外源钙（Ca）对毛葱耐镉（Cd）胁迫能力的影响

以对环境敏感的毛葱(Allium cepa var.agrogarum L.)为材料,通过水培试验分别研究不同浓度Ca(0、0.1、1、10 mmol/L)对Cd(10μmol/L、100μmol/L和300μmol/L)胁迫下毛葱幼苗生长、叶片光合特性、体内Cd积累和矿质营养的变化,探讨Ca缓解敏感植物Cd毒害的生理生化机制。结果表明:(1)Cd显著抑制了毛葱的生长并导致其根端弯曲、发黄,叶片绿色加深;外源Ca显著削弱了Cd的毒害,缓解了其对毛葱生长的抑制;(2)Cd导致毛葱叶片光合色素含量大幅度上升却显著降低了毛葱的光合作用;外源Ca延缓了光合色素上升的速度,提高了毛葱的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率;(3)Cd胁迫导致毛葱体内Cd含量显著增加,并造成明显的矿质营养失衡,主要表现为显著降低了毛葱根中Mg、Mn,叶中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素的含量,毛葱根中Ca、Fe、Zn,叶中Fe元素含量的显著增加,扰乱了毛葱体内矿质营养的内稳态;外源Ca削弱了毛葱对Cd的积累,减轻了Cd胁迫所造成的矿质营养失衡。因此,外源Ca能通过抑制Cd的吸收,促进叶片光合作用及气体交换速率,维持植物体的含水量、植物叶片光合色素含量及矿质营养的平衡等途径来增强毛葱对Cd胁迫的耐性。     

外源抗坏血酸对镉胁迫下黑藻抗氧化系统的保护作用

研究了不同浓度抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)对5 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺胁迫下黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）体内超氧阴离子(O₂^-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、超氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响.结果表明,与单一Cd²⁺胁迫相比,随着外源AsA浓度的升高,黑藻体内活性氧生成速率逐步降低;抗氧化物质AsA先升后降,GSH缓慢升高;抗氧化酶APX和CAT活性先升后降,POD活性逐步下降,并接近正常状态,对SOD活性影响不大.可见AsA能够有效缓解Cd²⁺对黑藻的毒害,且60 mg·L^-1浓度下的缓解效果最好.     

外源有机酸对镉胁迫下秋华柳镉积累特征的影响

为探究外源有机酸在加强秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)镉积累效率中的应用潜力,采用营养液培养方法,研究了5种100μmol/L外源有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸)对50μmol/L Cd胁迫下秋华柳生长适应性及Cd积累特征的影响,并通过化学平衡程序VISUAL MINTEQ v3.0计算溶液中不同化学形态Cd(游离态和螯合态Cd)的含量。结果表明:柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸的添加有效缓解了Cd对秋华柳的毒害,明显促进了秋华柳的生长。除草酸处理组外,其余4个有机酸处理组培养液中游离Cd~(2+)含量均得到较大提升,显著促进了秋华柳对Cd的吸收。柠檬酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸的添加显著提高了秋华柳植株的Cd积累量,分别是未加入有机酸Cd处理组的210%、190%、190%和178%。外源有机酸的施加提高了介质中游离Cd~(2+)的含量,并通过与重金属的络合等作用提升了植株对Cd的吸收和积累能力。但不同有机酸对秋华柳Cd积累特征的影响差异明显,柠檬酸加入后通过提高秋华柳根生物量和根中Cd含量,显著增加了根系Cd积累量;酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸的应用则明显提高了秋华柳地上部分Cd积累量。因此,外源酒石酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸的应用可提高秋华柳地上部分的Cd积累效率,更有利于对Cd污染土壤的修复。     

镉在黑藻叶细胞中的亚显微定位分布及毒害效应分析

水生植物被认为能积累和浓缩重金属,本文以不同浓度Cd培养7天的黑藻为材料,研究了Cd的积累,亚细胞分布,亚显微定位,存在形态及对矿质营养吸收,光合速率和呼吸速率的影响,以揭示Cd的植物毒害机理.研究结果表明,随培养液中Cd浓度的增加,植株体内的Cd含量显著上升,富集系数为193-307;不同亚细胞组份中的Cd含量也都呈上升趋势,但分布显著不均,分配顺序依次为细胞壁＞可溶性部分＞细胞器,其中,积累在细胞壁中的含量所占比例呈下降趋势(61.66%-52.00%),而可溶性部分中则递增,细胞器部分结合的Cd含量所占比例相对恒定;硫化物-银法定位结果直观显示出Cd分布在细胞壁、叶绿体、细胞核和液泡中;逐步提取法分析表明受Cd毒害的黑藻体内Cd以不同化学形态存在,其中NaCl提取态占比例最大(55.05%),其他则较少,依次为FNaCl＞FHAc＞FWater＞FEthanol＞FHCl＞FResidue;Cd对黑藻的营养元素吸收也产生影响,主要是促进对Ca,Mn,Cu,Fe的吸收,降低对大量元素P,K的吸收;Cd对黑藻的光合速率和呼吸速率都有较强的抑制作用.结果表明Cd毒害与处理浓度间存在显著的剂量-效应关系;亚细胞分布与对细胞超微结构的损伤关系密切;Cd破坏了黑藻正常生理活动的结构基础和离子平衡,并造成功能紊乱.这些都是Cd对植物产生毒害的重要原因.     

不同浓度氨氮对轮叶黑藻的生理影响

在实验室条件下,比较研究了不同浓度（0.5、1、2、4、8、16mg/L）的氨氮（NH4＋-N）对沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）的生理生化影响,测定了黑藻生物量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷氨酰氨合成酶（GS）的活性变化。实验结果表明低浓度的氨氮（0.5、1、2mg/L）对轮叶黑藻的生长稍有促进作用,但培养液中氨氮浓度超过4mg/L时,黑藻的相对生长率（R）明显下降,当浓度达到16mg/L时,黑藻在20多天内全部死亡。在低浓度氨氮条件下,黑藻叶绿素和可溶性糖含量随氨氮浓度增加呈上升趋势,当培养液中氨氮浓度超过4mg/L时,叶绿素和可溶性糖含量在第24、32、40天取样时较对照组明显降低。低浓度氨氮处理组（0.5、1、2mg/L）的蛋白质含量先下降后又上升,而对照组的蛋白质含量一直在上升,高浓度氨氮处理组（8、16mg/L）的蛋白质含量则呈明显下降趋势。POD、SOD和GS活性变化趋势基本一致,在高浓度氨氮条件下增加显著,并表现为先上升再下降的格局,在第16天或第24天达到最大值。研究结果提示在富营养化条件下氨氮氨氮条件下增加显著,并表现为先上升再下降的格局,在第16天或第24天达到最大值。研究结果提示在富营养化条件下氨氮浓度的升高将影响其生理功能,过高浓度的氨氮对轮叶黑藻是一种逆境胁迫,可抑制其生长甚至导致植物死亡。轮叶黑藻对氨氮浓度变化虽有一定耐性,但耐性会随时间延长而变弱。     

镉、铜和锌胁迫下黑藻活性氧的产生及抗氧化酶活性的变化研究

研究了不同Cd、Cu、Zn处理浓度对黑藻体内活性氧()产生及对抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的分子毒理学效应以探讨高等水生植物抗氧化酶对重金属胁迫的反应。结果表明,三种重金属都不同程度地加快了产生速率;Cu使SOD、POD、CAT活性下降;Cd也都减弱了SOD和POD活性,而CAT活性在0.5—5mg/L处理浓度时增加;Zn对SOD活性也为抑制作用,当浓度为0.5—5mg/L时POD和CAT活性都上升。关联度分析发现Cd、Cu和Zn胁迫下黑藻起主要保护作用的分别为SOD、POD和CAT,而SOD最易受到影响。Cd、Cu处理下的叶绿素含量也都呈下降趋势,而0.5—5mg/L的Zn浓度刺激了叶绿素合成。所有Zn处理、0.5mg/L的Cu处理和0.5—1mg/L的Cd处理的叶绿素a/b值都大于对照值。除了Cu使可溶性蛋白含量减少外,0.5—5mg/L的Zn和0.5—1mg/L的Cd都使其含量增加。综合起来,Cu的毒性最强,其次为Cd,Zn最弱。致死阈浓度分别为:Cu:0.5—1mg/L;Cd:1—2mg/L;Zn:5—6mg/L。SOD是评价重金属对沉水植物毒性效应的灵敏指标。黑藻对水环境Cu污染反应敏感。       

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

铅锌胁迫下轮叶黑藻的吸附水平及生理响应

为探讨铅锌胁迫下轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillate)的吸附水平及生理响应,分别设置不同Pb²⁺(浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.05、0.10和0.20 mg/L)、Zn²⁺(浓度梯度为0、0.05、1.00、2.00和4.00 mg/L)浓度单一和复合胁迫轮叶黑藻28d,测定其对铅锌的吸附量,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、丙二醛(MDA)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性变化。结果显示:高浓度(≥1.00 mg/L)的Zn²⁺可促进轮叶黑藻对Pb²⁺的吸收,对Zn²⁺的吸附主要受Zn²⁺处理浓度的影响;低浓度Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺可以促进叶绿素的合成,高浓度(浓度≥1.00 mg/L)胁迫则抑制叶绿素的合成;受到胁迫时其抗氧化系统会迅速作出反应,但一定浓度的Pb²⁺与Zn²⁺在单一和复合胁迫下,抗氧化系统受限,说...     

水体泥沙对黑藻幼苗生长发育的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60NTU和90NTU的浑浊水体,将黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)幼苗分别种植于上述水体中,水深约60cm,定期统计植株的节间距、株高、分枝数、叶宽、叶长、鲜重和泥沙附着量,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定叶片的Fv/Fm,并测定附着泥沙叶片和未附着叶片快速光响应曲线。结果表明,前40d随着水体浊度的增加黑藻植株的节间距、株高呈显著的增加趋势,而分枝数和生物量增长速率呈显著降低趋势。植株生长接近水面后接受的光照强度增加,第60天时株高和叶宽增长受到显著抑制,但植株上层的分枝受到促进,生物量显著增加。同时,随着水体浊度的增加植株上的泥沙附着显著增加,第100天时在30、60NTU和90NTU水体中植株的叶宽分别比对照宽71.4%、57.1%、48.6%,叶长分别为对照的113.0%、85.5%和75.1%,差异极显著(P0.01);在高浊度(60NTU和90NTU)水体中,水体下部生物量显著降低,冠层叶片的Fv/Fm分别仅降低了5.5%(P0.05)、2.9%(P0.05),rETRmax分别降低了2.0%(P0.05)、16.8%(P0.01)。表明在水深较浅的泥沙水体中可以适当引种黑藻幼苗,植株可以正常生长发育。     

镉毒害下植物氧化胁迫发生及其信号调控机制的研究进展

土壤重金属污染引发了一系列严峻的环境问题.其中,镉(Cd)是生物毒性最强的重金属元素之一.活性氧(ROS)过量积累引起的氧化胁迫,是Cd毒害植物的主要原因之一.本文围绕Cd胁迫引起的ROS积累及清除过程,重点阐述介导上述过程的一些信号调控物质包括一氧化氮(NO)、钙(Ca)、植物激素如生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)等及有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的变化及其在缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫中的作用,以期为今后植物抗Cd胁迫生理生化机制的研究提供一定的理论依据.     

底质营养盐负荷对轮叶黑藻生长和光合荧光特性的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了用不同营养盐负荷底泥作为底质培育的轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata(L.f)Royle)的生长的效应,结果表明,在上覆水TN/TP为20-50,TP变化范围在0.03-0.05mg/L内,底质磷相对释放速率为0.33mg/(m.2d)时培育的轮叶黑藻生长最好。轮叶黑藻对环境有较强的适应性,培育期间各组光合荧光参数Fv/Fm,qP,ETRmax随培养时间均明显的升高;在非最佳生长条件下轮叶黑藻能通过自身光合荧光参数qN的升高,耗散掉过剩的光能,来对自身进行保护。     

黑藻早期个体发育的研究

对黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）个体发育中的胚胎发育（从合子到种子胚）和种苗发育（从种子到种苗）进行了研究。发现沉水植物黑藻与挺水植物泽泻（Alisma orientale）在胚柄只有1～2个细胞、种子胚苗端发达根端未分化、萌发后根端始分化、分生区之上产生根环与下胚轴毛、初生根短命等特点上基本相同,并对这些特点进行了讨论。     

黑藻cpDNA分子标记的筛选及其遗传多样性的初步研究

本研究从18个叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）分子标记中筛选出3个有效分子标记trnL-trnF、trnH-psbA和RPL16,利用它们对中国黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata（L.f.）Royle）8个居群进行了遗传多样性研究。结果显示,黑藻8个居群40个样本共有12个单倍型,总变异位点数为135个;单倍型多样性指数为0.9064,遗传多样性主要存在于居群间（89.6%）。其中单倍型Hap4同时存在于地理距离相隔较远的陕西汉中（SXHZ）和浙江余姚（YY）居群中。研究结果表明黑藻可以通过无性繁殖的方式快速完成居群扩张,同时,地理隔离和生境差异可能导致居群间基因流较低,奠基者效应和遗传漂变可能对黑藻的遗传结构产生重要影响。     

Genetic diversity of the submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle in a river system in Japan

The genetic diversity of Hydrilla verticillata was studied in the Kako River system, Hyogo Prefecture, southwestern Japan, including some of its tributaries. Sex expression (monoecy or dioecy), ploidy level (diploid or triploid), and isoenzyme phenotypes were investigated for plant samples collected from 51 sites along the water course. Monoecious plants occurred at 10 sites and dioecious plants at 47 sites. Among dioecious plants, diploid and triploid plants occurred at 1 and 46 sites, respectively. Seven multienzyme phenotypes (MEPs) were recognized by electrophoretic analysis among dioecious triploid plants. The distribution pattern of nine biotypes based on sex expression, ploidy level, and MEPs suggested the possibility of ecological differentiation among different biotypes. The implications of genetic diversity demonstrated in this study were discussed in relation to the conservation strategy of biodiversity in a river system. Received: April 12, 1999 / Accepted: July 7, 1999     

狐尾藻与黑藻断枝的不定根和新芽的形成

比较狐尾藻和黑藻2种沉水植物不同节位和不同长度断枝的不定根和新芽形成时间的结果表明,随着断枝节位的下降或断枝长度的增加,狐尾藻不定根的形成时间分别呈延长和缩短的趋势,其新芽均呈缩短趋势;而黑藻不定根的形成时间均呈缩短趋势,其新芽受节位与长度的影响不明显。     

A comparative study of isoenzyme patterns ofHydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle in Japan

Isoenzyme patterns of 226 accessions ofHydrilla verticillata collected in Japan were compared. 17 and 23 electrophoretic phenotypes were identifiable in diploid and triploid accessions, respectively, in dioecious ones. To the contrary, monoecious plants showed no variation of banding patterns and were assumed to be rametes of the same clone. The cytological change from diploid to triploid was suggested to occur many times in dioecious plants.     

镉在黑藻叶细胞中的亚显微定位分布及毒害效应分析

Aquatic plants are known to accumulate and bioconcentrate heavy metals. In this study, aquatic vascular plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle was cultivated in water containing elevated concentrations of cadmium (up to 10 mg/L) for 7 d, the accumulation, subcellular distribution, ultrastructural localization, chemical form, toxic effects on mineral nutrient absorption of cadmium, photosynthesis rate and respiration rate were studied. It was found that H. verticillata fronds was able to accumulate cadmium, the bioconcentration factor was 193-307; subcellular fraction analysis revealed that cadmium major accumulated in cell wall (61.66%-52.00%) with decrease trends, the content of Cd enhanced in soluble fraction and remained stable in organelles, with the augment of pollutant concentration. The Cd levels occurred in different parts of leaf cell with the following sequence: cell wall > soluble fraction > organelles. Ultrastructural localization of cadmium with sulfide-silver method showed that Cd appeared in cell wall, chloroplast, nucleus and vacuole. Sequential extraction indicated that the ratio of different cadmium chemical form was different markedly, of which NaCl extractable Cd was predominated as compared with the other 5 forms; which could be seen in the following order: F(NaCl) > F(HAc) >F(Water) > F(Ethanol) > F(HCl) > F(Residue). The mineral nutrient absorption was also affected by cadmium stress, it increased the absorption of Ca, Mn, Cu, and Fe; but reduced that of P and K. Cd had a strong inhibitive effect on photosynthesis rate and respiration rate. The results suggested that the toxic symptoms of plant showed an evident correlation between dose and effect; the ultrastructural damage was closely related to the distribution of Cd. The conclusion could be reached that the death of plant was resulted from destruction of structure foundation of physiological function, unbalance of ion equilibrium and disorder of physiological metabolism.     

Zinc supplementation imparts tolerance to arsenite stress in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of external Zn supply on arsenic (As) toxicity in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The plants were exposed to arsenite (AsIII; 10 μM) with or without 50 and 100 μM Zn. The level of As accumulation (μg g^?1 dw) after 2 and 4 days was not significantly affected by Zn supply. The plants showed a significant stimulation of the thiol metabolism (nonprotein thiols, cysteine, glutathione-S-transferase activity) upon As(III) exposure in the presence of Zn as compared to As(III) alone treatment. Besides, they did not experience significant toxicity, measured in terms of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, which are the indicators of oxidative stress. The minus Zn plants suffered from oxidative stress probably due to insufficient increase in thiols to counteract the stress. Stress amelioration by Zn supply was also evident from antioxidant enzyme activities, which came close to control levels with increasing Zn supply as compared to the increase observed in As(III) alone treatment. Variable Zn supply also modulated the level of photosynthetic pigments and restored them to control levels. In conclusion, an improved supply of Zn to plants was found to augment their ability to withstand As toxicity through enhanced thiol metabolism.     

A comparative study of the morphology and isoenzyme patterns of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle

The genetic variability of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, a submerged aquatic weed which is becoming increasingly troublesome in tropical and sub-tropical areas, was estimated by comparing the morphology and isoenzyme patterns of various plants, collected from different parts of the world, after cultivation under similar conditions. It appeared that large genetic differences occur within the species which could be explained by the fact that its geographical range is extremely wide and disjointed. According to the isoenzyme patterns it may be presumed that the plants which were collected in the United States, with the exception of one from Washington, DC, are probably ramets of the same clone. A prolonged geographical isolation of Eastern European plants seems likely as a plant from Poland showed strongly deviating isoenzyme patterns. The individuals from a population of monoecious plants in Lake Curug in Indonesia showed differences in their isoenzyme patterns, but were morphologically very similar. The general appearance of certain plants, especially those from New Zealand and Kashmir, was relatively slender and delicate, whereas other plants, like those from Indonesia and Malaysia, were relatively robust. The chromosome numbers were either 16 or 24. There were no correlations between morphological data, isoenzyme patterns and chromosome numbers. The large genetic variations might imply differences in survival strategy which could have consequences for the control of this weed.