流域环境要素空间尺度特征及其与水生态分区尺度的关系——以辽河流域为例

指标体系构建是流域水生态分区技术框架中的一项重要内容。目前提出的指标体系尚缺乏一定的科学理论支持,如所选指标的生态尺度与各级分区大小之间的对应关系。生态学研究认为,不同尺度上的生态过程和格局不同。以辽河流域为例,对影响水生态系统的几个大尺度环境要素(降水、地形和植被)的空间尺度特征进行分析,得出了各要素空间变异最为显著的尺度。其中,降水的空间尺度约为75 km,地形要素和指标均大致存在16 km、32 km、64 km和128 km多个景观特征尺度。在界定水生态一、二级分区范围基础上,讨论了各环境要素作为水生态一、二级分区指标的适用性,以期为辽河流域水生态分区指标选取提供一定科学依据,同时希望能为其他流域提供一定参考。     

上海市崇明岛区生态承载力的空间分异

以生态岛建设为政策前提,建立了崇明岛区生态承载力评价指标体系,包括1个总目标、3个分目标和41个具体指标.根据崇明岛区1998-2004年统计年鉴与2005-2006年实际调查数据,建立了评价指标体系,并利用层次分析(AHP)法确定权重,运用状态空间模型评价历年生态承载力,利用GIS空间插值对数据进行了空间量化与生态承载力空间分异分析.结果表明:崇明岛区生态承载力总体处于可载水平,从3个分目标层看,环境纳污能力与资源供给能力较好,但人类支持能力较差;崇明岛区各功能区生态承载状况有明显差异,可根据各分区实际承载情况,发展不同特色产业.     

面向湖泊生态系统健康维护的生态管控分区研究——以红枫湖流域为例

以湖泊生态系统健康维护为目标的生态管控分区成为水环境保护与治理的重要手段,有助于全面掌握流域生态状况,对流域生态经济可持续发展具有重要参考价值。以红枫湖流域为例,从水文水资源、物理结构、水质、生物、社会服务功能5个方面对湖泊生态系统健康进行评价。运用ArcGIS空间分析工具,以200 m×200 m格网为评价单元辨析流域生态敏感性和生态服务功能空间分异特征,进而运用SOFM聚类方法优选聚类方案,划定生态管控分区。结果表明：1）红枫湖湖泊生态系统健康评分为68.4分,属健康状态,物理结构是当前威胁红枫湖湖泊生态系统健康的主要因子;2）红枫湖流域生态敏感性及生态服务功能空间差异明显,生态环境脆弱,生态服务功能较低;3）红枫湖流域生态管控分区划为优先控制区、重点控制区、缓冲控制区及一般控制区,应实施差异化管理,重点任务是调结构、转方式,逐步修复生态系统。     

区域尺度生态修复空间辨识研究进展

区域尺度辨识生态修复空间是进行生态恢复与重建的重要前提,对区域生态文明建设和可持续发展具有重要作用。如何构建科学合理、面向政策和民众需求的生态修复空间辨识指标体系,目前已成为生态学研究的热点问题之一。系统梳理生态空间评价理论,综合构建生态修复空间辨识框架,包括评价对象的选择、评价指标筛选的原则、指标体系构建的主要方法和评价指标权重设定等方面,在区域生态评价的基础上,强调政策目标、民众需求,构建了生态质量、生态系统服务、生态系统健康3个方面18个指标,能够较全面反映区域生态空间主要特征,以期为构建区域尺度生态修复空间辨识指标体系提供参考,为生态恢复和重建提供科学依据。研究还展望了区域尺度下生态修复空间辨识的重点发展方向,即加强复合生态系统理论的应用,统筹社会、经济、自然因子开展综合评价,并推动多尺度评价结果的融合与应用。     

江苏省县域森林生态安全评价及空间计量分析

通过考察生态区位因素对森林生态安全的影响,建立评价指标体系,研究其空间相关性的内在效应机制,从而实现森林生态安全的评价与监测。以江苏省80个区县为研究对象,基于2000—2015年面板数据,运用熵权法、专家法及模糊物元法计算森林生态安全指数,然后结合气象类指标及地形类指标计算生态区位系数,再用该系数修正森林ESI,同时结合Arc GIS技术、空间相关性分析、SLM与SEM模型得出如下结论:(1)人口密度、单位面积能源消耗量、退耕还林面积占比等指标权重最大;(2)生态区位系数高值区主要分布在江苏南部少数地区,低值区主要分布在江苏东北部;(3)苏南地区森林生态安全状况整体好于苏北及中东部地区;(4) 2000—2015年,江苏省67.5%的区县森林ESI呈现出较明显下降趋势,反映出江苏省森林生态安全发展状况不容乐观;(5)江苏省县域森林ESI整体空间相关性显著(P≤0.01),但2000—2015年空间聚集程度有所下降,且Low-Low聚类显著性更强;(6)森林ESI在江苏省县域间为扩散效应与回流效应并存。     

黄土高原典型脆弱区生态安全多尺度评价

区域生态安全目前受到广泛重视,生态脆弱区的生态安全评价及驱动因子研究尤为重要.以黄土高原生态脆弱区为研究对象,从市域和县域两个尺度上,分析案例区的生态安全驱动指标,评价其生态安全状况.选择了榆林市和横山县两个行政单元,针对区域特征,构建了不同尺度上的生态安全指标体系,利用层次分析法,对不同尺度上生态安全的空间分异进行了研究.结果表明,榆林市12个县的生态安全水平存在一定程度的差异,基本上是东北低,西南高.横山县总体也是北部、东北部生态安全水平低,而西南部高生态安全水平在不同尺度上存在着差异.不同尺度上气候、地貌因子所占的权重不大,而人类干扰因子所占的权重较大.     

江苏省县域森林生态安全评价及空间计量分析

通过考察生态区位因素对森林生态安全的影响,建立评价指标体系,研究其空间相关性的内在效应机制,从而实现森林生态安全的评价与监测。以江苏省80个区县为研究对象,基于2000—2015年面板数据,运用熵权法、专家法及模糊物元法计算森林生态安全指数,然后结合气象类指标及地形类指标计算生态区位系数,再用该系数修正森林ESI,同时结合ArcGIS技术、空间相关性分析、SLM与SEM模型得出如下结论:(1)人口密度、单位面积能源消耗量、退耕还林面积占比等指标权重最大;(2)生态区位系数高值区主要分布在江苏南部少数地区,低值区主要分布在江苏东北部;(3)苏南地区森林生态安全状况整体好于苏北及中东部地区;(4)2000—2015年,江苏省67.5%的区县森林ESI呈现出较明显下降趋势,反映出江苏省森林生态安全发展状况不容乐观;(5)江苏省县域森林ESI整体空间相关性显著(P≤0.01),但2000—2015年空间聚集程度有所下降,且Low—Low聚类显著性更强;(6)森林ESI在江苏省县域间为扩散效应与回流效应并存。     

基于生态系统多维特征的粤港澳大湾区国土空间生态保护修复分区研究

我国国土空间生态保护修复已进入“山水林田湖草”系统治理和建设阶段。开展生态保护修复的分区研究,正确认识生态系统的地域组合特征及其分异规律,可以为落实系统治理理念提供空间指导。当前生态保护修复分区研究逐渐重视生态系统的完整性,但对于生态系统表征维度相对单一,导致对国土空间系统性综合认知受限。基于此,基于生态安全理论以及生态系统综合评估框架,构建生态保护修复分区的多维度指标体系,以提升对国土空间的系统性综合认知。以流域为基本单元,在评估粤港澳大湾区生态现状本底和退化特征的基础上,采用空间聚类方法划分两级生态保护修复分区。结果表明：(1)各流域生态现状质量和退化程度空间分异较为明显。生态现状质量呈现出外部高、中部低的圈层式分异特征。而生态退化空间分布则相对分散。(2)以生态现状综合指数与一级分区指标数据的空间异质性为基础,可将研究区划分为5个在空间上连续的生态保护修复一级区。以生态退化综合指数与二级分区指标数据的空间异质性为基础,可在一级区内部划分出11类29个生态保护修复二级区。研究方案可为国土空间的“山水林田湖草”系统治理提供生态分区优化路径。同时也为研究区生态保护修复提供了空间决策支持...     

基于GIS的秦岭山区聚落用地适宜性评价

利用自然地理、生态和社会经济方面共14个因子构建秦岭山区聚落建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,采用AHP法确定各评价因子的权重,在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术支持下,利用适宜性评价模型定量评价聚落建设用地适宜性,将聚落建设用地适宜性分为五个等级,并结合已建设区进行空缺分析。结果表明:(1)秦岭山区最适宜聚落用地面积为3378.1 km2,占研究区总面积的5.87%,说明秦岭山区适宜聚落开发的土地相对较少。(2)最适宜聚落用地集中在秦岭北、南坡山麓和东部的山间河谷地带,山地型特征明显。(3)有9.15%已建成区分布在限制建设区内,存在生态安全风险。(4)可用适宜聚落建设用地为3192.27 km2,空间分布不平衡。研究结果可为该区域城镇体系布局与用地规模的核算提供科学依据。     

水生态功能分区研究中的基本问题

重点流域水生态功能一级二级分区研究是当前我国正在开展的一项重要工作,如何进行科学、合理的分区是值得深入探讨且亟待回答的重要问题。从水生态功能分区与水生态区划的关系、水生生物在分区中的应用、以及如何选取合适的定量分析方法等方面入手,阐述了对分区目的、指标体系和技术方法等关键问题的理解。并建议:(1)统一选用流域水生态系统结构、功能空间差异的环境驱动因子作为分区指标体系;(2)用生境尺度的水环境、水生生物指标来验证分区结果;(3)尽可能统一定量分析方法,以便为不同流域间分区结果的比较,以及为将来在全国尺度上开展分区工作奠定基础。     

Landscape drivers of regional variation in the relationship between total phosphorus and chlorophyll in lakes

1. For north temperate lakes, the well‐studied empirical relationship between phosphorus (as measured by total phosphorus, TP), the most commonly limiting nutrient and algal biomass (as measured by chlorophyll a, CHL) has been found to vary across a wide range of landscape settings. Variation in the parameters of these TP–CHL regressions has been attributed to such lake variables as nitrogen/phosphorus ratios, organic carbon and alkalinity, all of which are strongly related to catchment characteristics (e.g. natural land cover and human land use). Although this suggests that landscape setting can help to explain much of the variation in ecoregional TP–CHL regression parameters, few studies have attempted to quantify relationships at an ecoregional spatial scale. 2. We tested the hypothesis that lake algal biomass and its predicted response to changes in phosphorus are related to both local‐scale features (e.g. lake and catchment) and ecoregional‐scale features, all of which affect the availability and transport of covarying solutes such as nitrogen, organic carbon and alkalinity. Specifically, we expected that land use and cover, acting at both local and ecoregional scales, would partially explain the spatial pattern in parameters of the TP–CHL regression. 3. We used a multilevel modelling framework and data from 2105 inland lakes spanning 35 ecoregions in six US states to test our hypothesis and identify specific local and ecoregional features that explain spatial heterogeneity in TP–CHL relationships. We include variables such as lake depth, natural land cover (for instance, wetland cover in the catchment of lakes and in the ecoregions) and human land use (for instance, agricultural land use in the catchment of lakes and in the ecoregions). 4. There was substantial heterogeneity in TP–CHL relationships across the 35 ecoregions. At the local scale, CHL was negatively and positively related to lake mean depth and percentage of wooded wetlands in the catchment, respectively. At the ecoregional scale, the slope parameter was positively related to the percentage of pasture in an ecoregion, indicating that CHL tends to respond more rapidly to changes in TP where there are high levels of agricultural pasture than where there is little. The intercept (i.e. the ecoregion‐average CHL) was negatively related to the percentage of wooded wetlands in the ecoregion. 5. By explicitly accounting for the hierarchical nature of lake–landscape interactions, we quantified the effects of landscape characteristics on the response of CHL to TP at two spatial scales. We provide new insight into ecoregional drivers of the rate at which algal biomass responds to changes in nutrient concentrations. Our results also indicate that the direction and magnitude of the effects of certain land use and cover characteristics on lake nutrient dynamics may be scale dependent and thus likely to represent different underlying mechanisms regulating lake productivity.     

Macrophyte‐based assessment of lakes – a contribution to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Germany

The European Water Framework Directive requires ecological status classification and monitoring of surface and ground water bodies using biological indicators. To fulfill the demands of the Directive, a macrophyte‐based assessment system was developed for application on four lake site types in Germany. Biological lake site types were established using differences in characteristic macrophyte communities, reflecting ecoregion, Ca²⁺ content, mixis and morphology. Ecological status classification of lake sites is based on macrophyte abundance along 275 transects in 95 natural German lakes and the calculation of a reference index value, in some cases supplemented by submerged vegetation data. The reference index quantifies the deviation of species composition and abundance from reference conditions and classifies sites to one of the five ecological quality classes specified in the Directive. Based on an example of Lake Chiemsee, Germany, the possibilities for a wholelake assessment are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Effects of Land Use on Lake Nutrients: The Importance of Scale,Hydrologic Connectivity,and Region

Catchment land uses, particularly agriculture and urban uses, have long been recognized as major drivers of nutrient concentrations in surface waters. However, few simple models have been developed that relate the amount of catchment land use to downstream freshwater nutrients. Nor are existing models applicable to large numbers of freshwaters across broad spatial extents such as regions or continents. This research aims to increase model performance by exploring three factors that affect the relationship between land use and downstream nutrients in freshwater: the spatial extent for measuring land use, hydrologic connectivity, and the regional differences in both the amount of nutrients and effects of land use on them. We quantified the effects of these three factors that relate land use to lake total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in 346 north temperate lakes in 7 regions in Michigan, USA. We used a linear mixed modeling framework to examine the importance of spatial extent, lake hydrologic class, and region on models with individual lake nutrients as the response variable, and individual land use types as the predictor variables. Our modeling approach was chosen to avoid problems of multi-collinearity among predictor variables and a lack of independence of lakes within regions, both of which are common problems in broad-scale analyses of freshwaters. We found that all three factors influence land use-lake nutrient relationships. The strongest evidence was for the effect of lake hydrologic connectivity, followed by region, and finally, the spatial extent of land use measurements. Incorporating these three factors into relatively simple models of land use effects on lake nutrients should help to improve predictions and understanding of land use-lake nutrient interactions at broad scales.     

Lake depth and geographical position modify lake fish assemblages of the European 'Central Plains' ecoregion

1. Classification of European lake fish assemblages can be based on fish‐assemblage structure or morphological, geographical, physical and chemical lake attributes. However, substantial gaps in knowledge exist with respect to the correspondence between both classification approaches. 2. Here, we compiled fish assemblage data from 165 lakes situated in the European ‘Central Plains’ ecoregion. Cluster analysis of fish abundances was performed to compare fish assemblage types of the entire ecoregion with those from previous country‐specific studies. Nonparametric group comparisons, classification trees and partial canonical ordinations were used to infer the correspondence between fish assemblage types and morphology, geographical position and nutrient concentration of the lakes. 3. Three distinct fish assemblages were revealed: vendace (Coregonus albula), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) lake types. Both latitude and lake depth were the best determinants of lake type, but total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were also important. Vendace lakes were deep and had low TP concentrations, whereas the shallower ruffe and roach lakes had higher TP values. Roach lakes were more frequent in the north‐west area of the ecoregion, whereas ruffe lakes were more often found south of the Baltic Sea. 4. Controlling for the influence of nutrient concentration showed that lake morphology and geographical position were important determinants of fish assemblages. However, the variance explained was low (<20%), implying that biological interactions may also be important in forming the lake‐specific fish assemblages. 5. The results suggest that fish assemblages differ between deep and shallow lakes, and between the north‐west and south‐east locations within the Central Plains ecoregion. Accordingly, establishment of depth‐related lake morphotypes is needed, and the European ecoregions recommended to be used in evaluation systems according to the Water Framework Directive seem to be too coarse to reflect the subtle differences of fish species richness along geographical gradients.     

闽三角城市群生态环境脆弱性及其驱动力

生态安全是地区社会经济可持续发展的基本前提之一,而生态环境脆弱性会威胁地区的生态安全,进行生态环境脆弱性评价具有重要意义。以闽三角城市群为例,分别选取2000年和2015年的高程、坡度、岩性、土壤类型、NDVI、年均降水量、年均温、人口密度、人均GDP、路网密度、景观多样性、土地利用程度和工业固体废弃物排放量等13个指标,基于空间主成分分析法,并结合全局Moran'I和LISA聚类图,从整体特征、空间差异、空间集聚、地类脆弱性分异以及驱动力5个方面,探讨闽三角城市群的生态环境脆弱性及其驱动力。结果表明:2000—2015年间,闽三角城市群的生态环境脆弱性整体处于中度脆弱,但呈现出由中度脆弱向重度脆弱过渡的趋势;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性呈现出由东南沿海向西北内陆逐渐增强的整体趋势,并存在明显的地带性特征,东南沿海增长不明显,部分地区有所下降,而西北内陆增长明显;生态环境脆弱性存在显著的空间自相关性,且为显著正相关,在西北部山区地带为显著的高高聚集,在东南沿海平原地带为显著的低低聚集,16年间集聚性特征在空间上有所迁移和扩张;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性在各地类存在着一定的异质性,其生态环境脆弱性指数大小顺序始终为:林地未利用地草地耕地水域建设用地,整体由中度脆弱向重度脆弱过渡;2000—2015年间,生态环境脆弱性的驱动力有所变化,但人口密度、景观多样性、岩性和土壤类型一直是闽三角城市群生态环境脆弱性主要的驱动力。     

Fate of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon in lakes: a quantitative approach

Inputs of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to lakes derived from the surrounding landscape can be stored, mineralized or passed to downstream ecosystems. The balance among these OC fates depends on a suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes within the lake, as well as the degree of recalcintrance of the allochthonous DOC load. The relative importance of these processes has not been well quantified due to the complex nature of lakes, as well as challenges in scaling DOC degradation experiments under controlled conditions to the whole lake scale. We used a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model to simulate broad ranges in lake area and DOC, two characteristics important to processing allochthonous carbon through their influences on lake temperature, mixing depth and hydrology. We calibrated the model to four lakes from the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research site, and simulated an additional 12 'hypothetical' lakes to fill the gradients in lake size and DOC concentration. For each lake, we tested several mineralization rates (range: 0.001 d(-1) to 0.010 d(-1)) representative of the range found in the literature. We found that mineralization rates at the ecosystem scale were roughly half the values from laboratory experiments, due to relatively cool water temperatures and other lake-specific factors that influence water temperature and hydrologic residence time. Results from simulations indicated that the fate of allochthonous DOC was controlled primarily by the mineralization rate and the hydrologic residence time. Lakes with residence times <1 year exported approximately 60% of the DOC, whereas lakes with residence times >6 years mineralized approximately 60% of the DOC. DOC fate in lakes can be determined with a few relatively easily measured factors, such as lake morphometry, residence time, and temperature, assuming we know the recalcitrance of the DOC.     

Shifts in taxonomical and guild composition of littoral diatom assemblages along environmental gradients

Diatoms are commonly and frequently used as water quality indicators, but only a few studies have been done to evaluate the importance of littoral, contemporary diatoms as bioindicators. This study aims to determine the main predictors of diatom community composition from 73 Swedish lakes. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed pH, phosphate, nitrite/nitrate levels, longitude and percentage of forest in the catchment to be the most important factors of 51 environmental variables for structuring diatom assemblages. Cluster analysis separated the lakes into three groups based on the diatom community composition. Lakes belonging to these groups were characterised as: (1) acidic, nutrient-poor; (2) circumneutral, nutrient-poor and (3) alkaline, nutrient-rich, according to the results of a discriminant function analysis and dominant diatom taxa revealed by similarity percentage analysis. Ecological guilds according to growth morphology and the ability of nitrogen-fixation were assigned to all diatom taxa. All three lake groups exhibited a distinct guild composition. Nitrogen-fixing diatoms were found in nutrient-rich lakes, only. Our results indicate that taxonomical composition of littoral diatom assemblages can be applied in the assessment of nutrient and acidity status of Swedish lakes. Differences in distribution of the ecological guilds were connected to several environmental factors such as nutrients, light and grazing; their application in assessment of trophic status of lakes is therefore precarious.     

京津冀地区生态用地稳定性格局及其影响因素

探索生态用地稳定性格局对动态背景下区域生态规划与管理具有重要意义。本文基于2000、2010、2020年京津冀地区生态用地数据基础,提取2000—2010和2010—2020年间稳定性生态用地,借鉴并应用生态用地稳定性指数予以衡量区域生态用地的时空稳定效应,并利用ArcGIS平台空间统计工具对生态用地稳定性空间格局进行分析,最后基于地理探测模型对生态用地稳定性的影响机制及其区域差异进行探索。研究结果显示,(1)2000—2010年和2010—2020年,京津冀地区稳定性生态用地有所减少,集中分布在内蒙古草原生态区和燕山-太行山山地林生态区。(2)两时期生态用地稳定性指数分别为90.85%和83.86%,呈现“西北高、东南低”。生态用地稳定性指数等级结构显示前期极低稳定性和极高稳定性面积占绝对主导,后期极低、高和极高稳定性面积共同主导。生态用地稳定性指数空间格局呈现显著冷热点效应,热点区汇集在燕山-太行山山地林生态区和内蒙古草原生态区,冷点区集中在京津唐城市生态区和华北平原生态区。(3)整体研究区高程、坡度、地貌和土壤类型等地理要素解释力较高;平原区内温度因子解释力度最为突出,地理因素和...     

Planktonic indices in the evaluation of the ecological status and the trophic state of the longest lake in Poland

Due to the intensive mixing polymictic lakes should be homogenous. However, morphometric diversity and high water dynamics contribute to the differentiation of many parameters in various areas of the lakes. This study analyzes both phytoplankton and zooplankton to assess differences in water quality along the north–south axis of the longest lake in Poland. New phytoplankton indicators were applied for determining the lake's ecological status: the Q index based on functional groups and the PMPL (Phytoplankton Metric for Polish Lakes) index based on phytoplankton biomass. TSI_ROT index (Rotifer Trophic State Index), which comprises the percentage of species indicating a high trophic state in the indicatory group and the percentage of bacteriovorus in the Rotifera population, was used for zooplankton analysis.TP content was different at different sites – we observed its gradual increase from the south to the north. Spatial variation of phosphorus did not considerably affect plankton diversity. The phytoplankton was dominated by Oscillatoriales, typical of shallow, well-mixed eutrophic lakes. The ecological status of the lake based on the EQR (Ecological Quality Ratio) was poor or moderate. The zooplankton was dominated by rotifers (at almost all sites), which indicates a eutrophic state of the lake. The values of phytoplankton indices at the studied sites did not differ considerably; the differences resulted more from local conditions such as the contaminant inflow and the macrophyte development than water dynamics.We have demonstrated that in the lake dominated by filamentous Cyanobacteria the ecological status should be determined according to the PMPL index or other indices dependent on the dominant Cyanobacteria species. Since the Q index does not include the functional group S1, the results can lead to the false conclusion that water quality improves with an increased amount of phytoplankton. The high abundance of Cyanobacteria in the lake may have contributed to the poor growth of rotifers.     

Variable response of functional macrophyte groups to lake characteristics,land use,and space: implications for bioassessment

We investigated how land use at multiple scales affects functional macrophytes groups and ecological status index in the boreal region. We employed a variance partitioning analysis to quantify the relative role of lake characteristics, multiple-scaled land use (catchment, buffer zones of 100, 300 and 500 m), and space in explaining the composition and richness of functional macrophyte groups (emergent and submerged macrophytes and hydrophytes) and ecological status of macrophytes in 110 Finnish lakes. Partial redundancy analysis (community composition) and partial linear regression (richness and status index) revealed that macrophyte community composition, richness, and status index were mostly explained by the pure effect of lake characteristics, which dominated over space for most macrophyte variables. Land use adjacent to shoreline had a higher effect on emergent macrophytes and status index compared to the land use of the whole catchment. Our findings suggest that emergent macrophytes can indicate changes in water quality and hydro-morphology originated from the close vicinity of the littoral zone. Ecological quality assessment based on emergent macrophytes only is probably not sufficient, but including emergent species in the assessments is recommended, especially in the species-poor boreal region.