Paludibacter jiangxiensis sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic,propionate-producing bacterium isolated from rice paddy field

A mesophilic, obligately anaerobic, propionate-producing fermentative bacterium, designated strain NM7^T, was isolated from rural rice paddy field. Cells of strain NM7^T are Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rods, and negative for catalase. The strain grew optimally at 37 °C (the range for growth 15–40 °C) and pH 7.0 (pH 5.0–7.5). The strain could grow fermentatively on various sugars, including arabinose, xylose, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, pectin and starch. The main end products of glucose fermentation were acetate and propionate. Yeast extract was not required but stimulated the growth. Nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, and Fe(III) nitrilotriacetate were not used as terminal electron acceptors. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 42.8 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and C_17:0. The most abundant polar lipid of strain NM7^T was phosphatidylethanolamine. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that it belongs to the family Porphyromonadaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The closest recognized species was Paludibacter propionicigenes (91.4 % similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence). A novel species, Paludibacter jiangxiensis sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate strain NM7^T (=JCM 17480^T = CGMCC 1.5150^T = KCTC 5844^T).     

Bacillus abyssalis sp. nov., isolated from a sediment of the South China Sea

A Gram-positive bacterium, designated SCSIO 15042^T, was isolated from a sediment of the South China Sea and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The isolate grew at 20–60 °C, pH 6.0–10.0 and it could grow with up to 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall diamino acid was found to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. Polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown polar lipid. The only menaquinone was determined to be MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c, C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, and iso-C_16:0. The DNA G+C content of strain SCSIO 15042^T was determined to be 43.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated strain SCSIO 15042^T to the genus Bacillus. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain SCSIO 15042^T and Bacillus herbersteinensis D-1-5a^T, Bacillus infantis SMC 4352-1^T, Bacillus novalis LMG 21837^T and Bacillus drentensis LMG 21831^T were 96.2, 96.2, 96.1 and 96.1 %, respectively. Based on the evidence of the present polyphasic study, strain SCSIO 15042^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus abyssalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCSIO 15042^T (=DSM 25875^T = CCTCC AB 2012074^T = NBRC 109102^T).     

Tenuibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a soil sample from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China and emended description of the genus Tenuibacillus

A Gram-positive, moderately halotolerant, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 94025^T, was isolated from a soil sample from a salt lake in Xinjiang province, north-west China. Strain YIM 94025^T was observed to grow at 25–45 °C (optimum 37 °C), 0–22 % NaCl (optimum 2–10 %) and pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the organism belongs to the genus Tenuibacillus and exhibited sequence similarity of 98.0 % to the closest type strain, Tenuibacillus multivorans AS 1.3442^T. The predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-7; the cell-wall peptidoglycan diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid; the polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unknown lipid; and the major fatty acids were found to contain iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain YIM 94025^T are consistent with those of the genus Tenuibacillus. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness value between YIM 94025^T and T. multivorans AS 1.3442^T was 36.6 ± 4.5 %. The G+C content of the strain YIM 94025^T was determined to be 38.5 %. Based on the comparative analysis of physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data, as well as DNA–DNA hybridization results, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tenuibacillus, for which the name Tenuibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain of YIM 94025^T (=CCTCC AB 2012860^T = KCTC 33046^T).     

Roseovarius marisflavi sp. nov., isolated from an amphioxus breeding zone in the coastal region of the Yellow Sea, China

A novel Gram stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain H50^T, was isolated from an amphioxus breeding zone in the coastal region of the Yellow Sea, China. Cells were observed to be ovoid or short rods, lacked flagella and were found to contain bacteriochlorophyll a. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate was found to be accumulated. The temperature range for growth was determined to be 0–37 °C (optimum 28–37 °C). The halotolerance range for growth is 1–15 % NaCl (optimum 2–7 %). The pH range for growth is 6.0–8.0 (optimum 7.0). The major fatty acids were identified as C_18:1ω7c and C_16:0. The following polar lipids were found to be present: diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and a lipid. The predominant respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. DNA G+C content was determined to be 57.7 mol%. Strain H50^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Pelagicola litoralis DSM 18290^T (96.1 %), Roseovarius mucosus DSM 17069^T (95.8 %) and Roseovarius tolerans DSM 11457^T (95.7 %). In the phylogenetic trees, strain H50^T was clustered with the genus Roseovarius but not Pelagicola. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain H50^T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius marisflavi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H50^T (=CGMCC 1.10799^T=JCM 17553^T).     

Thermus tengchongensis sp. nov., isolated from a geothermally heated soil sample in Tengchong, Yunnan, south-west China

A Gram-stain negative aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 77924^T, was isolated from a geothermally heated soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. Growth was found to occur from 55 to 75 °C (optimum 65 °C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–1 % NaCl (w/v). Cells were observed to be rod-shaped and the colonies convex, circular, smooth, yellow and non-transparent. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 77924^T belongs to the genus Thermus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain YIM 77924^T and other species of the genus Thermus were all below 97 %. The polar lipids of strain YIM 77924^T were determined to be aminophospholipid, phospholipid and glycolipid. The predominant respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8 and the G+C content was 66.64 mol%. The major fatty acids identified were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as genotypic data, strain YIM 77924^T is proposed to represent a novel species, Thermus tengchongensis sp. nov., in the genus Thermus. The type strain is YIM 77924^T (=KCTC 32025^T = CCTCC AB2012063^T).     

Polaribacter reichenbachii sp. nov.: A New Marine Bacterium Associated with the Green Alga Ulva fenestrata

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by gliding and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 6Alg 8^T, was isolated from the common Pacific green alga Ulva fenestrata. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the novel strain within the genus Polaribacter, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, the phylum Bacteroidetes, with sequence similarities of 97.6 % to Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5^T and 92.8–96.1 % to other recognized Polaribacter species. The prevalent fatty acids of strain 6Alg 8^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1, iso-C_15:0 2-OH, C_15:0 and C_15:1ω6. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids and one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 31.6 mol%. The new isolate and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Polaribacter were readily distinguished based on a number of phenotypic characteristics. A combination of the genotypic and phenotypic data showed that the algal isolate represents a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter reichenbachii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6Alg 8^T (= KCTC 23969^T = KMM 6386^T = LMG 26443^T).     

Aliiglaciecola coringensis sp. nov., isolated from a water sample collected from mangrove forest in Coringa,Andhra Pradesh,India

A Gram-negative, rod shaped, motile, aerobic bacterium, designated as strain AK49^T was isolated from a water sample from a mangrove forest in Coringa village, Andhra Pradesh, India. Strain AK49^T was observed to form yellow coloured, smooth, circular, convex colonies on marine agar, with entire margins. Cells of strain AK49^T are 0.5–1.0 µm wide and 1.5–3.5 µm long. Growth was observed at 25–37 °C (optimum 30 °C), 2–6 % NaCl (optimum 2 %) and pH 6–8 (optimum 7). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain AK49^T is closely related to two species recently reclassified as members of the genus Aliiglaciecola: Aliiglaciecola lipolytica JCM 15139^T (sequence similarity 95.43 %) and Aliiglaciecola litoralis JCM 15896^T (sequence similarity 96.91 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain AK49^T were found to include C_16:0, C_18:1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_15:0 iso-2-OH). The polar lipid content of cell membrane was found to include phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain AK49^T was determined to be 41.9 mol%. Based on the taxonomic methods, including chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic approaches, strain AK49^T is described here as a novel species belonging to the genus Aliiglaciecola, for which the name Aliiglaciecola coringensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aliiglaciecola coringensis sp. nov. is AK49^T (=MTCC 12003^T = JCM19197^T).     

Aestuariibaculum scopimerae sp. nov., isolated from the globular ghost crab, Scopimera globosa

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, catalase- and oxidasepositive bacterium, designated strain I-15^T, was isolated from a crab of the Yellow Sea, Korea. On the basis of a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain I-15^T was shown to belong to Bacteroidetes, related to the genus Aestuariibaculum. Sequence similarity between strain I-15^T and the only type strain of the genus Aestuariibaculum, Aestuariibaculum suncheonense SC17^T, was 96.7%. Strain I-15^T grew at 0.5–6.0% (w/v) NaCl, at 10–42°C and at pH 4.5–8.0. It could hydrolyze starch and Tweens 80. Menaquinone-6 was the only respiratory quinone, and summed features 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) (16.4%), iso-C_15:0 (15.6%), and iso-C_15:1 G (12.6%) were the major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 39.0 mol%. Polyphasic data allowed genotypic and phenotypic distinction of strain I-15^T from the only validly published Aestuariibaculum species. Therefore, the organism is considered a novel species of the genus Aestuariibaculum, for which the name Aestuariibaculum scopimerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is I-15^T (=KCTC 32459^T =JCM 19486^T).     

Methylobacterium pseudosasae sp. nov., a pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium isolated from the bamboo phyllosphere

A pink-pigmented, Gram negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium, strain BL44^T, was isolated from bamboo leaves and identified as a member of the genus Methylobacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed similarity values of 98.7–97.0 % with closely related type strains and showed highest similarity to Methylobacterium zatmanii DSM 5688^T (98.7 %) and Methylobacterium thiocyanatum DSM 11490^T (98.7 %). Methylotrophic metabolism in this strain was confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the mxaF gene coding for the α-subunit of methanol dehydrogenase. Strain BL44^T produced three known quorum sensing signal molecules with similar retention time to C₈, C₁₀ and C₁₂-HSLs when characterized by GC–MS. The fatty acid profiles contained major amounts of C_18:1 ω7c, iso-3OH C_17:0 and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH), which supported the grouping of the isolate in the genus Methylobacterium. The DNA G+C content was 66.9 mol%. DNA relatedness of the strain BL44^T to its most closely related strains ranged from 12–43.3 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and DNA–DNA hybridization data, strain BL44^T is assigned to a novel species of the genus Methylobacterium for which the name Methylobacterium pseudosasae sp. nov. is proposed (type strain BL44^T = NBRC 105205^T = ICMP 17622^T).     

Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-15^T, was isolated from a seawater of Geoje island on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-15^T belongs to the genus Polaribacter, clustering coherently with the type strain of Polaribacter porphyrae showing sequence similarity value of 97.0 %. Strain GYSW-15^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.3–96.4 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain GYSW-15^T was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain GYSW-15^T containing phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid as major components was similar to that of the type strain of P. porphyrae. The DNA G + C content of strain GYSW-15^T was determined to be 31.2 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness with P. porphyrae LMG 26671^T was 17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GYSW-15^T is separated from recognized Polaribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain GYSW-15^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYSW-15^T ( = KCTC 42156^T = CECT 8655^T)     

Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., A Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Isolated from Sediment of a Saline Lake in Southwest of Algeria

A novel, Gram-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, oxidase- and catalase-positive designated FarD^T was isolated from sediments of a saline lake located in Taghit, 93 km from Bechar, southwest of Algeria. Cells were rod-shaped, endospore forming, and motile. Growth occurred at 15–40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), pH 6.0–12.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 1–20 % NaCl (optimum, 10 %). Strain FarD^T used glucose, mannitol, melibiose, d-mannose, and 5 ketogluconate. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and three phospholipids; MK-7 is the predominant menaquinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso C_15:0, anteiso C_17:0, C_20:0, and anteiso C_19:0. The DNA G+C content was 42.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence indicated that strain FarD^T had as its closest relative Virgibacillus salinus (similarity of 96.3 %). Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and taxonomic characteristics, strain FarD^T is proposed as a novel species of the genus Virgibacillus within the order Clostridiales, for which the name V. natechei is proposed. The type strain is FarD^T (=DSM 25609^T = CCUG 62224^T).     

Burkholderia denitrificans sp. nov., isolated from the soil of Dokdo Island, Korea

A novel, Gram-negative, bacterial strain KIS30-44^T was identified from wet forest soil collected on the Korean island of Dokdo. Growth of the strain was observed at 15?C30°C, pH 5?C9, 0?C3% NaCl, and 950 mM KNO₃. KIS30-44^T reduced nitrate to nitrogen gas. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that KIS30-44^T was phylogenetically related to Burkholderia sacchari, Burkholderia mimosarum, and Burkholderia oxyphila (98.1%, 98.0%, and 98.0% sequence similarity, respectively). The genomic G+C content was 63.5 mol%. KIS30-44^T exhibited less than 52% DNA-DNA relatedness with the type strains of 9 closely related Burkholderia species. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown aminolipids. The major fatty acids in KIS30-44^T were C_16:0, C_18:1 ??7c and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and C_16:1 ??7c), and the strain contained half the amount of C_17:0 cyclo found in the 9 closely related Burkholderia species. The results of these phenotypic, 16S rRNA gene sequence, DNA-DNA hybridization, and chemotaxonomic data indicate that KIS30-44^T represents a novel species within the genus Burkholderia, for which the name Burkholderia denitrificans (Type strain KIS30-44^T =KACC 12733^T =DSM 24336^T) is proposed.     

Aquimarina penaei sp. nov., isolated from intestinal tract contents of Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei

A novel bacterial strain designated P3-1^T was isolated from the intestinal tract contents of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in Zhangpu, Fujian province, China. The isolate was found to be Gram-negative, long rod shaped, oxidase- and catalase- positive. Growth was observed at 1–7 % sea salt (w/v, optimum, 3 %), at pH 7.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 10–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C). The isolate was capable of hydrolysing gelatin, casein, starch and DNA but unable to degrade Tween 20, 40, 80 and cellulose. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain P3-1^T belongs to the genus Aquimarina, with highest sequence similarity to Aquimarina gracilis PSC32^T (96.2 %), followed by Aquimarina intermedia KMM 6258^T (96.1 %), Aquimarina spongiae A6^T (95.9 %) and Aquimarina muelleri KMM 6020^T (95.8 %). The principal cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3OH, C_16:1 ω7c/ω6c, iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_15:0 3OH, iso-C_17:1 ω9c/C_16:0 10-methyl and C_16:0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 33.3 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-6 (100 %). The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain P3-1^T represents a novel species within the genus Aquimarina, for which the name Aquimarina penaei sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain P3-1^T (=MCCC 1A09871^T = LMG 27943^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma luteolum</Emphasis> sp. nov. isolated from water

A novel Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 16F6E^T, was isolated from a water sample. Cells were yellowish in color and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain grew at 10–37°C (optimum at 25°C) but not at 4 and 42°C, and pH 5–7 (optimum at pH 7). It showed moderate resistance to gamma-ray irradiation. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 16F6E^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae of the class Cytophagia. Furthermore, this isolate showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (90.7–93.1%) to the members of the genus Spirosoma. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:1 ω5c, C_16:0 N alcohol, and C_16:0. The polar lipid profile indicated presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, an unknown amino lipid, unknown phospholipids, and unknown polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 16F6E^T was 56.5 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic properties indicated that isolate 16F6E^T represents a novel species within the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma luteolum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F6E^T (=KCTC 52199^T =JCM 31411^T).     

Halomonas zhaodongensis sp. nov., a slightly halophilic bacterium isolated from saline–alkaline soils in Zhaodong, China

A slightly halophilic bacterium (strain NEAU-ST10-25^T) was isolated from saline–alkaline soils in Zhaodong City, Heilongjiang Province, China. The strain is a Gram-negative, aerobic motile rod. It accumulates poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate and produces exopolysaccharide. It produces beige-yellow colonies. Growth occurs at NaCl concentrations (w/v) of 0–15 % (optimum 3 %), at temperatures of 4–60 °C (optimum 35 °C) and at pH 6–12 (optimum pH 9). Its G+C content is 53.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the separate 16S rRNA gene and concatenation of the 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD genes indicate that it belongs to the genus Halomonas in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The most phylogenetically related species is Halomonas alkaliphila DSM 16354^T, with which strain NEAU-ST10-25^T showed 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD gene sequence similarities of 99.2, 82.3 and 88.2 %, respectively. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization assays showed 60.47 ± 0.69 % DNA relatedness between strain NEAU-ST10-25^T and H. alkaliphila DSM 16354^T, 42.43 ± 0.37 % between strain NEAU-ST10-25^T and Halomonas venusta DSM 4743^T and 30.62 ± 0.43 % between strain NEAU-ST10-25^T and Halomonas hydrothermalis DSM 15725^T. The major fatty acids are C_18:1 ω7c (62.3 %), C_16:0 (17.6 %), C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c (7.7 %), C_14:0 (2.9 %), C_12:0 3-OH (2.8 %), C_10:0 (2.1 %) and C_18:1 ω9c (1.6 %) and the predominant respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 9 (Q-9). The proposed name is Halomonas zhaodongensis, NEAU-ST10-25^T (=CGMCC 1.12286^T = DSM 25869^T) being the type strain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus ferrooxidans</Emphasis> sp. nov., an iron(II)-oxidizing bacterium isolated from paddy soil

An endospore-forming bacterium, designated YT-3^T, was isolated from a paddy soil in Yingtan, Jiangxi, China. Cells of strain YT-3^T were Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, catalase, and oxidase positive. The optimum growth temperature and pH were 30°C (ranged from 15 to 50°C) and 6.5–7.0 (ranged from 3 to 11), respectively. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YT-3^T was affiliated to the genus Bacillus and displayed the highest similarity to that of Bacillus drentensis JCM 21707^T (98.3%), followed by B. ginsengisoli JCM 17335^T (97.8%) and B. fumarioli JCM 21708^T (97.0%). The similarity of rpoB gene sequence between strain YT-3^T and B. drentensis JCM 21707^T, B. ginsengisoli JCM 17335^T and B. fumarioli JCM 21708T was 80.4%, 81.5%, and 82.1%, respectively. The genomic DNA G + C content was 44.9 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was Menaquinone-7, and meso-diaminopimelic acid was present in the peptidoglycan layer of cell wall. The major fatty acids were C_15:0 anteiso (36.2%), C_14:0 iso (19.6%), C_15:0 iso (17.4%), and C_16:0 iso (9.8%). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids, and ammoniac phospholipids. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate YT-3^T and B. drentensis (JCM 21707^T), B. ginsengisoli (JCM 17335^T), and B. fumarioli (JCM 21708^T) were 36.3%, 30.3%, and 25.3%, respectively. On the basis of physiological, genetic and biochemical data, strain YT-3^T represented a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus ferrooxidans sp. nov was proposed. The type strain is YT-3^T (= KCTC 33875T = CCTCC AB 2017049T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma daeguensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from beach soil

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J9-6^T, was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain 15J9-6^T, grew at 10–30°C (optimum growth at 25°C) and pH 7–8 (optimum growth at pH 7) on R2A, NA, and TSA agar. Phylogenetically, the strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (92.3–90.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities) and showed highest sequence similarity to Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099^T (92.3%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J9-6^T was 45.7 mol%. The strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified lipid as the major polar lipids; menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c; 30.1%), C_16:1 ω5c (23.1%), iso C_15:0 (13.3%), and C_16:0 (8.4%) as the major fatty acids which supported the affiliation of strain 15J9-6^T to the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J9-6^T from recognized Spirosoma species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J9-6^T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma daeguensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J9-6^T (=KCTC 52036^T =JCM 31995T)     

Mycobacterium hippocampi sp. nov., a Rapidly Growing Scotochromogenic Species Isolated from a Seahorse with Tail Rot

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-sporulating, acid-fast, and rod-shaped bacterium (BFLP-6^T), previously isolated from a seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus) with tail rot, was studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth occurred at 15–35 °C (optimum 25 °C), at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and at NaCl concentrations between 0 and 6 % (w/v). The G+C content of DNA was 66.7 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were C_18:1 ω9c, C_16:0 and C_16:1 ω6c. A mycolic acid pattern of alpha-mycolates and keto-mycolates was detected. Analysis of concatenated sequences (16S rRNA, rpoB, ssrA and tuf genes), and chemotaxonomic and phenotypic features indicated that strain BFLP-6^T represents a novel species within the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium hippocampi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BFLP-6^T (=DSM 45391^T =LMG 25372^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedobacter panacis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax ginseng</Emphasis> soil

A novel strain, DCY108^T was isolated from soil of a Panax ginseng field, Yeoncheon province (38°04′N 126°57′E), Republic of Korea. Strain DCY108^T is Gram-negative, non-motile, non-flagellate, rod-shaped, and aerobic. The bacterium grows optimally at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and 1 % NaCl. Phylogenetically, strain DCY108^T is closely related to Pedobacter jejuensis JCM 18824^T, Pedobacter aquatilis JCM 13454^T, Pedobacter kyungheensis LMG 26577^T and the type strain of the genus Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366^T. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY108^T and its close phylogenetic neighbors were below 30.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DCY108^T was determined to be 45.1 mol%. The predominant quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and three unidentified aminolipids AL1, AL13 and AL17. Iso-C_15:00, iso-C_17:03OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in strain DCY108^T. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY108^T to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Pedobacter. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Pedobacter panacis sp. nov is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY108^T (=CCTCCAB 2015196^T = KCTC 42748^T).     

Alteromonas australica sp. nov., isolated from the Tasman Sea

A non-pigmented, motile, Gram-negative bacterium designated H 17^T was isolated from a seawater sample collected in Port Phillip Bay (the Tasman Sea, Pacific Ocean). The new organism displayed optimal growth between 4 and 37 °C, was found to be neutrophilic and slightly halophilic, tolerating salt water environments up to 10 % NaCl. Strain H 17^T was found to be able to degrade starch and Tween 80 but unable to degrade gelatin or agar. Phosphatidylglycerol (27.7 %) and phosphatidylethanolamine (72.3 %) were found to be the only associated phospholipids. The major fatty acids identified are typical for the genus Alteromonas and include C_16:0, C_16:1ω7, C_17:1ω8 and C_18:1ω7. The G+C content of the DNA was found to be 43.4 mol%. A phylogenetic study, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and Multilocus Phylogenetic Analysis, clearly indicated that strain H 17^T belongs to the genus Alteromonas. The DNA?DNA relatedness between strain H 17^T and the validly named Alteromonas species was between 30.7 and 46.4 mol%. Based on these results, a new species, Alteromonas australica, is proposed. The type strain is H 17^T (= KMM 6016^T = CIP 109921^T).