the remaining species confirmed earlier reports. Interspecific variability in chromosome numbers was correlated with heterogeneity in their mean length. Comparison of the data with those in the literature revealed that the observed variability of chromosomal characters was compatible with the other taxonomic criteria and supports the current taxonomic delimitation. Chromosomal variation at the diploid level is the predominant feature in Primula evolution, and allopatric speciation has played a major role in its specific diversity. Subgen. Aleuritia could represent the main clade from which the other subgenera have evolved. The origin of the chromosome numbers, geographical distribution and evolution of the species were assessed, and the parallel polyphyletic mode of evolution in the genus was confirmed.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 150 , 211–219.     

木里报春一新异名

将新近发表的Primula hongshanensis D. W. H. Rankin, Z. D. Fang &; H. Sun处理为木里报春P. boreiocalliantha的异名, 对近缘的几个种列出了检索表。     

Flavonoid glycosides from Randonia africana Coss. (Resedaceae)

The present study is the first phytochemical report of plants belonging to the genus Randonia. We have isolated nine flavonol-glycosides from Randonia africana distributed into two monoglycosides, six diglycosides and one trioside.     

Reproductive ecology in the endemic Primula apennina Widmer (Primulaceae)

Abstract

Disassortative mating in distylous self-incompatible species should result in the equilibrium of morph types in natural populations. Deviation from isoplethy may affect pollen transfer, and in isolated populations it could lead to Allee effect and genetic drift. Pollen limitation has been found to occur in several distylous species, for which mating opportunities are actually reduced to half population. In this study, we investigated the reproductive features and pollination ecology of the narrow endemic Primula apennina. We recorded equilibrium of morph frequencies in the studied population, reflecting the comparable fecundity found in the two morphs. Long-styled flowers produce more pollen grains of smaller size than short-styled ones: we hypothesize that in thrum flowers, pollen is more easily removed by the insect pollinator Macroglossum stellatarum, resulting in equal pollen amounts carried to both short styles and long styles. This lower pollen transfer efficiency from long-styled to short-styled flowers is also reflected in legitimate pollen–ovule ratio values. Despite results show no evidence of imminent threats to population persistence at study site, the strict dependence on one or very few pollinator species, and ecological traits, may increase extinction risks in the long-term period.     

九种报春花属植物的核形态学研究

对报春花属（Prinula)4个组9种植物进行了核形态学研究。这9个种的间期核构形均为复杂染色中心型,前期染色体属于中间型,体细胞有丝分裂中期染色体的数目及核型如下：中甸海水仙报表P.monticola(Hand.-Mazz.)Chen et C.M.Hu,K(2n)=16=12m 4sm;高穗花报春P.vialii Delavay ex Franch.,K(2n)=20=16m 2sm 2st;偏花报春P.secundiflora Franch.,K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;海仙花报春P.poissonii Fanch.,K(2n)=22=16m 6sm;霞红灯台报春P.beesiana Forr.,K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;桔红灯台报春P.bulleyana Forr., K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;橙红灯台报春P.aurantiaca W.W.Smith et Forr.,K(2n)=22=16m(sat) 6sm;粉被灯台报春P.pulverulenta Duthie,K(2n)=22=19m 2sm 1st;钟花报春P.sikkimensis Hook.,K(2n)=20=14m(1sat) 4sm 2T。其中,中甸海水仙报春和高穗花报春两种的染色体数目及核型为首次报道。同时,本文还将偏花报春与灯台组报春以及钟花组报春进行了细胞学的比较分析。     

Three new flavonoid glycosides from the aerial parts of Graptophyllum grandulosum Turril (Acanthaceae)

Grandulosides A-C, three new flavonoid glycosides, were isolated from the aerial parts of Graptophyllum grandulosum Turill and identified as chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranoside (1), chrysoeriol-7-O-[4′′′-O-acetyl-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-xylopyranoside (2) and 7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-(4′′-Sodium hydrogeno sulfate) glucopyranoside (3). Four known compounds, chrysoeriol-7-O-β-d-xyloside (4), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), luteolin-7-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranoside (6) and sucrose (7) were also obtained. The structures of these compounds were established by interpretation of their spectral data, mainly HR-TOFESIMS, 1D-NMR (¹H, ¹³C) and 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) and by comparison with the literature data.     

Characterization of microsatellite loci in Primula modesta Bisset et Moore (Primulaceae)

Eleven microsatellite loci were isolated from alpine plant Primula modesta. Enriched repeat libraries were constructed and screened by colony hybridization. Forty‐eight polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs were designed, of which 11 pairs producted successful amplification. A total of 31–35 adult individuals were genotyped for allelic diversity. The polymorphism ranged from three to 14 alleles, and the heterozygosity ranged from 0.161 to 0.828. No linkage disequilibrium was found between these 11 loci.     

Distribution range and ecological niche of Primula marginata Curtis (Primulaceae)

The distribution range of Primula marginata Curtis (Primulaceae) has never been fully characterized. In the present study, authors did a revision of the distribution range using herbaria material, database records and in situ populations' check-up. P. marginata was confirmed extending from Cottian to Maritime and Ligurian Alps, with few outlier occurrences in the northern Apennines. The localities previously reported from northern Piedmont (Val d'Ossola) were not confirmed. Maximum entropy model (Maxent) was used to simulate the potential distribution of P. marginata under current climate conditions. According to the distribution modelling performed, the species prefers rocky calcareous habitats mainly at high elevations, with abundant precipitation, but low moisture retention at soil level and marked temperature range between winter and summer seasons. The potential distribution area drawn by Maxent seemed to describe P. marginata at its maximum extension, and any future climate changes might cause limitations for the survival of the species.     

喜马拉雅-横断山区钟花报春居群遗传多样性及遗传分化

应用简单序列重复区间(ISSR,Inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记,对喜马拉雅．横断山区钟花报春(Primula sikkimensis)进行居群遗传分析。用10个ISSR引物对13个居群的254个个体进行扩增,共检出91条扩增片段,全部为多态带,总的多态位点百分率为100％。Shannon多样性指数(Ho)从0．2293到0．4016,居群水平上平均值(HPCP)为0．3211,物种水平上(Hsp)为0．5576。利用分子方差(AMOVA)软件分析,其结果为：在总的遗传变异中,有50．28％的遗传变异属于居群之间;用POPGENE计算出的遗传分化系数GST=0．4127,即居群间的分化变异占居群总遗传变异的41．27％,比AMOVA分析所得的结果偏低。居群间遗传距离变化范围从0．0780到0．4748,遗传一致度(I)的变化范围从0．6220到0．9250。居群间的基因流Nm=0．7114,相对低的基因流可能是维持钟花报春居群遗传分化的原因。这表明,喜马拉雅．横断山区钟花报春的13个居群具有很高的遗传多样性,并且居群间的分化也很大。     

广藿香大极性化学成分的研究

从广藿香(Pogostemon cablin (Blance)Benth.)地上部分乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位分离得到13个化合物.通过光谱和波谱分析,分别鉴定为:芹菜素(1)、3,5,4'-三羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮(2)、3,5-二羟基_4',7-二甲氧基黄酮(3)、Apigenin 7-galacturonide(4)、Apigenin 7-(O-methylghacuronide)(5),Luteolin 7-O-(6-O-methyl-β-D-glucuronopyranoside)(6),4',5-二羟基-3',7-二甲氧基二氢黄酮(7)、Quercetha-7-β-D-ghcoside(8),3,23-Dihydroxy-12-oleanen-28-oic acid(9)、Syringaresinol-β-D-glucoside(10),毛蕊花糖苷(11)、列当苷(12)、紫葳新苷(13),化合物2～13均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

七种灯台报春组植物的细胞学研究

对报春花科（Primulaceae）报春花属（Primula）灯台报春组植物Section Proliferoe的7种报春进行了细胞学研究,其中腾冲灯台报春和川东灯台报春的核型分析为首次报道,结合已报道的灯台报春组其它植物的细胞学资料进行统计分析,结果表明灯台报春组植物在染色体基数、染色体形态、着丝点位置及染色体对称性上都具有很高的一致性,在灯台报春组有核型记录的种类中,其核型都属于Stebbins的2A型或2B型,核型差异很小,染色体基数均为x=11,推测其可能与报春花属中具有相同染色体基数的组亲缘关系更近。结合已发表的灯台报春组植物的细胞学资料及它们的形态特征,对其系统演化关系进行了比较分析,以期对该组的系统学及演化关系提供一些证据。     

Circumscription of Primula subgenus Auganthus (Primulaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences

Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of Primula have greatly enhanced our understanding of the infrageneric relationships of the genus,but the subgenera Auganthus and Carolinella remain meagerly sampled and poorly understood.In the present study,nucleotide sequence data of three chloroplast DNA regions (matK,rps16,and trnL-F) were used to infer phylogenetic relationships of the subgenera Auganthus and Carolinella.Sequence data were acquired and analyzed for 70 species of Primula and its close relatives.Th...     

二型花柱植物海仙花报春花部性状随地理梯度的变异

植物的花部性状在异质环境中表现出不均一的适应性进化, 其自然变异可能在时空格局上呈现一定的规律性。选择同一物种的不同地理居群进行花部表型变异分析, 能揭示花部性状随地理梯度的变异模式。海仙花报春(Primula poissonii)属于典型的二型花柱植物, 依赖昆虫传粉实现严格的型间异交。该物种广布于横断山地区亚高山-高山草甸, 其分布海拔跨度大且花部性状在种内具有较高变异, 但这些变异在不同地理梯度(海拔梯度和经纬度梯度)的特定选择因子作用下的变化规律尚不清楚。本研究选择海仙花报春16个居群, 对8个花部关键性状和二型花柱繁殖器官的互补度与海拔和经纬度的关系进行研究, 探究花部性状随地理梯度变异的模式及其潜在的选择因素。研究表明, 海仙花报春两种花型的花冠管开口大小、花药高度以及短柱花柱头高度与海拔均呈正相关, 但两种花型的花冠大小, 长柱花的花瓣长度、柱头到花冠管开口的距离, 以及短柱花的花冠管长度与海拔高度间均呈负相关, 其余性状与海拔无显著相关性。除短柱花中柱头高度以外的性状均随着纬度升高而逐渐减小。长柱花中除花药和柱头间的距离以及柱头到开口的距离外, 其余性状均随着经度的增加而减小; 短柱花的花瓣长度、花药高度以及花药和柱头间的距离随着经度的增加而变大, 其余性状均随着经度的增加而减小。繁殖器官间的互补度并不随地理环境的变化而变化。花部性状的地理变异可能受访花昆虫组成的地理变化驱动。繁殖器官间互补程度的高度保守表明非选型交配在居群二态性的维持和稳定过程中起关键作用。本研究为进一步深入开展报春花属(Primula)花部性状及其选择压力的地理变异研究奠定了基础。     

基于叶绿体微卫星研究鄂报春谱系遗传结构

鄂报春Primula obconica作为一种广泛栽培的园艺植物,其野生居群的遗传多样性及遗传结构的研究还少见报道。本文通过叶绿体微卫星分析了17个鄂报春野生居群(共278个个体),共发现4个多态性位点(16个等位基因),得到14个单倍型。结果表明鄂报春具有很高的总基因多样性(HT=0.971)和极低的居群内基因多样性(HS=0.028);分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示98%的变异存在于居群间。这些结果说明早期的生境片断化及有限的种子传播能力是造成当前遗传结构的重要原因。Nst值显著大于Gst值,表明关系相近的单倍型会出现在相同的地区内,同时最小生成树(MST)的分析结果证实了这样的结论。我们在最小生成树的两个组中推断出一些古老单倍型,并推测在冰期时湖北和我国的西南地区可能是该物种的避难所。     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers from Primula nutans (Primulaceae)

Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for a perennial seashore plant, Primula nutans. Degenerate oligonucleotide‐primed (DOP)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified DNA was ligated to TOPO TA vector and screened with radioactively labelled dinucleotide repeat probes. A sample of 378 individuals from Finland, Norway and Russia were used to characterize those loci, which exhibited two to four alleles per locus with observed heterozygosity of 0.003–0.229 and expected heterozygosity of 0.016–0.527. No linkage disequilibrium was found between these seven loci. These are the first microsatellite markers reported for P. nutans.