NaCl胁迫下AM真菌对滨梅叶片中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以接种Glomus mosseae的滨梅幼苗为试材,研究了AM真菌对2.0%NaCl胁迫下滨梅叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统的影响。结果显示,NaCl胁迫下滨梅幼苗叶片H2O2含量呈增加趋势,但接种菌幼苗叶片H2O2含量显著低于未接种苗的。NaCl胁迫下菌根苗叶片抗氧化酶(APX、DHAR和GR)活性、AsA和GSH含量、氧化还原力(AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值)均显著高于未接种苗。这表明,NaCl胁迫下,AM真菌能促进滨梅叶AsA-GSH循环快速有效地运转,维持体内抗氧化物质较强的再生能力,从而提高抗氧化胁迫能力,菌根苗表现出较强的耐盐性。     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明:外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接幼苗叶片抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽代谢的影响

以Torvum Vigor为砧木,栽培品种苏崎茄为接穗,研究NaCl胁迫对茄子嫁接苗和自根苗抗氧化物质含量和H2O2产生及清除酶活性的影响.结果表明;(1)NaCl胁迫可诱导叶片中H2O2的产生,导致膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累,嫁接苗叶片中H2O2和MDA的含量显著低于自根苗.(2)在NaCl胁迫下,嫁接苗叶片中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性上升,自根苗则下降;NaCl胁迫促进了嫁接苗还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的合成,嫁接苗叶片中AsA和GSH的含量显著高于自根苗.由此认为,茄子嫁接苗耐盐性优于自根苗的原因之一在于嫁接苗保持较快的AsA-GSH循环,从而保证GSH和AsA的再生以减轻氧化损伤.     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明：外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L^-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L^-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以2个不同耐盐强度的甜瓜品种‘玉皇’（耐盐性强）和‘雪美’（耐盐性弱）为材料,采用营养液栽培方法,研究外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响。结果显示：（1）盐胁迫下,2个甜瓜品种根系内的还原型抗坏血酸（ASA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量降低,氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量升高,且‘雪美’变化幅度大于‘玉皇’;（2）盐胁迫下,施用外源脯氨酸提高了2个甜瓜品种根系中ASA和GSH的含量,降低了GSSG含量,同时也提高了GSH/GSSG的比值,且对‘雪美’的作用大于‘玉皇’;（3）盐胁迫处理3 d时,2个甜瓜品种根系的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性均下降,且‘雪美’下降的幅度较大;随着胁迫时间的延长（5 d时）,‘玉皇’幼苗根系内APX、DHAR、GR活性有所上升,‘雪美’根系中这3种酶活性则进一步降低;（4）盐胁迫下,施用外源脯氨酸提高了2个甜瓜品种根系内的APX、DHAR和GR的酶活性,且对‘雪美’的作用大于‘玉皇’。本研究结果表明,外源脯氨酸可以通过增加非酶促抗氧化物质ASA、GSH的含量和抗氧化酶活性,提高抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环清除活性氧的能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对甜瓜植株的伤害。     

老化处理对大豆种子活力及线粒体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以大豆‘中黄13’为材料,研究人工老化后大豆种子活力及线粒体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（ASC-GSH）循环的变化。结果表明,随老化时间的延长,大豆种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著下降;老化种子的相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量随着老化时间的延长逐渐增大,超氧阴离子（O₂?^-）产生速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;与对照相比,老化种子中线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶（COX）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性显著下降,呼吸速率和呼吸控制率（RCR）显著降低;老化种子中线粒体超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性以及总ASC和GSH含量显著降低,说明老化导致活性氧（ROS）代谢异常,线粒体呼吸功能及ASC-GSH循环紊乱。ROS的过量积累可能是导致种子活力丧失的主要原因。     

梭鱼草叶片抗氧化酶、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环与乙二醛酶系统对铅胁迫的响应

本研究以液培法考察了不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下梭鱼草叶片丙二醛（MDA）与叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及乙二醛酶系统的变化规律。结果表明：经5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+胁迫14 d和21 d时,梭鱼草叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性[过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）]、抗氧化剂含量[抗坏血酸（AsA）、脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、非蛋白巯基总肽（NPT）和植物螯合肽（PCs）]没有明显变化;同时,21 d时叶片细胞中甲基乙二醛（MG）含量显著增加,而MDA含量无明显增加。经10.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,梭鱼草叶片MDA、MG、GSH及NPT含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性明显增加,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、甲基乙二醛酶Ⅱ（GlyⅡ）活性呈相反变化趋势。在15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理期间,叶片MDA含量显著增加,此时GSH、NPT、PCs被诱导合成以螯合细胞中过量积累的Pb2+;同时,叶片POD、SOD、APX活性和AsA含量显著增加。经15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,虽然梭鱼草叶片甲基乙二醛酶I（GlyI）活性明显增加,但是MG含量仍然增加,且GlyⅡ活性明显下降,此时乙二醛酶系统已经不能缓解高浓度Pb2+胁迫诱发的羰基胁迫。梭鱼草叶片对5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+具有良好的耐受性。在较高浓度（≧10.0 mg L-1）Pb2+胁迫下,梭鱼草叶片细胞膜脂过氧化作用加剧,此时其主要通过合成非蛋白巯基化合物、增加抗氧化酶活性及AsA含量以减缓氧化损伤。在试验期间,梭鱼草叶片乙二醛酶系统没有表现出明显的解毒作用。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

由于城市化的加剧导致近地面臭氧（O3）浓度日益增加,对植物生长和生态系统的功能产生了显著影响,因此准确评估近地层O3浓度升高对植物的影响具有重要意义。本文利用开顶式气室（OTCs）,系统探讨了模拟O3胁迫下大豆抗氧化系统抗坏血酸（AsA）-谷胱甘肽（GSH）循环清除活性氧（ROS）的机制及其对植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比, 80?10 nL?L-1和110?10 nL?L-1 O3可以使大豆叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对电导率增大,超氧阴离子（O2 ）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性减弱; AsA-GSH循环中的AsA、GSH含量减少,脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量增加,过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性呈现出前期增强后期减弱趋势,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性呈现出增强-减弱-增强的趋势。以上结果说明,O3浓度升高促进了大豆叶片ROS的代谢速率,降低了AsA-GSH循环效率,表明抗氧化系统不能长时间忍受高浓度O3带来的氧化伤害,从而使膜脂过氧化程度加重,对大豆表现为伤害效应。     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片AsA-GSH循环的调控效应

以玉米（Zea mays L.）品种‘郑单958’为实验材料,分析外施壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量、叶片镉含量、叶片超氧阴离子（O₂^·-）产生速率和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量,以及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环中抗氧化酶的活性及抗氧化物含量的影响。结果显示,随着镉胁迫时间的延长,玉米幼苗发生氧化胁迫,叶片抗氧化酶（APX、GR、DHAR、MDHAR）活性和抗氧化物（AsA、GSH）的含量降低,镉积累过量会抑制玉米幼苗的生长。施加壳聚糖可以降低镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片O₂^·-的产生速率和H₂O₂含量,提高上述抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物的含量,促进AsA和GSH的再生,维持细胞的氧化还原状态,促进玉米幼苗的生长。研究结果表明壳聚糖处理后玉米幼苗保持了较高的AsA-GSH循环运作效率,提高了抗氧化能力,可有效缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制。     

硫素对冬小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统的影响

选用大穂型品种'兰考矮早8'和多穂型品种'豫麦49-198'为供试材料,设置3个施硫水平,通过遮雨棚中盆栽试验研究了不同施硫量对冬小麦旗叶中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽抗氧化循环系统的影响.结果表明: 2个小麦品种抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽抗氧化循环系统测定指标变化趋势表现一致,其中在花后28 d旗叶抗坏血酸(AsA)含量和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)表现有明显差异,但均表现为施硫处理高于对照,且达显著水平.2个品种花后旗叶中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、GSTs活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,在花后7～10 d达到高峰,后缓慢下降;AsA含量随生育进程推进逐步升高,至花后28 d达到高峰;花后旗叶中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性则随花后天数增加呈下降趋势.由此证明,施硫对小麦生育后期植株体内抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽抗氧化循环系统有加强作用.     

硫化氢对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的调控效应

盐碱胁迫是植物遭受的常见非生物胁迫之一,气体信号硫化氢(H₂S)在植物响应盐碱胁迫中发挥着重要作用。为探讨H₂S对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环的调控效应,以品种‘定莜9号’为材料,研究了喷施H₂S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)或H₂S合成抑制剂羟胺(HA)对盐碱混合胁迫下植株生长、叶片活性氧、膜脂过氧化和AsA-GSH循环中抗氧化物质和关键酶的影响。结果表明: 喷施50 μmol·L^-1 NaHS可缓解50 mmol·L^-1盐碱混合胁迫对裸燕麦生长的抑制,降低超氧阴离子、H₂O₂、丙二醛、氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG,而对还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量无显著影响。喷施NaHS还提高了盐碱混合胁迫下裸燕麦叶片AsA合成关键酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶(GalDH)和L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)及AsA-GSH循环中单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性,降低了抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性,而对抗坏血酸氧化酶(AO)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性的影响不大。增添HA后部分或完全解除了喷施NaHS的上述作用。这说明H₂S可通过促进AsA合成和增强MDHAR活性提高AsA-GSH循环效率,降低盐碱胁迫对裸燕麦的氧化伤害。     

外源一氧化氮对低温胁迫下枇杷叶片AsA-GSH循环的影响

采用0.2、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L^-1的硝普钠(SNP)处理3年生‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗,以喷清水为对照(CK),于-3 ℃低温胁迫处理6 h后在25 ℃下培养4 d,测定恢复0、1和4 d时叶片非酶抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：与CK相比,经SNP处理的枇杷叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性升高.低温处理后恢复4 d时,经0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP处理的枇杷叶片H₂O₂含量下降至CK的75.3%,而GSH和AsA含量分别比CK增加了29.12%和23.40%,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR活性分别比CK增加了50.0%、44.4%、49.53%和62.68%.适当的外源NO处理可提高枇杷叶片的抗氧化系统活性,减轻细胞在低温胁迫下的损伤,其中以0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP处理效果较理想.     

外源NO和SA对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及AsA-GSH循环的影响

以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,在水培条件下研究单独和复配施用一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)、水杨酸(SA)对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的生长、叶片光合作用、膜脂过氧化及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的影响。结果显示,盐胁迫能显著影响番茄幼苗的生长、光合作用和活性氧代谢系统的相关指标。单独或复配施用SNP、SA均能有效缓解番茄幼苗的盐渍伤害,并以SNP和SA复配处理效果最好。处理3~7 d时,叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、净光合速率(Pn)、APX、GR、DHAR的活性、AsA和GSH含量分别较胁迫处理有不同程度的提高;而H2O2、MDA、DHA、GSSG的含量和电解质渗漏率分别较胁迫处理有不同程度的降低。研究结果表明盐胁迫下外源NO、SA单独或复配处理均能通过维持或协调作用促进番茄相关抗氧化酶活性的提高和抑制抗氧化剂含量的降低,起到维持AsA-GSH循环高效运转、减轻膜脂过氧化、促进光合作用、改善植株生长发育和提高幼苗盐渍抗性的作用,且NO和SA复配处理时具有协同增效的作用。     

The effect of cerium (III) on the chlorophyll formation in spinach

The effect of Ce³⁺ on the chlorophyll (chl) of spinach was studied in pot culture experiments. The results showed that Ce³⁺ could obviously stimulate the growth of spinach and increase its chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic rate. It could also improve the PSII formation and enhance its electron transport rate of PSII as well. By inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy and atom absorption spectroscopy methods, it was revealed that the rare-earth-element (REE) distribution pattern in the Ce³⁺-treated spinach was leaf>root>shoot in Ce³⁺ contents. The spinach leaves easily absorbed REEs. The Ce³⁺ contents of chloroplast and chlorophyll of the Ce³⁺-treated spinach were higher than that of any other rare earth and were much higher than that of the control; it was also suggested that Ce³⁺ could enter the chloroplast and bind easily to chlorophyll and might replace magnesium to form Ce-chlorophyll. By ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) methods, Ce³⁺-coordinated nitrogen of porphyrin rings with eight coordination numbers and average length of the Ce-N bond of 0.251 nm.     

Function of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aged sunflower seeds

The function of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA/GSH) cycle was analyzed in seeds of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. cv. Peredovik) subjected to accelerated ageing at 43°C and 75% relative humidity for 1 to 11 days. The study was performed using dry seeds and seeds hydrated by imbibition in distilled water for 4 h at 25 °C. Lipid peroxidation was also determined by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. As the ageing period increased, a progressive loss of seed viability became increasingly evident. Even though high levels of MDA were delected, the MDA level did not change during accelerated ageing, suggesting that lipid peroxidation might occur to some extent. The study of the ascorbate/glutathione (AsA/GSH) cycle revealed that the GSH system is the major detoxifying mechanism in both dry and imbibed sunflower seeds. The GSH system is mainly located in the embryo, and its protective role is mediated by reactions that consume the GSH pool and, thereby, minimize the increase of the oxidized form (GSSG). Seed imbibition activates cellular metabolism and allows some antioxidant enzymes like glutathione reductase (EC 1,6,4,2) to act upon toxic agents. These reactions provide a reducing status, so that repair of damage becomes possible. However, prolonged ageing conditions (11 days) result in an irreversible damage, as evidenced by the appearance of dead seeds when the germination period ended. Multiple regression analysis revealed the effectiveness of the GSH system in aged seeds, especially upon imbibition and until the AsA/GSH cycle became completely functional.     

毒死蜱胁迫对小白菜抗氧化酶活性和相关生理指标的影响

以小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis (L.) Makino var. cammunis Tsen et Lee)为试材,研究了不同浓度毒死蜱对大棚栽培条件下小白菜抗氧化酶活性、MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖以及Vc含量的影响.结果表明,无论是喷施低浓度还是高浓度的毒死蜱对小白菜的抗氧化酶活性都产生较显著的影响,表现为先下降后上升的趋势.从喷药后第5天开始,毒死蜱胁迫使小白菜SOD、POD、CAT的活性均比对照有所提高,其中以SOD活性提高最大,直到第21天时,上述3种抗氧化酶的活性才基本恢复到对照水平.毒死蜱胁迫导致MDA含量增加,特别是喷施高浓度的毒死蜱加剧了MDA含量的增加,说明毒死蜱胁迫促进了小白菜的膜脂过氧化作用.毒死蜱胁迫可使脯氨酸含量在第3天和第5天比对照有所上升,到第7天时脯氨酸含量恢复到对照水平.毒死蜱胁迫对小白菜中可溶性糖和Vc含量产生了一定的影响,在胁迫初期降低了可溶性糖和Vc的含量,在胁迫后期其含量上升并恢复到对照水平.研究结果表明,植物体在受到农药胁迫后需要有一个较长的时间才能修复因农药对植物体本身造成的伤害.     

Effects of selenium content in green parts of plants on the amount of ATP and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activity at various growth stages of wheat and oilseed rape

The aim of this experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions, was to assess the influence of various H(2)SeO(3) concentrations added to soil (0.05, 0.15, and 0.45mMkg(-1)) on selenium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and on the activity of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes in green parts of wheat and oilseed rape. Selenium uptake by the test plants was found to vary, with content increasing from one developmental stage to the next over four stages of the developmental cycle. At the lowest H(2)SeO(3) dose (0.05mMkg(-1)), the wheat plants took up much more selenium than did the oilseed rape plants, while the amount of selenium taken up at higher doses (0.15 and 0.45mMkg(-1)) was markedly higher in rape. The increasing Se content in the wheat to about 10mgkg(-1) (in the dark) and to about 16mgkg(-1) (in the light) was accompanied by a concurrent increase in the ATP content, which remained unchanged in the light-exposed plants, while clearly decreasing in those kept in the dark. On the other hand, the ATP content of the light-exposed oilseed rape was maintained at a stable level to about 10mg Sekg(-1), following which ATP content was observed to decrease. In contrast, the tendency for the ATP content to decrease appeared immediately in the dark. The increasing plant selenium concentration was accompanied by decreased APX activity in wheat, increased activity in oilseed rape, no major change in the dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity in oilseed rape and a slight increase in wheat to about 8mg Sekg(-1), followed by a reduction. The glutathione reductase (GR) activity in wheat differed from the activity of DHAR; an increase in the selenium content to about 8mgkg(-1) was accompanied by a distinct reduction, while a significant increase was observed at higher selenium contents; in oilseed rape, the activity was observed to increase slightly within a narrow range of selenium contents (up to 5mgkg(-1)), and to decrease thereafter.